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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1195-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" ID-ZooBank="617FBE9C72D1479D83361E9325D74B93" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1195-1" checkinTime="1710549612550" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gosik, Rafal, Caldara, Roberto, Tosevski, Ivo &amp; Skuhrovec, Jiri" docDate="2024" docId="AC46547841D15C0E9C8FAA6D6977706D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1195: 1-94" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1195" docPubDate="2024-03-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328" docTitle="Rhinusa neta" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" masterDocTitle="Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1710549612550" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods id="5AF4CA8E9A44594A0D4B76D779A7A17B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="3559E351E33551BEB296C8473A43E78F">
<mods:title id="E4D11D4BCA6D28D49B05980A8FA4B6A4">Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F5F042D1373AC63F9B83DE29A5973789" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0AAA21501BD2D3589509A513C0F2DAF1">
<mods:roleTerm id="B1F0126BC2A12EE03BA9862D0ABAF2F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="324063B820A890B9D57CA591D12D7EEA">Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0F142B14A33803BC068151B1972AD770" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-4905</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="5D670CE7B581C4FB8EC196BE3483256B">Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20 - 033 Lublin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="8FBF18DD88C8E908785069043C27346F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3E6F28DA8032E12892EC849CD74C3DDF">
<mods:roleTerm id="95041D3CFF759B7E4361C42946E1BF9A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7A0EE8AB41E9828B9CF67B87470F4E1A">Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3AB69D0C4DBE11A37378568BA2899754" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-7078</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="7FD692510D5A0D3194B9574E5DE578BD">Via Lorenteggio 37, 20146 Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="96804F451721AED7A091D2A5054F2046" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A2291389B21F3ED406B0B4AFD145AD31">
<mods:roleTerm id="22F4C15E346AA54089E1EAA38936AB0A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="56B26CFAEE2C770248798A51452A0E3A">Tosevski, Ivo</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5FAF0672729EE388B21B32F071D40EE4" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-3151</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="C8626A8E3677B1AE03182E31C4AD5C19">CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland &amp; Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="EF76A606298F2B68D5F80BBC1FFCA68C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="23F25DF727B671031C08CC7FC0F36F44">
<mods:roleTerm id="BD551F97DB0D2E1756003678743A5C13">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="47ECD073F04A1397360394F1F78B10B2">Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F1CE97CB4BC7CB78ECA1FC402149B0DA" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="C12F60BB444853ED429A238DE128BCB9">Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C0FF8461C6C5D12F49800A3CAF59EE97" type="email">jirislavskuhrovec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="3D004228ACB0EE4CDD87E9E289C31D86">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="5AD36BD37C8BD67D6B1168FA3148EE79" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="D99A121242B8A9E96ACC9DB8F3204A21">
<mods:title id="86370DA42EDE11F5CF7533B1ECB72356">ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="FE46F859284B4266308DF23262B61709">
<mods:date id="B051886F9A314609D59AF4837606D3EF">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="A3F0482C4EA2EEA6E5B720693C010567" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="78BA52A04DAF2163E79ECAAC012FB250">2024-03-14</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="374A15FB5C0481F16E620472482B9DCF" type="volume">
<mods:number id="03BF1AE4E2F0B016477DBFA9E8913D37">1195</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="7D6A77A7C1AC6473BF01D3E38C274397" unit="page">
<mods:start id="9BA4E54EC64EBAA496F7F051AA8E989A">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="23F063D952CDE0071F4AB2C20E29CDC6">94</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="69ECFA3100E12FD673C36EDEDF1CCA3D">
<mods:url id="E5B2659AEDC47E5C45F0ABEE2B817292">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="51A57BAAB518F66AC10502F6E6348759">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="6CE499170864756A0611D1FA5FDFD275" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="33B7B6E13F01C39477062C9B5022005C" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1195-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5BD1A69D30695F3F877A8D7D9EF72FD0" type="ZooBank">617FBE9C72D1479D83361E9325D74B93</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="263585FC292CD34F122E0F1540BD57B9" type="Pensoft-UUID">7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="AC46547841D15C0E9C8FAA6D6977706D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC46547841D15C0E9C8FAA6D6977706D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC46547841D15C0E9C8FAA6D6977706D" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="CEEC9FA6A3D0761B51D9BE564BC18560" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2F03828973E06A65F9773B83554C0E53" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
12)
<taxonomicName id="A325EFC4C4F317F300022F9C3C612012" ID-CoL="8JYCD" LSID="AC465478-41D1-5C0E-9C8F-AA6D6977706D" authority="(Germar, 1821)" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DC04411B88577EB5041DD8CD20B449B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="EB2C9EE46332395C2D7EE87EB13C7217" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="250358A3778F10A18F8C74C88C07ED55" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
21 mature larvae;
<materialsCitation id="1D058007FCBB2E180672EFA9DDAE5F4E" collectingDate="2017-08-15" country="Serbia" determinerName="I. Tosevski." location="Zemun" specimenCount="19" specimenCount-female="12" specimenCount-male="7">
<specimenCount id="BED7AE5A52ECA87DA0C59EC9D77F4CB8" count="7" type="male">7 ♂</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="C721CD0BE94015AB0AEB404599703985" count="12" type="female">12 ♀</specimenCount>
pupae.
<collectingCountry id="BE49EC3064288F9812EEBB457A7EB649" name="Serbia">Serbia</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="4515212565F4993107B241E3A2732F21" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC46547841D15C0E9C8FAA6D6977706D:4515212565F4993107B241E3A2732F21" country="Serbia" name="Zemun">Zemun</location>
, ex
<taxonomicName id="D5FF3A54D1B1DA1E3F841CFFEB956C64" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria vulgaris" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="F25003F5D554643E430F388810B17F35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingDate id="6D8D761475DF7DEF4AA55235106D51BF" value="2017-08-15">15.08.2017</collectingDate>
, leg., det.
<determinerName id="3C2850036454AD5C5D087E491715B356">
I.
<normalizedToken id="43E7ED828684913422BB8AACD87792BD" originalValue="Toševski">Tosevski</normalizedToken>
.
</determinerName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CBE76FCB5692F57F7B2A3C0CE0EEE9BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="redescription">
<paragraph id="B8B050B9B9D69AA1B5FC752D22F8DAA8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Redescription of mature larva</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D496F415FB259B7A29C483AE817A122A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="326F44FF3341F85B58CA0CAD0CDD9F98" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figs
<figureCitation id="E84A271475F479022E42C8A35625642A" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E7829B41148E66F32A7F5E1AE9529B9B" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55A-E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BB5D5ECDEF4F0BE7F8D3FDC5C5B89F77" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="F56" captionText="Figure 56. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">56A-C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="3FBF43FC77AF2104FC0962716AD9F9D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Measurements</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 4.60-7.00 (avg. 5.20). The widest place in the body (meso- and metathorax) measures up to 1.50. Head width: 0.62-0.75 (avg. 0.70).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7AB0A90A75540F84AA392CE208915FFF" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 54" startId="F54">
<paragraph id="72685BDC98A58DC143C4F382978EF291" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E4C57B7BD1DAA5778EF31BA15AA0AB1F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 54.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B7DAB3C7858BB69FAD61F77FFEDAFE70" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">
<emphasis id="D6DCC5AF0513E61DC0ABB2B3B3D1A48B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa neta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Germar, 1821) mature larva
<emphasis id="ABD9DA5B03E9D75321096960927D1A4F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habitus
<emphasis id="D5BDBCE3CEB7788CC77FE5086E38F4F8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
head, frontal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="470F18ABD2CDE0DA43EE6EEA044CFBB9" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 55" startId="F55">
<paragraph id="E2B45CE450904D073C2E6E4CED7AD47A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="05B84472C1F1FF5FE0D97898EE287113" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 55.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BAF59B818E8D72E5AB221E9F0FE79AED" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">
<emphasis id="DA8E337D37CC31AA7EBC331773632E52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa neta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts
<emphasis id="DD0298EF996A2966BA62B11FB7A79DDB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
head
<emphasis id="199C1B9689FBA2A1F936AB8DA652158E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
antenna
<emphasis id="6BE6CA7B3D5687032504E32234676DF8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side)
<emphasis id="8971D6107ACDE27890D4DB635A1D76DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
left mandible
<emphasis id="87E09B76C19859A48BE35A003CF1CB6A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae:
<emphasis id="3B76CDFF03E3C005C5556FD6684E3603" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">als</emphasis>
-anterolateral,
<emphasis id="F5B26F9B9FBE0E61B9FF330332217DE0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ams</emphasis>
-anteromedial,
<emphasis id="736ABD9025DA3C3257471282AFE1694E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cls</emphasis>
-clypeal,
<emphasis id="9ADDCF00D12D70DCA35187FAE7D49592" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des</emphasis>
-dorsal epicranial,
<emphasis id="63B903260DFDFBE047F410BED9A123A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dms</emphasis>
-dorsal malar,
<emphasis id="E412854211E6856D5333C323906E1F59" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs</emphasis>
-frontal epicranial,
<emphasis id="06B71C9551DCF2E35D3189A9B026F49A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">les</emphasis>
-lateral epicranial,
<emphasis id="E0733702963B8D3A88DD099FD6963CE1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ligs</emphasis>
-ligular,
<emphasis id="F3239D188861116981CC7F3EB88BAD04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs</emphasis>
-labral,
<emphasis id="EEA686A3D876752BAEFB65661A21F1FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mes</emphasis>
-medial,
<emphasis id="A910D713854B54C84F81936EA0D7D94D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mbs</emphasis>
-malar basiventral,
<emphasis id="18BD2147637830C61B4D97C305373824" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mds</emphasis>
-mandibular dorsal,
<emphasis id="140FB294BC2DDCA14F8F7A385915A263" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mpxs</emphasis>
-maxillary palp,
<emphasis id="7BF94D15BF4DC1ECC366BD4DEEAB291B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pes</emphasis>
-postepicranial,
<emphasis id="3FBA699A8FD6E57CBEDD69CAEC2B0646" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs</emphasis>
-palpiferal,
<emphasis id="5952D1C3E4ABEE80D3752C6FBE8051AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms</emphasis>
-postmental,
<emphasis id="7B91231F9331C9B3E2AA11A66D589942" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prms</emphasis>
-premental,
<emphasis id="ABE2545FDC70E4EBD42D376749AC7D91" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
-stipital,
<emphasis id="6B21A5E8009769D33AE1E1C78F6F40C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ves</emphasis>
-ventral,
<emphasis id="621B7F64701050874CB5BAD55A088D88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vms</emphasis>
-ventral malar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="96D6900C0FF29EF10DB4A1C4D7772878" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 56" startId="F56">
<paragraph id="BF909C16EC989D561EF5AACEBAC598DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="976F207DF9358CC29256E033B6CFF55F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 56.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C1E38EBF8E9116325D7605763C762FAA" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">
<emphasis id="673221E854C97737926FC83FC74058CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa neta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus
<emphasis id="CFB890A9A644F14DB2846602657E81DF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
lateral view of thoracic segments
<emphasis id="B063975C34FDE7401417C211326E71E2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segment I
<emphasis id="CA00C07D571BBFC47CA360AF467B06E9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1-3-number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1-10-number of abdominal seg, setae:
<emphasis id="D4C758A76378E517CEF1559E0EABC92B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
-alar,
<emphasis id="69B1727304A44D0914CD0C71A904799F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
-dorsal,
<emphasis id="1A0FD53C3D138B2BE25EE8F59DEE60FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eps</emphasis>
-epipleural,
<emphasis id="3E74610EF265F3994EDA62E062BD7CD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
-eusternal,
<emphasis id="F451951E77B818EDD5968D5471F69D6D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lsts</emphasis>
-laterosternal,
<emphasis id="92DF7E55E22FE24E1794D6CF0D0E5DBE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pda</emphasis>
-pedal,
<emphasis id="991EB3CE6E0F70B5832BF28CAAB53C36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
-postdorsal,
<emphasis id="B8252F40DE260CC95C64487CABEE0266" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prns</emphasis>
-pronotal,
<emphasis id="25F8BFC68A6060FF7E1AFD4F318F16F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prs</emphasis>
-prodorsal,
<emphasis id="D6978D75C5B455C97110A03ED2D94BFB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
-spiracular,
<emphasis id="921DA4B25EDA00142372D08585503A11" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
-pleural,
<emphasis id="1FF8C841426D345FA08AB8C13D013E79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sts</emphasis>
-sternal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E8AAD96EB05F7B14A59012A4ABD5C146" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="80A3FDDC09F7550CD5DB81B60DAF7E63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="88094ACBF8B5F95B9DF078081E642AD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">General</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Body elongate, moderately slender, curved, rounded in cross section (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2C8E25ED91D0F7BF8A19841A2DD8F5A5" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54A</figureCitation>
). All thoracic segments equal in size. Meso- and metathorax each divided dorsally into two folds (prodorsal fold distinctly smaller than postdorsal fold). Pedal folds of thoracic segments isolated, conical, and prominent. Abdominal segments I-III of similar size, next segments tapering towards posterior body end. Abdominal segments I-VII each divided dorsally into two almost equal in size folds; postdorsal folds only slightly higher than prodorsal folds. Segments VIII and IX dorsally undivided. Epipleural folds of segments I-VIII conical. Laterosternal and eusternal folds of segments I-VIII conical, weakly isolated. Abdominal segment X divided into four folds of equal size, lateral folds each with a single minute seta. Anus situated ventrally, almost completely covered by ninth segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63B7BC132532755EF291DB58C5C3124F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Thoracic and abdominal spiracles unicameral; thoracic spiracles (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A515E64F9A1B0BB6647330F27BEDB094" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54A</figureCitation>
) placed laterally close to mesothorax; abdominal spiracles (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8565965496DFABD61BEA6CE65AF58414" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54A</figureCitation>
) placed medially on segments I-VIII.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14A26B2434584A4A3959A391C2D2441A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="4A615F6FA909825D187BC215C1B85A67" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1D239B1E2B0DD19355ADC064AD144DFE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colouration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Dark yellow to brown head, medial parts of epicranium less sclerotised (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1A5C51EC4346866E9AE6CDCB31B0552D" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54B</figureCitation>
). All thoracic and abdominal segments whitish, premental shield only slightly darker than the rest of prodorsum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="765D411AEF6DFFFD430CD93F2950E059" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54A</figureCitation>
). Cuticle covered with asperities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="947DCE8E3BF665BE3FA90AD84345DD52" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="F90403F471EA91BA7232402BF4CCE927" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6FD1A0AF902B810BD76361723539A4CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vestiture</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Setae on body thin, yellowish, different in length (very short or medium).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F3B745A88ABF4117786371C04145E6FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8C074E5DB615FA3C12AE90A5FFF29443" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="EF81ED418ED0DEF71C9424D50B72B767" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="F54" captionText="Figure 54. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure54" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">54B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="03CC0AA0322F76B633FAA6A3F3BAAF75" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55A</figureCitation>
). Head suboval, endocarinal line present, reaching more than the 2/3 of the length of frons. Frontal sutures on head partially indistinct, wide. Frons covered with knobby, dark asperities. Single pair of stemmata in the form of small black spots (st) placed laterally, close to the end of the frontal suture.
<emphasis id="AFC13540BCB75088F08E44389D0C18DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Des1</emphasis>
short, located in middle part of epicranium; long
<emphasis id="0E282B26285A07A742C3321E38A1F0BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des2</emphasis>
; long
<emphasis id="011BC9E7631ECA3F791DDA6051C5BECF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des3</emphasis>
located anteriorly, almost on the border of the frontal suture; minute
<emphasis id="7938261D14BB307EABD121E0965F29CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des4</emphasis>
located laterally; and long
<emphasis id="EACBF39E9489E724C3F7EBBA3A6D3933" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des5</emphasis>
placed anterolaterally above stemma (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E1790C0CC2E1325B3E8FAF54723B74F4" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55A</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="5C564193F4524815D8C71A236E6D72A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fs1</emphasis>
short, located posterolaterally;
<emphasis id="3D70D3D7C0648337C8482245DC0D456A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs2</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="A13DCD7950C47B49FF7FA36F2A45B4D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs3</emphasis>
absent;
<emphasis id="636D48B6C1111E7B431B9BD4BE7613F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs4</emphasis>
medium, located anteriorly; and long
<emphasis id="700F19FA3AA8063283406303CEC311D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs5</emphasis>
located anterolaterally, close to antenna (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C11EA773BB1D60720018C0EAD255E0D1" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55A</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="11C1C4FDDF4EF2C93ED89F6A55E8A2B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Les1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="61F843EDA03BEDA8B95A2D368A631B94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">les2</emphasis>
medium; two short
<emphasis id="5E6586A3AA0081397FD0ACEF12884D2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ves</emphasis>
. Epicranial area with three
<emphasis id="A176CFD8D8B16727B94BD7A56C0BC266" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pes</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C2D361271EEDEF00D10AE3FCF95005F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="26291BC7E55FEC9D83EDD1698A77C937" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antennae</emphasis>
placed distally of the frontal suture, on the inside; membranous and distinctly convex basal article bearing one conical elongate sensorium, plus a single sensillum basiconicum and single sensillum ampullaceum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="02996B7BCDB2AD5DAF3B087A18CC1A2F" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD1DA2EFC46E18644FC7FCB5113EE9B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1904B6723E980952D7A2F6A2489AC031" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Clypeus</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="1EE56DBA7F5C02C7DD86660AE9890C95" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55C</figureCitation>
) trapezoidal, ~ 3.5
<normalizedToken id="FBEAC665EF864846B0403F7894B06BDE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long with two medium
<emphasis id="4E8D31ADBFCBF40DD76C9A786857FA35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cls</emphasis>
, localised posterolaterally, with one sensillum between them; basolateral parts distinctly more sclerotised than the middle part; anterior border slightly curved towards the inside.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5BA00CA180021FD8E7B44E7F2CC8F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="18FFC55B9FA73FCD1F5571C7DCF4F47E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8B56952690842C67700C3D0EC215C62A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth parts</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Labrum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1D745AD3FA5990F094733FC90E9C56C1" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55C</figureCitation>
) ~ 2.5
<normalizedToken id="E91ED061BA359C088BB8E151FAECCF51" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long, with three piliform
<emphasis id="5EA8396FE6A2CDD97E4CD509C1125962" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs</emphasis>
, variable in length;
<emphasis id="D75E4E59D0296E6C5FC418959F077515" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B0DDF2D8AB82993337E87EBE17A99865" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs2</emphasis>
elongated, located medially,
<emphasis id="445A48F294F2BF15F192D4336FDFE0CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs3</emphasis>
short, located anterolaterally; anterior border bi-sinuate. Epipharynx (Fig.
<figureCitation id="54EAB80861DCBCFC37F6C189EEBE65F8" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55C</figureCitation>
) with three relatively elongated finger-like
<emphasis id="D1293E1B2F207E2E914FF25B10647739" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">als</emphasis>
, identical in length, three piliform
<emphasis id="FAB982C509170FB125684C4BBC739F66" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ams</emphasis>
variable in length and single short finger-like
<emphasis id="BAFA692EF51FFF68D2FC363E1CCB1242" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mes</emphasis>
; labral rods (lr) elongated, close to kidney shaped. Mandibles (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BD7B76A6F7CFD3C6DC1DCC94F83BFC2A" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55D</figureCitation>
) bifid, cutting edge smooth; two medium piliform and short
<emphasis id="A218C39A2E4A63377F2B034F64428B6B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mds</emphasis>
, both located close to lateral border. Maxillolabial complex: maxilla brownish sclerotised (Fig.
<figureCitation id="39D6550BB45CD49F470C234E381D70BD" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55E</figureCitation>
), stipes with one
<emphasis id="4AD4ACD5DC401C9CBA96C41AEAB6029D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis id="C8EA174E3045DD5C58835FF26C342591" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs</emphasis>
and one very short
<emphasis id="C9DABD1CD1B5A9417A41E40D1B459992" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mbs</emphasis>
and one sensillum,
<emphasis id="BD20C8480BA9CA94CD7A2B3A2D595324" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
and both
<emphasis id="98C9FBEE5BB7DD0B9139255AC06714D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs1-2</emphasis>
relatively long; mala with six finger-like
<emphasis id="BDD9F60CC59EB7EDA8F38A5E5403943B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dms</emphasis>
variable in length; four piliform
<emphasis id="502CF34F026361FFE4E45BC996C9137F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vms</emphasis>
, medium to short in length. Maxillary palpi two-segmented; basal palpomere distinctly wider and slightly longer than distal one; basal palpomere with short
<emphasis id="9EE454EBFE800A9D947C23CE4C677F46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mpxs</emphasis>
and two sensilla, distal palpomere with a group of four apical sensilla in terminal receptive area. Prementum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="03B958CE26134D9A94E3D59F8FDFCE72" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55E</figureCitation>
) close to oval-shaped, with one long
<emphasis id="50D36CC2313859CF92B66E78DCB697E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prms</emphasis>
; ligula with slightly sinuate margin and two medium
<emphasis id="7DF545537DF9EC80238DFB7E19289068" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ligs</emphasis>
; premental sclerite weakly sclerotised, only lateral parts well visible. Labial palpi one-segmented; each palp with a single pore, and a group of three apical sensilla basiconica on terminal receptive area; surface of labium smooth. Postmentum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C7226983887675E6B0FA748852A5E981" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="F55" captionText="Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure55" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001283" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">55E</figureCitation>
) with three
<emphasis id="D81934A9BD38259AEBF8F04EFD26577E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms</emphasis>
, medium
<emphasis id="F12A6802B4DB0FAAA50E12B74D1BDC36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms1</emphasis>
located anteromedially, long
<emphasis id="2B5E45D2E367158F72983A27B3095174" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms2</emphasis>
located laterally, and medium
<emphasis id="22F1D813E91EC05783F0DD15971614A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms3</emphasis>
located anterolaterally; membranous area covered with knobby asperities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="588C7521FD8DC3AA5D77BD4232122393" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8ACBCCD8611F7390FEB2125CC8CA701A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="22EDC90E5C91111820F991EB9DA62F32" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Prothorax (Fig.
<figureCitation id="90CF546618F27437D26D46C5A3EA6DBB" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="F56" captionText="Figure 56. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">56A</figureCitation>
) with eight medium to short
<emphasis id="1B83AADC861F4398AE397E7A5F1443DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prns</emphasis>
; two medium
<emphasis id="3D1F2F9F98DB9D265847AF63602F95EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
; and single short
<emphasis id="19A1E3F664FCCC85AFF91E4F82177023" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
. Mesothorax (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0203835CFB406ED1628B36FD5D0AB0C0" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="F56" captionText="Figure 56. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">56A</figureCitation>
) with one minute
<emphasis id="3DD0F9167DD32D472326FED06900E211" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prs</emphasis>
, two medium and one minute
<emphasis id="86DE5BD3918D0AC4D3D9C575ED94DCB8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
(ordered: minute, medium, medium); one medium
<emphasis id="BC08DC342D741A2757F03B6C2D9E083B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
; two medium and single minute
<emphasis id="50F11B43CD1056109D6762A733A5D66E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
; one medium
<emphasis id="EA432E30358A3C8BA87461A743D6647E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eps</emphasis>
; two medium
<emphasis id="66F12CE550C2C39411571DDA3F2C0293" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
; and single minute
<emphasis id="505C89451CBB359171FEA61F32EEC15D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4C789521510E8729B61FE2A6E6B30AF9" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="F56" captionText="Figure 56. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">56A</figureCitation>
) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments with four relatively long and one minute
<emphasis id="B6478D42274DC2101DDBB3A07A8FBB02" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pda</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F2443808A68232B9080AA46C0E1B1FC7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6D9CA684ED2E20FF46C39D38F877CCE5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="784AEF0D387AFE35D5C8894750862DD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Segments I-VIII (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5376C8B2D27A1D3A47D5BC4B63E55514" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="F56" captionText="Figure 56. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">56B, C</figureCitation>
) with one minute
<emphasis id="DEA4C709A4BB3B6F2513FD8842809B1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prs</emphasis>
(segment VIII without); four
<emphasis id="47A59642E7735BB5C22083B2B3B13E25" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
of various length; one minute and one medium
<emphasis id="0247FF7D490AB6D9CC6AD8B3C14F5A6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
; three medium
<emphasis id="1637ADC0F4E9CF07E5D390D8841E40C3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eps</emphasis>
; one medium
<emphasis id="829AA41C13A9062B2EE1FD0104816721" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
; one medium
<emphasis id="104F15D5BA1E71638BE983E0D161EDE9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lsts</emphasis>
; and two short
<emphasis id="6CD7D997BFD905E5C6FC1A6366AAFA02" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
. Abdominal segment IX (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D158011AA117A5F06D7C67CA9BD5F2B8" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="F56" captionText="Figure 56. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure56" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">56C</figureCitation>
) with one minute and one medium
<emphasis id="CA4436B0634006BE6DAD7E0F1A550861" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
; one medium and one minute
<emphasis id="ED8462A96E62E28605A3B3A14AEA46F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
; and two minute
<emphasis id="6E42C28971506BF58A59178D402ADE43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sts</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="86A60C71B15482CDEAE32DA8E3C43739" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="A12C71429998BB7B98F61C46134BE4B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of pupa</paragraph>
<paragraph id="045B5055F9B5E5C9AD3C399168917B97" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="850C37D4260F6116B33EF29D20DFE531" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figs
<figureCitation id="6C895D0717E836B885C25AB2F58FCC28" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001285" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">57A-C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5126102FBE54A55309F64D84BFD65B68" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure58" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001286" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">58A-C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="1932CFACEC7D826964CAF33F70CAA408" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Measurements</emphasis>
</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 2.70-4.20 (avg. 3.25); body width: 1.53-2.26 (avg. 2.10); thorax width: 1.00-1.53 (avg. 1.40); rostrum length: up to 0.73 ♂ and 0.83 ♀.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C89C33438C40F9E92BB4898EE18D240B" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001285" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 57" startId="F57">
<paragraph id="C15186A1B4D999687B43A19F3DE2A5D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="562AA981430FF8FAB3205CE3769A26AA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 57.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="43197416597B42BD82D689BAC9E0A5F5" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">
<emphasis id="44C966CEBDB883981F3E1C57C4834612" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa neta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Germar, 1821) pupa habitus
<emphasis id="3E5B1A3833AAC4D9722276DDE86AC57D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis id="EDB876A1C8B8BB3D2031BB9B1DA298F6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis id="38626668EFA48B022D05D29298BD1EEB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BAB546DD6980576A8C537458FB3B3D98" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure58" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001286" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 58" startId="F58">
<paragraph id="73F079EDA23B691EA5B375543570AFD4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D025005081354106B35950E7ED99277F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 58.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="57F719F7F36DCA034B635F4F2D071140" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">
<emphasis id="78BA5DF853B958FA430BA85710394724" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa neta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Germar, 1821) pupa habitus
<emphasis id="10C1C69D94F8532130E96B8B2110E1CE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis id="02445CEC4DF48ECA33C0062632EFCFC2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis id="D08BED3C9739914D5C088A152B8612B8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae:
<emphasis id="B79190574A52B99886E850F13A65F1E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
-apical,
<emphasis id="801E1D0420FB9799CA069A509AF1F0AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
-dorsal,
<emphasis id="523F999DEA731AF3BE7956554F471949" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
-discal,
<emphasis id="4579B3B23715961DA06A73C7A74F9F87" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fes</emphasis>
-femoral,
<emphasis id="45D9EFC377D15328F20F32E28238CD67" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">l</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="EE46B366DA7801F3AE09325AF7F91930" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ls</emphasis>
-lateral,
<emphasis id="E99284749EFDD98CDA5468407F97BB15" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
-orbital,
<emphasis id="4548D7FB3D20E0FE7A4CFCAFB636169B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pls</emphasis>
-posterolateral,
<emphasis id="E237941E752275D57374088BA24FD24C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rs</emphasis>
-rostral,
<emphasis id="D819F8245174D110F60E8EA8AD818678" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sos</emphasis>
- supraorbital,
<emphasis id="32FDF6503285FD535FA2A22796D98201" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">v</emphasis>
-ventral.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EA3A2B5039216B7D5B0B90E14E8A427B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5218875DC6FA151236AF15240372E321" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="927C6D505864E60506E4062EA9E3F454" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Body</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Integument white, with some parts dark sclerotised; moderately stout, curved. All setae placed on dark brown spots. Head elongated protuberances present (h-pr) on head above eyes. Rostrum elongated, on both sexes almost 4
<normalizedToken id="4B72879C66437575B31BCAE7801AEDB4" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide, reaching over mesocoxae. Pronotum trapezoidal 2.2
<normalizedToken id="5A398B461558B0D420ADFD42496E82D5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as long. Pronotal protuberances (p-pr) conical, flattened, sclerotised, separated at bases. Meso- and metanotum similar in size. Abdominal segments I-IV almost identical in size; segments V and VI tapering gradually, VII semicircular; segment VIII narrow; segment IX reduced. Abdominal segment VIII dorsally with flattened, weakly sclerotised abdominal protuberance (a-pr). Urogomphi (ur) short, ending with sclerotised, sharp apexes (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DE32844BAD44F9DA2FBCBB18EA86E3BD" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001285" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">57A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3FBCB8C312C8122E5EB55821B7645B40" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D1ABF1FAA26F8F18D1FA8A8CBC4EC34B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="21F0D143765D1BF90844CB8D7F476346" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Well developed, setae medium to elongated, transparent. Head with one medium
<emphasis id="50B36896262135A7997E1EE04CA17117" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sos</emphasis>
and one medium
<emphasis id="348B36585A5AA90505BE6616F9EFBF14" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
. Rostrum with two
<emphasis id="6F38DC4EE8D92B82BD30CDBB21FD9DCE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rs</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="E731F82EB63D390A810D8DC1BB6DF583" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure58" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001286" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">58A</figureCitation>
). Pronotum with three
<emphasis id="8BA53C478D22755682C032FCD2BD9138" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
, single
<emphasis id="A1C667133657E8C053BEEB81BFB213BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ls</emphasis>
, and three
<emphasis id="1B7A00DE60C092F6CDC3DC30658D150A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pls</emphasis>
all equal in length. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with three setae of various length, placed medially. Apex of femora with a single long
<emphasis id="A0CBD6B052D2F82C987D59D6EC7774F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fes</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="06B00228F2CE7FBCD6CEFC8DEA0805E8" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure58" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001286" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">58A-C</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segments I-VII dorsally with five setae, variable in length: first and third minute, second, fourth, and fifth medium; setae first to fourth placed close to posterior margin of the segment, fifth placed below stigma (on segments VI and VII all setae medium in size). Abdominal segment VIII dorsally with four elongated setae dorsally. Each lateral part of abdominal segments I-VIII with two short setae. Ventral parts of abdominal segments I-VIII with three medium setae. Abdominal segment IX with three short setae ventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E70DEE0E6E27B547D328E8651DDB5109" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure58" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001286" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">58A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EEFA2FB1ABC8BFC337B9526CBE905B80" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="41B53D5FC009AC127C6D3D99D2B2024C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks and comparative notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FFD5028ECC9C7B0AB9E6A74B3858B8D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This species is very common and has a wide distribution (western, central, and southern Europe, Caucasus, Iran, central Asia;
<bibRefCitation id="9B99128611C53D0BFE06DF44CD883473" author="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA" journalOrPublisher="Monografias electronicas de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 780" refId="B1" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA, Barrios, H, Borovec, R, Bouchard, P, Caldara, R, Colonnelli, E, Gueltekin, L, Hlavac, P, Korotyaev, B, Lyal, CHC, Machado, A, Meregalli, M, Pierotti, H, Ren, L, Sanchez-Ruiz, M, Sforzi, A, Silfverberg, H, Skuhrovec, J, Tryzna, M, Velazquez de Castro, AJ, Yunakov, NN, 2023. Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. 2nd Edn. Monografias electronicas de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 14: 1 - 780" title="Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. 2 nd Edn." volume="14" year="2023">Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
). It was accidentally introduced in North America (
<bibRefCitation id="246AC2A07997E78193A69358A2A2D593" author="Buchanan, LL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="312 - 316" refId="B6" refString="Buchanan, LL, 1937. Notes on Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 27: 312 - 316" title="Notes on Curculionidae (Coleoptera)." volume="27" year="1937">Buchanan 1937</bibRefCitation>
) but subsequently used as a biological control agent against the dalmatian toadflax (
<taxonomicName id="C04AF82AB65C82ED01AE6D73CA3251C1" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria dalmatica" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="dalmatica">
<emphasis id="1CEFC5659113FB066C862B493F5F6CDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria dalmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and yellow toadflax (
<taxonomicName id="56540DD730A2F7AE72B160BB0DD515E6" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria vulgaris" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="E6186E07BB9333D4EA819E492080B3C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="07076B42B7C3BBA48F5E80D639A12FDE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" author="Sing, SE" journalOrPublisher="USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET- 2015 - 03" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Sing, SE, De Clerck-Floate, RA, Hansen, RW, Pearce, H, Randall, CB, Tosevski, I, Ward, SM, 2016. Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2015-03, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" title="Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" year="2016">Sing et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). There are no noteworthy morphological differences between various populations living on different species of
<taxonomicName id="521F08F4509CB568F4D12CF22600B373" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="44202D73DC2B065B42D794471B45901A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The shape of the rostrum is the most useful character, which allows easy separation at adult stage of
<taxonomicName id="A39E1FAAB24EE9E160E12795C951821D" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="neta">
<emphasis id="CA6AA555FDA514E6059ED2B1099FE6C6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. neta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other species of the genus with short elytra, except for the western Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="3F5BFCCCBA62653400E1B2750FA49EDB" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. incana" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="DB5D69535F26FF28A87D90DA5D7886D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it can be distinguished only by the shape of the female rostrum, the antennal insertion being located slightly more towards the apex of the rostrum in both sexes, and the scales of the dorsal vestiture being slightly stouter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A00CABCBF4F3002482C5E3C100E8C35" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The descriptions of the larva and pupa of
<taxonomicName id="A4AF2852569F23800B0F2108E93D0D9A" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="neta">
<emphasis id="20596E9EBC29F66DEDB591F735C78DAD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. neta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given by
<bibRefCitation id="10ED432B6F3742EF1F80965D4F33B69B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.807.28365" author="Ścibior, R" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 46" refId="B49" refString="Ścibior, R, Letowski, J, 2018. The morphology of the preimaginal stages of Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini). ZooKeys 807: 29 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.807.28365" title="The morphology of the preimaginal stages of Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.807.28365" volume="807" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="D824A970B0F636722E42C12F015EE968" originalValue="Ścibior">Ścibior</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken id="7CB259C8A0E02EAC3B0B6E46735BC939" originalValue="Łętowski">Letowski</normalizedToken>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
are generally similar to ours, with some differences probably due to the nomenclature used by these authors. In our opinion, some setae were incorrectly identified in the larva, e.g.,
<emphasis id="59CC070E5B35B06F0B1CD0A8C0704934" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as1</emphasis>
instead of
<emphasis id="B16D8B3F97DA0920EED80CBCB7F014FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ls1</emphasis>
. There are also some discrepancies in the interpretation of pupal characters, such as a lack of
<emphasis id="F8AEB43D33258E44A3E82B22FC41B939" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rs2</emphasis>
or
<emphasis id="9494D09AA7623C87172692118453579D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sos</emphasis>
instead of
<emphasis id="1FA764ED797F57AC814130CFA4995EFB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
and four abdominal dorsal setae instead of five.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10390DF236845843721788FA1745F925" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="818F5F7DE8D2D2EA352C2A5D6544690A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biological notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D4D2A9F9FE277F8F7EC54993A89462DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This is an oligophagous species whose larvae develop on different toadflaxes (
<taxonomicName id="6C259E55077B8DB14CE0D71913512365" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AC6B9AA87872C7C65583FF0EB84D799F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.). The females oviposit eggs from mid-June to the end of September in an already developed seed capsule. The larvae are typical seed feeders. Larval development was recorded on many
<taxonomicName id="5BE114D3AF3AD2AC29C2B2635FF49B7F" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Linaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Linaria" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0307251579176A0E8F2E446B9D6EA600" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Linaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species:
<taxonomicName id="AF4D314CAD3E6BDEBA60FF1E026ABA58" lsidName="L. vulgaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="83670DB2B316E1B6973443F323E3ABAF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9452FF59DF910FCB1B02FE1EB2323E37" lsidName="L. genistifolia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="genistifolia">
<emphasis id="20A461A91AAC0C14CE0C1958BFA0D57D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. genistifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="582EFA2DA2523DB428DC41BB8C95D728" lsidName="L. dalmatica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dalmatica">
<emphasis id="55F1C4D3F88688FE3AED44B013EB11A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. dalmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C24190BD6F8235B032549B180D987D33" baseAuthorityName="Tixier-Durivault &amp; d'Hondt" baseAuthorityYear="1974" lsidName="L. grandiflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
<emphasis id="E95B2E7A1254760545DAC9557B4BB6AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. grandiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Desf.,
<taxonomicName id="E60B50D5C043C4301AE3621A31778F1E" lsidName="L. angustissima" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="angustissima">
<emphasis id="405F67728858CBAFB2D8ABCF8549EAFE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. angustissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C307D2EA21492F1DDE940C5C25B72FB1" lsidName="L. arvensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arvensis">
<emphasis id="8687D5AEAE9290615823A486F83AE3D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. arvensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Desf.,
<taxonomicName id="D984F6ECC43E5BFE5A7B2520472D6BF8" lsidName="L. corifolia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="corifolia">
<emphasis id="290278CBC2E62437796B13768006CD3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. corifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Desf.,
<taxonomicName id="3481F2180E30AF18DA302641ED07AA80" lsidName="L. peloponnesiaca" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="peloponnesiaca">
<emphasis id="274097AC004A25F0480DB4E089F6DB2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. peloponnesiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Boiss. and Heldr.,
<taxonomicName id="6883ADCAA2FA2391EA48B22780D8E3A0" lsidName="L. repens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="B88C9F028EED70C6084F96F9CD7D037C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. repens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Mill.,
<taxonomicName id="0775F7506DAD1C93EFD1AEB3639F22B8" lsidName="L. rubioides" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rubioides">
<emphasis id="C6A4B0E4D162B35A5B97D0A30201E0D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. rubioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Vis. &amp; Pancic,
<taxonomicName id="097B00BA25FB6F6A04CBC13A1FD5D072" lsidName="L. spartea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="spartea">
<emphasis id="BD5365618ECB1F8F2FA5791741A53ECA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. spartea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Chaz.,
<taxonomicName id="AAD3B2ADD2A026AB99A0AB7168744605" lsidName="L. supina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="supina">
<emphasis id="2F0E3C0E7A03B36CD2D2609D9913CED6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. supina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Chaz., and
<taxonomicName id="3EA84F35C8CD7E535BA2095D65022975" lsidName="L. vulgaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="CE8B3E9C95C59B05AD430A3A44488655" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Oviposition of eggs and larval feeding do not cause swelling of seeds, but larvae may consume a large proportion of seeds within a capsule, decreasing the seed output but not killing the host plant (
<bibRefCitation id="3D5C5469F5DA2B531F276667185B258D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" author="Sing, SE" journalOrPublisher="USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET- 2015 - 03" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Sing, SE, De Clerck-Floate, RA, Hansen, RW, Pearce, H, Randall, CB, Tosevski, I, Ward, SM, 2016. Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2015-03, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" title="Biology and biological control of dalmatian and yellow toadflax." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.149716" year="2016">Sing et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="76F3E597A89398E7E081F04DCA9C12DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="rhinusa vestita group">
<paragraph id="21C70740EFB0210FA31FCBD00AEC2D2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2F8BC7105D41F62003F1CEBC9A4A67B0" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa vestita" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vestita">
<emphasis id="F571F3144E0F593EAA8990E7AB14B9B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa vestita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B6E2FDF7B80DE93227D90A3066FB1368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="642F77FE395876DF5A92C2A842C05BDB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Adult diagnosis.</emphasis>
Rostrum short and stout in both sexes; elytra subquadrate, distinctly flattened on disc; penis with short endophallus beginning just in front of basal third of its body.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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