250 lines
30 KiB
XML
250 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="0EFC7A5A91AB15D6C70A05BF849C1C53" ID-CLB-Dataset="306474" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b349e73d-c49e-418c-81f7-c5d32e136362" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385386" ID-ZooBank="2DB3A5B7-4292-4CD9-B6D8-FA97EB48DD16" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1733917054948" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moghaddam, Masumeh & Watson, Gillian W." docDate="2024" docId="981B8798FFD3390192DA961E3145DAEC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5542.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5542 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="79" masterDocId="6422FFE0FF9D394F924D97543531DD43" masterDocTitle="The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families" masterLastPageNumber="202" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="79" updateTime="1734101643649" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D214C794C596140F528E98392582A548">
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<mods:title id="AB1110E60A3E24DD2B6BEEB09E5DBF08">The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="465AF260BC7EC95B63DB7CB80BF448FF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FCB39884CCBCC5452818ECC4C9CBEDA4">Moghaddam, Masumeh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C70719CD36CADE0003A72731509750D6">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C44334AD30DE3DD46094F348AF48B4DA">Watson, Gillian W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="151C9497F002A2BD7C7CB9800213209B">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. & Science: Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. gillian. watson @ nhm. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9914 - 0094 * Corresponding author. moghadam @ iripp. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0908 - 838 X & Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="99AB51F1B03B578967BFDAA94D3A5517" type="email">gillian.watson@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="65EEA1BC2F6E5CC35BBA950CDA3B37EF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E9D543B5835F678C07785FAE1E7B6D77">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B08260AFC2B992AB06EE77C2D6371539">2024-11-29</mods:number>
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<treatment id="981B8798FFD3390192DA961E3145DAEC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385556" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385556" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:981B8798FFD3390192DA961E3145DAEC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/981B8798FFD3390192DA961E3145DAEC" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD3390192DA961E3731DC27" box="[151,512,330,357]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD3390192DA961E3731DC27" blockId="78.[151,554,330,393]" box="[151,512,330,357]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<heading id="4B4581E2FFD3390192DA961E3731DC27" bold="true" box="[151,512,330,357]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD3390192DA961E3731DC27" ID-CoL="6WPBB" authority="Cockerell" authorityName="Cockerell" box="[151,512,330,357]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD3390192DA961E3731DC27" bold="true" box="[151,512,330,357]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD3390192DA961E34B0DC26" bold="true" box="[151,385,330,357]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pulvinaria aurantii</emphasis>
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Cockerell
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD3390192DA963B371BDCCA" box="[151,554,367,393]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="description">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD3390192DA963B371BDCCA" blockId="78.[151,554,330,393]" box="[151,554,367,393]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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(
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<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFD3390192D2963B35C3DCCA" box="[159,242,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1636,1660]" captionTargetBox="[164,1432,190,1608]" captionTargetId="figure-17@79.[151,1436,181,1613]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 32. Adult female of Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell: distributions of tubular duct types (i), (ii) and (iii) not shown; for details of their respective distributions, see the diagnosis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385510/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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, distribution map
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<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFD3390193F0963B3713DCCA" box="[445,546,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 92" captionStartId="182.[151,250,1524,1548]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,194,1487]" captionTargetId="figure-22@182.[189,1398,181,1500]" captionTargetPageId="182" captionText="FIGURE 92. Distribution maps of scale insect species in Iran covered in this work. A, Porphyrophora chelodonta Vahedi; B, Porphyrophora cynodontis (Archangelskaya); C, Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt; D, Porphyrophora jachenkoi Vahedi; E, Porphyrophora medicaginis Jashenko: F, Porphyrophora tritici (Bodenheimer); G, Porphyrophora victoriae Jashenko; H, Pseudaspidoproctus hyphaeniacus (Hall); I, Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach); J, Pulvinaria aligarhensis Avasthi & Shafee; K, Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell; L, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385723/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 92K</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD3390192DA96E73736DCA9" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD3390192DA96E73736DCA9" blockId="78.[151,1437,435,490]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="30A211A0FFD3390192DA96E73736DCA9" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFD3390192DA96E73703DC88" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[151,562,435,459]" page="19" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" year="1896">
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD3390192DA96E73703DC88" ID-CoL="6WPBB" authority="Cockerell, 1896: 19" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,562,435,459]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD3390192DA96E7346CDC88" box="[151,349,435,459]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pulvinaria aurantii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD33901932996E73703DC88" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[356,562,435,459]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="18 - 21" refId="ref99540" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1896) Preliminary diagnoses of new Coccidae. Psyche, Supplement 7, 18 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1896 / 92937" type="journal article" year="1896">Cockerell, 1896: 19</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901907096E736F4DC88" ID-CoL="5XXJ9" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" box="[573,965,435,459]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Chloropulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901907096E73676DC88" box="[573,839,435,459]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Chloropulvinaria aurantii</emphasis>
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(Cockerell)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFD33901919D96E731FDDC88" author="Borchsenius, N. S." box="[976,1228,435,459]" page="300" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" year="1952">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD33901919D96E731FDDC88" author="Borchsenius, N. S." box="[976,1228,435,459]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="269 - 316" refId="ref98675" refString="Borchsenius, N. S. (1952 b) [New genera and species of soft scales of the family Coccidae (= Lecaniidae) of the USSR fauna and adjacent countries (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea)]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk S, 12, 269 - 316. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1952">Borchsenius 1952b: 300</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901969A96E7341CDCA9" ID-CoL="6WPBB" authority="Cockerell" authorityName="Cockerell" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901969A96E730ACDC88" box="[1239,1437,435,459]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pulvinaria aurantii</emphasis>
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Cockerell
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFD33901937A96863732DCA9" author="Ben-Dov, Y." box="[311,515,466,490]" page="251" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" year="1993">
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<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD33901937A96863732DCA9" author="Ben-Dov, Y." box="[311,515,466,490]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref98063" refString="Ben-Dov, Y. (1993) A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, 536 pp." type="book" year="1993">Ben-Dov 1993: 251</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD3390192DA954C36BEDF15" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD3390192DA954C36BEDF15" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD3390192DA954C34A7DF71" bold="true" box="[151,406,536,562]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Field characteristics:</emphasis>
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Live adult female elongate oval, usually flat, pale green with a longitudinal dark-brown median patch. Ovisac short, white, about 1‒2 times as long as body.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD33901928A953431ECD8BC" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD33901928A953434D0DF81" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A953434E9DF39" bold="true" box="[199,472,608,634]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Microscopic diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Slide-mounted adult female body elongate oval, scarcely sclerotized at maturity, with large oval areolations densely distributed over dorsum except for near margins. Stigmatic clefts relatively deep. Anal cleft of moderate depth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD33901928A95993633DE10" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A95993410DFA5" box="[199,289,717,742]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Dorsum</emphasis>
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. Dermal areolations well developed. Setae spiniform, scattered throughout. Preopercular pores each oval to circular, present anterior to anal plates. Tubular ducts and microducts (not illustrated) present throughout, each duct situated within an areolation. Duct tubercles numbering 3‒7 on each side. Anal plates together quadrate, each with 4 or 5 apical setae. Anal ring bearing 8 setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD33901928A94093076DEFC" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A9409342BDE35" box="[199,282,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Margin</emphasis>
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. Marginal setae long, with tips fimbriate, frayed or simply pointed, numbering about 20‒28 between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts on each side; setae at hind end of body longer, simple or slightly branched. Stigmatic setae present in groups of 3 per stigmatic cleft; median seta 2 or 3 times longer than lateral setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD33901928A949D31ECD8BC" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A949D343EDEA1" box="[199,271,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Venter</emphasis>
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. Derm membranous. Pregenital disc-pores mostly each with 6‒8 loculi, present around anogenital fold, and on medial areas of preceding 2 or 3 abdominal segments; a small group also present lateral to each metacoxa and occasionally lateral to each mesocoxa. Spiracular disc-pores each with 5 loculi, present in a band 3 or 4 pores wide, between each spiracle and margin, and extending medially over spiracle, particularly near mesocoxa. Microducts scattered throughout. Tubular ducts of
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<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FFD339019010930C3780D930" box="[605,689,1112,1139]" count="3" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
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(i) a duct with a short, filamentous inner ductule and a minute terminal gland, intermixed with
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<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFD33901904893293704D9D4" box="[517,565,1149,1175]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">type</typeStatus>
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(ii) and
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<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFD3390190D5932937F9D9D4" box="[664,712,1149,1175]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">type</typeStatus>
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(iii) ducts in outer broad submarginal areas of head, thorax and abdomen, forming an almost complete submarginal band, but ducts on apex of head sparse or absent; (ii) a duct with a fairly short outer ductule and filamentous inner ductule with a well-developed terminal gland, present in posterior medial area of head, medial areas of all thoracic segments and anterior abdominal segments, also in inner submarginal area extending from near anterior abdominal segments to area between antennae; and (iii) a duct with quite a broad outer ductule often much longer than inner ductule, and with a large terminal gland, present in posterior medial area of posterior abdominal segments and inner submarginal area of head, thoracic and abdominal segments. Three pregenital segments each with a pair of long setae; also with 3 or 4 pairs of long setae present between antennal bases; 1‒3 pairs of long setae present on area mesad of each procoxa; other setae short and fine. Legs well developed, each with free tibio-tarsal articulation and a tibio-tarsal sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules broad and shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Antennae mostly each with 8 segments.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD33901928A915C34C3DB29" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFD33901928A915C34C3DB29" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A915C3452DB61" bold="true" box="[199,355,1544,1570]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Distribution:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD339019320915C3778DB61" box="[365,585,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
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<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD339019320915C3778DB61" box="[365,585,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pulvinaria aurantii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is known from eight countries in the Australian, Oriental and Palaearctic regions (
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<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD3390192BA91783716DB05" author="Garcia Morales M. & Denno B. D. & Miller D. R. & Miller G. L. & Ben-Dov Y. & Hardy N. B." box="[247,551,1580,1607]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref101399" refString="Garcia Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y. & Hardy N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 31 January 2024) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
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García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD3390193E1917934ECDB05" box="[428,477,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD339019018917937B4DB04" box="[597,645,1581,1607]" name="Iran" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is found in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFD33901916E91783655DB05" box="[803,868,1580,1606]" country="Iran" name="Gilan" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Gilan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFD339019123917836E5DB05" box="[878,980,1580,1606]" country="Iran" name="Golestan" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Golestan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFD33901919291783158DB05" box="[991,1129,1580,1606]" country="Iran" name="Mazandaran" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Mazandaran</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Sistan & Balouchestan provinces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD33901935F910434D7DB29" author="Moghaddam, M." box="[274,486,1616,1642]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref105801" refString="Moghaddam, M. (2013) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818" type="journal article" year="2013">Moghaddam 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD33901928A91203691DB95" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD33901928A91203691DB95" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A9120346ADBCD" bold="true" box="[199,347,1652,1678]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Host-plants:</emphasis>
|
||
The species is relatively polyphagous, with host-plants in 17 genera belonging to 15 families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD3390192D291CC34FADBF1" author="Garcia Morales M. & Denno B. D. & Miller D. R. & Miller G. L. & Ben-Dov Y. & Hardy N. B." box="[159,459,1688,1715]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref101399" refString="Garcia Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y. & Hardy N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 31 January 2024) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
|
||
García Morales
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901931F91CD34B3DBF1" box="[338,386,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD3390193B491CD3718DBF0" box="[505,553,1689,1715]" name="Iran" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it has been recorded on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901917A91CC36C3DBF1" box="[823,1010,1688,1714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guajava">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901917A91CC36C3DBF1" box="[823,1010,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Psidium guajava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901964D91CC314DDBF1" box="[1024,1148,1688,1714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD3390196C091CD303FDBF1" box="[1165,1294,1688,1714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD3390196C091CD303FDBF1" box="[1165,1294,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Morus alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901975691CC30A1DBF1" box="[1307,1424,1688,1714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901928A91E834B3DB95" box="[199,386,1724,1750]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bigaradia">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A91E834B3DB95" box="[199,386,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Citrus bigaradia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD3390193F491E83703DB95" box="[441,562,1724,1750]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD3390193F491E83703DB95" box="[441,562,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901900D91E8379BDB95" box="[576,682,1724,1750]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD33901908C91E836A5DB95" author="Moghaddam, M." box="[705,916,1724,1750]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref105801" refString="Moghaddam, M. (2013) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818" type="journal article" year="2013">Moghaddam 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD33901928A91B43145DAEC" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD33901928A91B431E8DA24" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A91B434E7DBB9" bold="true" box="[199,470,1760,1786]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Economic importance:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901939191B43784DBB9" box="[476,693,1760,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901939191B43784DBB9" box="[476,693,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pulvinaria aurantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most important pests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901961B91B431ADDBB9" box="[1110,1180,1760,1786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901961B91B431ADDBB9" box="[1110,1180,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Citrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees in Asia including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD3390192DA905135F6DA5C" box="[151,199,1797,1823]" name="Iran" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD33901929990513425DA5C" box="[212,276,1797,1823]" name="Japan" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Republic of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD33901939090503706DA5D" box="[477,567,1796,1822]" name="Georgia" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD339019005905037D7DA5C" author="Ebeling, W." box="[584,742,1796,1823]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref100888" refString="Ebeling, W. (1951) Citrus pests in California. California Citrograph, 37 (2), 50, 81." type="journal volume" year="1951">Ebeling 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Damage occurs not only by sap depletion due to the direct feeding of both nymphs and adult females, but also as a result of production of large amounts of sugary honeydew, which supports the growth of sooty moulds on the plant surfaces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD339019134901831FCDA24" author="Maleki, N. & Damavandian, M. R." box="[889,1229,1868,1895]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="13 - 21" refId="ref105022" refString="Maleki, N. & Damavandian, M. R. (2015) Determination of economic injury level for first and second generations of Pulvinaria aurantii (Hem: Coccidae) in Thomson navel orange orchards. Arthropods, 4 (1), 13 - 21." type="journal article" year="2015">Maleki & Damavandian 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD33901928A90243145DAEC" blockId="78.[151,1437,536,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901928A902434A9DAC9" bold="true" box="[199,408,1904,1930]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Natural enemies:</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD33901938B902534C7DAC8" box="[454,502,1905,1931]" name="Iran" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901904B90243697DAC9" authority="Mulsant" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1853" box="[518,934,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Cryptolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montrouzieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901904B9024360FDAC9" box="[518,830,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Cryptolaemus montrouzieri</emphasis>
|
||
Mulsant
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD3390191F590243108DAC9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[952,1081,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD339019605902431D5DAC9" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1807" box="[1096,1252,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is an effective predator on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD33901935390C134A5DAED" box="[286,404,1941,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD33901935390C134A5DAED" box="[286,404,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">P. aurantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the beetles feed on the ovisacs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD33901914890C03159DAEC" author="Bozorg-Amirkalaee, M. & Fathi, S. A. A. & Golizadeh, A. & Mahdavian, S. E." box="[773,1128,1940,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="207 - 222" refId="ref99053" refString="Bozorg-Amirkalaee, M., Fathi, S. A. A., Golizadeh, A. & Mahdavian, S. E. (2015) Performance of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri feeding on Pulvinaria aurantii ovisacs on citrus plants. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 25 (2), 207 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09583157.2014.968521" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Bozorg-Amirkalaee
|
||
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD3390191A190C1312CDAED" box="[1004,1053,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |