214 lines
32 KiB
XML
214 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1174-219" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" ID-ZooBank="608FAD80206A428E9743F8ED4F3139BB" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1174-219" checkinTime="1691771919581" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ballarin, Francesco & Eguchi, Katsuyuki" docDate="2023" docId="A35A96E4C38B58869857DC213176118F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1174: 219-272" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1174" docPubDate="2023-08-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251" docTitle="Howaia subterranea Ballarin & Eguchi 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="A2EE02AE-8523-43F8-A888-AE2F3061459D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" masterDocTitle="Integrative taxonomic revision of the genera Nesticella and Howaia in Japan with the description of five new species (Araneae, Nesticidae, Nesticellini)" masterLastPageNumber="272" masterPageNumber="219" pageNumber="219" updateTime="1691771919581" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0BCC29D55618631A1A36287CD24DE511">
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<mods:title id="57B923F976CAC16A84E4B9EBBB7B580A">Integrative taxonomic revision of the genera Nesticella and Howaia in Japan with the description of five new species (Araneae, Nesticidae, Nesticellini)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="83F2C5403805288BB08DD0E8056B80F5" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="4CA64BDFB463A778775D9142D3DD74AD">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4609457DE250323BBFBE196C4039573E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6620CA1772A336A5F49847258CCB5636">Ballarin, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="35CBA843B6F245677865E1FB79C7E3A5" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1417-2519</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="D486A1D62896F4AD3C2A07BC9BC4291C">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192 - 0397, Tokyo, Japan & Department of Zoology, Museo di Storia Naturale of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 9, I- 37129 Verona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2F99041280B4C7D3ECC5671B1E967469" type="email">ballarin.francesco@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="75161FE8F63CBF3D412E3D19708B5BCA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A2B8B509280AF18586285BCA797B9596">Eguchi, Katsuyuki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="35A35618F21FA965D0B57A294AD320CE" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1054-1295</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="6CC398E295475820DE5E191A2EEE815B">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192 - 0397, Tokyo, Japan & Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1 - 12 - 4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, 852 - 8523, Nagasaki, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9349B41FB176D73E21440327B529889F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7934B918F8141D8BD9AD181FA62319F1">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1D7FF9AC45900AE8750F5EF205951C18">
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<mods:date id="5431FB3066550861CAB39A4F69638091">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="51CD55D6619533D7BAF0694AB220A458">2023-08-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3D93A7DE422C31B50AA2D87D84360390">1174</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="88B5662473BE564A524EC25568C37770">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="2E81079A834821379AFAF5D238CBDA35">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="BB12349753C0A1F426CBAC884B8A4884" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A35A96E4C38B58869857DC213176118F" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A2EE02AE-8523-43F8-A888-AE2F3061459D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A35A96E4C38B58869857DC213176118F" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<subSubSection id="006E01E909DCFC87A52B5AD1DC9835B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BCE605710874DA607647C4D41BCA8F31" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName id="F2D0AB9A65B02C7810412F88392FE01E" LSID="https://zoobank.org/A2EE02AE-8523-43F8-A888-AE2F3061459D" authority="Ballarin & Eguchi, 2023" authorityName="Ballarin & Eguchi" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia subterranea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterranea" status="sp. nov.">Howaia subterranea</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="4117F97203A84EB3ABCD7DAC03B3732D" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5CD00194EC17E0190C40205D7E4CD3FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A77F6C814745937B81D7511DDF10A514" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<figureCitation id="9D72F85524B0D63348173B4631541FBC" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figs 3A-E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="26BB94EB04DF18D1F4ACD8193209E4FA" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">, 13E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="5AF2C601AB0D4DBDD4AC2205000D52C5" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species in mainland Japan and Ryukyu Archipelago A distribution of N. brevipes and N. terrestris in mainland Japan and neighboring countries B distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago C distribution of H. mogera in mainland Japan and neighboring countries D distribution of H. mogera in the Ryukyu Archipelago and neighboring countries. Colored squares refer to the type localities of the species, colored dots indicate the locations of specimens whose morphology has been checked during this study, dashed areas refer to the generally known distribution of the species, question marks refer to unclear distributions (see " remarks on misidentifications " of N. brevipes and N. terrestris)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891300" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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, 16B (Japanese name: kaiken-horahimegumo
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<normalizedToken id="F0CEB6ED92573B9EE0B0295E55674F41" originalValue="カイケンホラヒメグモ">カイケンホラヒメグモ</normalizedToken>
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)
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</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C7CE20224B54D6D61D37D846A9D94A12" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2BA10E51CE5275BDC15F58FD134E3237" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2A44122A58007FB436F8D4D94AFD4344" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<materialsCitation id="E2583901E9B27D3D3CC63DB3DDBE22AB" collectingDate="2004-05-03" collectorName="Okinoerabu-jima Is., H. Tamura" country="Japan" location="Kaikendo cave" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kagoshima Pref." typeStatus="Holotype">
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<specimenCount id="D959B5323E6FA052698B1BE782688C09">♀</specimenCount>
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<emphasis id="1A3DF916A1C27E90CCF9183221F3CF41" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis id="0C154C6C8E0D15EEB8E27A8E29097183" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<typeStatus id="0E7DD352E76AC4048B2E3D58C2A1AF43">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<collectingCountry id="FECC6F3B1AA7ED69DD97C08A41E403D8" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="DD13E27DF174EFC7AA3E870451A72019" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima Pref.</collectingRegion>
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:
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<collectorName id="87B4D10C860E980078B73052CBF47797">Okinoerabu-jima Is.</collectorName>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<specimenCount id="4C170EC89B0495DCB47AD14F81AFC8C8" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<location id="71C0B1A564D3CF780AAEA0620AF86729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A35A96E4C38B58869857DC213176118F:71C0B1A564D3CF780AAEA0620AF86729" country="Japan" name="Kaikendo cave" stateProvince="Kagoshima Pref.">Kaikendo cave</location>
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(海見洞),
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<collectingDate id="E45477402B0AF9BFE147FB42CBACF509" value="2004-05-03">3.May.2004</collectingDate>
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<collectorName id="1433204A73C124673D01C52BCB2BB02E">H. Tamura</collectorName>
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leg. (NSMT-Ar 25253).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CEE36A89FF5505F075E7F1C6CE08F1A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="3E71A73AC72A2F46EDD7FA35922A15FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="98938A0175AE8E4728F701A93AC39736" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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The new species is named after the Latin adjective
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<emphasis id="F087C10DECD23D58EF5047086C19E5F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">subterraneus</emphasis>
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(= underground, subterranean). It refers to the troglobitic lifestyle of this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1881A7F5DDFFB0E7DB27ACD255B57854" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="82A85185C41589AED998D103F6C0E469" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AC40DC377EEE8C23FB8FD8F4082722C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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This species is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="F3C0F57DE15F2E53EA57C5BFC5B77B8D" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. mogera" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="mogera">
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<emphasis id="9EB6792570CC8624C69CC43DC99CF21C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. mogera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the other troglobiont species
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<taxonomicName id="7840824C9C3665257E6EAC08B02E2579" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. alba" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="alba">
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<emphasis id="2BF9EC66336499DCFBA8EAA1CEC73B2C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. alba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. and
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<taxonomicName id="F1507B1F44E686283718437AFA7CF7D2" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
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<emphasis id="B78F3C2BBAF0C2E8A7D4D0C37CBA556B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.
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<taxonomicName id="9A4A189B7A561FA960B245A2C6D337A6" authorityName="Ballarin & Eguchi" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia subterranea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterranea">
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<emphasis id="9DB0518BF45AF5EF4BBE5880F2C8C1AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Howaia subterranea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. can be distinguished from these species by the different shape of the epigyne, having curved internal ducts (vs straight ducts in the other three species), and a longer scapus (Sc) with an enlarged tip (vs a shorter and more rectangular Sc with a flat distal margin in
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<taxonomicName id="8FF03E9AC5E1AA1561464444EAC0621E" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. mogera" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="mogera">
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<emphasis id="3FAF6C6449CB343ABEF55D3505C3D3CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. mogera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a shorter and stockier Sc in
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<taxonomicName id="76C22C845A3A0D9E2A81CCC872AF2A38" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. alba" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="alba">
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<emphasis id="E10CA3755656C71484B8E2F144460241" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. alba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., and a shorter, tongue-like Sc in
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<taxonomicName id="565ABE9A8F5FA0DB30AE2CAEB27C7F94" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
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<emphasis id="1995D56AB6A0D42C05AEC6A5E7FC1E8F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., all of them lacking a clearly enlarged tip) (Figs
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<figureCitation id="5C7C8AF4768CCAFB2EA16F5A33F1F6D3" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">3D, E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="29C5C04D9B79206B66B4570462F91E2B" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13E</figureCitation>
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cf. Figs
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<figureCitation id="A49C13547DB98A7831E1B0AE3DDFB9A8" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Howaia mogera A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne ventral view (specimen from Tokyo area) F same after dissection, shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (specimen from Tokyo area) I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891285" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">1E-G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="8FDA53A25225C4D6EA2020C8BC5AE425" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Howaia alba sp. nov. A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (one of the paratypes), ventral view F same, shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (holotype) I habitus of female (one of the paratypes) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891286" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">2E-G</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="147349D59BE62B22F4350060BFD2E03D" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Genitalia of Howaia mogera and H. alba sp. nov. A male palp of H. mogera, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view E male palp of H. alba sp. nov., ventral view F same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view H female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di - distal process of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891288" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">4D, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, the new species can be easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="792FF885737A993ABCBAF7493256A1E7" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. mogera" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="mogera">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4DECF8C08CD1F95BF096ACF4C792718" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. mogera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other Japanese species by the lack of eyes and pigmentation (vs present in the other troglophilic congeners).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AEA8511A68A471EFB1B25A87FE594258" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="618FF481731A0E8D682061F7656A1748" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4F7ECEDECE6CCBFBD0950C679ED2BE7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F69F5701A868C13A886CA2FDC187CD3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Female (holotype).</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="10A8F5DCC3330DF9473B3480138DC98B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">3A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
. Total length 2.65. Prosoma 1.20 long, 0.93 wide. Carapace piriform, uniformly pale yellowish. Eyes strongly degenerated, reduced to white maculae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E6EE21BBBF1D0177127CCFE4BE1FEABF" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Chelicerae uniformly brownish. Labium, maxillae, and sternum pale yellowish as carapace. Legs uniformly pale yellowish. Legs measurements (leg III missing): I 6.73 (1.95, 0.46, 1.82, 1.65, 0.85), II 5.24 (1.56, 0.45, 1.29, 1.22, 0.72), III (-), IV 5.75 (1.76, 0.46, 1.54, 1.32, 0.67). Opisthosoma uniformly greyish, covered by long, sparse hairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="28501960A51281D7930828E6833AC992" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
Epigyne and vulva as in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="4031F8B3D6E0B45ECF65C8C1DEB71A6B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="DB3C51304487E8C528B08C6484277BB8" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13E</figureCitation>
|
||
. Scapus (Sc) elongated antero-posteriorly, ~ 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E4FF9AFA2F3FA56ECA47910EDB15CAD5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide, ending with an enlarged, lobated tip (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="79B7AC5835A2445CF2813C17A2023C01" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">3D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="C6D3AA2D9A2EB2AD63FADE9C2E850E4C" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Copulatory opening (Co) at the inner-lateral sides of scapus. Internal ducts slightly visible through the transparent tegument, shaped as a narrow curly bracket. Copulatory ducts (Cd) bent in middle trait, first trait slightly curved outward then curving anteriorly before reaching spermathecae (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="BCCCEF819F2090C74D9F2699174B1205" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEFB0038A6714A953499859F83E13A0C" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Insemination ducts (Id) thin, coiled around the copulatory ducts. Spermathecae (S) small and rounded, separated from each other by ~ 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="16AB1E1A79237B10609B02720B21B25F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
their diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1C28D1C04D8AEBE21161E41D5AF34C84" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9CC95A5BE03578E4F51CBA12E0C76B86" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9ECA20C7188BC7A460F485C951954E9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9B08E233D76B1C8118F0FED46DA84DA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="61EF1132F0A7EED56A0BAFBD29F0FB7C" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D90CFA5F0A2BBE99E740D23C3E94646" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
Endemic to Okinoerabu-jima Island. Known only from the type locality (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B5600D06E742D619C2C71121F0CBB77E" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species in mainland Japan and Ryukyu Archipelago A distribution of N. brevipes and N. terrestris in mainland Japan and neighboring countries B distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago C distribution of H. mogera in mainland Japan and neighboring countries D distribution of H. mogera in the Ryukyu Archipelago and neighboring countries. Colored squares refer to the type localities of the species, colored dots indicate the locations of specimens whose morphology has been checked during this study, dashed areas refer to the generally known distribution of the species, question marks refer to unclear distributions (see " remarks on misidentifications " of N. brevipes and N. terrestris)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891300" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">16B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8074E1CC5E87AF1572225E4E3C28B638" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph id="44C00D57B2E05F052D6259AE86DF6AE7" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CBFF3E39BE58E3512FD0BBE79AB90D00" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8FCF6AFC5379F3EF017F730F520206" authorityName="Ballarin & Eguchi" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia subterranea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterranea">
|
||
<emphasis id="7529CBB18A01B51C7BC99BA712B6DAD2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Howaia subterranea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. has probably been collected in the dark zone of the type locality cave. The lack of pigmentation and the strongly reduced eyes further suggest this species as a true troglobiont. Nevertheless, the lack of specimens and additional information do not allow us to define in detail the ecology and micro-habitat preference of this species as well as its precise phylogenetic position. Nevertheless, the morphology of epigyne clearly identify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C49CC8608CC547AF9C441343EEA2E6C" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. subterranea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="subterranea">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9AF2F446B2F83782C77484E624FF1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. subterranea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. as belonging to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="128BC7FA0E3EA76365FF35827A0B11BD" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="106EDD6B7D206CB453D7D55879A23F3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Howaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |