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<document id="3C6DD3DA0F3E0C0CB191EF86C17CD673" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385386" ID-ZooBank="2DB3A5B7-4292-4CD9-B6D8-FA97EB48DD16" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1733917054948" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moghaddam, Masumeh &amp; Watson, Gillian W." docDate="2024" docId="981B8798FFD1390192DA95E334A5DDBA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5542.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5542 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Pulvinaria aligarhensis Avasthi &amp; Shafee" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="78" masterDocId="6422FFE0FF9D394F924D97543531DD43" masterDocTitle="The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families" masterLastPageNumber="202" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="77" updateTime="1733918473196" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F729471E27CB8E869AE04A3E1889213B">The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="198ACCC9D82763CA466BADAF99DEAF22">Moghaddam, Masumeh</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9BED38A6FF282BBEFBB9F41B2DD9121C">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DF4CD13E78F745E572FF99388D5870CC">Watson, Gillian W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="61868C792892E7914601C482DF1ADE57" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9914-0094</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="6797DE3C5DD56B797398F5D821A86004">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. &amp; Science: Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. gillian. watson @ nhm. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9914 - 0094 * Corresponding author. moghadam @ iripp. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0908 - 838 X &amp; Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B2A8AD783E5C1F84CC1F88D368A48214" type="email">gillian.watson@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="05F9E6FD62C3628308C422F81FF5911A">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="981B8798FFD1390192DA95E334A5DDBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385550" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385550" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:981B8798FFD1390192DA95E334A5DDBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/981B8798FFD1390192DA95E334A5DDBA" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD1390392DA95E337A0DF91" box="[151,657,695,722]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD1390392DA95E337A0DF91" blockId="76.[151,657,695,758]" box="[151,657,695,722]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<heading id="4B4581E2FFD1390392DA95E337A0DF91" bold="true" box="[151,657,695,722]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD1390392DA95E337A0DF91" ID-CoL="4QH6R" authority="Avasthi &amp; Shafee" authorityName="Avasthi &amp; Shafee" box="[151,657,695,722]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aligarhensis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD1390392DA95E337A0DF91" bold="true" box="[151,657,695,722]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD1390392DA95E33482DF91" bold="true" box="[151,435,695,722]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pulvinaria aligarhensis</emphasis>
Avasthi &amp; Shafee
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD1390392DA95883710DFB5" box="[151,545,732,758]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="description">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD1390392DA95883710DFB5" blockId="76.[151,657,695,758]" box="[151,545,732,758]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
(
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFD1390392D2958835C3DFB5" box="[159,242,732,758]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="77.[151,250,1689,1713]" captionTargetBox="[164,1432,182,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-17@77.[151,1436,181,1665]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 31. Adult female of Pulvinaria aligarhensis Avasthi &amp; Shafee, based on an Iranian specimen, with enlargements of tubular ducts of types (i), (ii) and (iii) shown; for details of their respective distributions, see the diagnosis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385504/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
, distribution map
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFD1390393F095883728DFB5" box="[445,537,732,758]" captionStart="FIGURE 92" captionStartId="182.[151,250,1524,1548]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,194,1487]" captionTargetId="figure-22@182.[189,1398,181,1500]" captionTargetPageId="182" captionText="FIGURE 92. Distribution maps of scale insect species in Iran covered in this work. A, Porphyrophora chelodonta Vahedi; B, Porphyrophora cynodontis (Archangelskaya); C, Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt; D, Porphyrophora jachenkoi Vahedi; E, Porphyrophora medicaginis Jashenko: F, Porphyrophora tritici (Bodenheimer); G, Porphyrophora victoriae Jashenko; H, Pseudaspidoproctus hyphaeniacus (Hall); I, Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach); J, Pulvinaria aligarhensis Avasthi &amp; Shafee; K, Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell; L, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385723/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 92J</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD1390392DA947437BADEE7" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD1390392DA947437F5DE7B" blockId="76.[151,708,800,824]" box="[151,708,800,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="30A211A0FFD1390392DA947437F5DE7B" box="[151,708,800,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFD1390392DA947437F0DE7B" author="Avasthi, R. K. &amp; Shafee, S. A." box="[151,705,800,824]" page="1289" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" year="1985">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD1390392DA947437F0DE7B" ID-CoL="4QH6R" authority="Avasthi &amp; Shafee, 1985: 1289" authorityName="Avasthi &amp; Shafee, 1985:" authorityPageNumber="1289" authorityYear="1289" box="[151,705,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aligarhensis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD1390392DA947434B6DE7B" box="[151,391,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pulvinaria aligarhensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD1390393C1947437F0DE7B" author="Avasthi, R. K. &amp; Shafee, S. A." box="[396,705,800,824]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1289 - 1291" refId="ref97668" refString="Avasthi, R. K. &amp; Shafee, S. A. (1985) Two new species of Pulvinaria Targ. - Tozz. (Homoptera: Coccidae) from India. Current Science, 54, 1289 - 1291." type="journal article" year="1985">Avasthi &amp; Shafee, 1985: 1289</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD1390392DA943237BADEE7" blockId="76.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD1390392DA943234A3DEC3" bold="true" box="[151,402,870,896]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Field characteristics:</emphasis>
Live adult female oval, flat, grey with a longitudinal dark brown median patch. Mature adult female becomes enclosed in ovisac material.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD13903928A94FA3422DA0F" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD13903928A94FA3492DEAF" blockId="76.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903928A94FA34E9DE8B" bold="true" box="[199,472,942,968]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Microscopic diagnosis:</emphasis>
Slide-mounted adult female body broadly oval. Stigmatic clefts relatively deep. Anal cleft of moderate depth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD13903928A94A336ECD93E" blockId="76.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903928A94A33410D953" box="[199,289,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Slide mounted adult female broadly oval. Derm membranous; lacking dermal areolations. Setae small and lanceolate, scattered throughout. Preopercular pores each oval to circular, present anterior to anal plates and extending to level of mouthparts. Tubular ducts and duct tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate with 3 apical and 1 subdiscal setae dorsally. Anal ring with 6 setae present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD13903928A93D334E1D873" blockId="76.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903928A93D3342BD9E3" box="[199,282,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Margin</emphasis>
. Marginal setae slender, with apices knobbed or rounded, with about 15‒22 on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas; setae on either side of anal cleft longer. Stigmatic cleft well developed; each spiracular cleft containing group of 3 or rarely 4 stigmatic setae; median stigmatic seta 2 or 3 times longer than lateral setae. Marginal setae slender with clubbed apices, except for a few long, simple setae on apex of each anal lobe (in Iranian specimens).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD13903928A926F3422DA0F" blockId="76.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903928A926F343ED817" box="[199,271,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Venter</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="A0DA3CD3FFD13903936D926F343EDA0F" collectionCode="III" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" specimenCount="3">
Derm completely membranous. Multilocular disc-pores each with 7 or 10 loculi, numerous around anogenital fold and extending medially and submedially as far forward as head, where they also occur on the submargin. Quinquelocular spiracular pores present in a band between each spiracle and stigmatic cleft. Microducts scattered throughout (not illustrated). Tubular ducts of
<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FFD13903914992F33668D882" box="[772,857,1447,1473]" count="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
: (i) a duct with fairly short outer ductule and short, filamentous inner ductule with a minute terminal gland, present in a broad submarginal band extending from anal cleft to near antennae; (ii) a duct rather similar to
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFD13903909292BB363EDB4A" box="[735,783,1519,1545]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">type</typeStatus>
(i) but with inner ductule broader and often longer than outer ductule, and with a large terminal gland, present medially in more posterior abdominal segments and laterally interspersed with
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFD139039311916334BDDB12" box="[348,396,1591,1617]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">type</typeStatus>
(i) ducts; and (iii) a larger duct, with a deeper cup-shaped invagination and inner ductule even broader than that in
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFD139039333910F349FDB36" box="[382,430,1627,1653]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">type</typeStatus>
(ii) and with a large terminal gland; this is the only duct
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFD13903960D910F3141DB36" box="[1088,1136,1627,1653]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">type</typeStatus>
present medially on head, thorax and more anterior abdominal segments; they also extend laterally to meet submarginal band of
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFD139039757912B307BDBDA" box="[1306,1354,1663,1689]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">type</typeStatus>
(i) and (ii) ducts, where they become infrequent or absent. Venter with setae of variable lengths, sparsely distributed; all abdominal segments each with a median pair of long setae. With 4 pairs of setae between antennal bases. Legs well developed, each with an articulation between tibia and tarsus, with a tibio-tarsal sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules broad and shorter than thin tarsal digitules.Antennae each with mostly 8 segments, with segment
<collectionCode id="76A3AE4BFFD1390392DA90673582DA0E" box="[151,179,1843,1869]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">III</collectionCode>
longest
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD13902928A900237A8DA25" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD13903928A90023612DAD7" blockId="76.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903928A90023452DA33" bold="true" box="[199,355,1878,1904]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Distribution:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD13903932690023747DA33" authorityName="Avasthi &amp; Shafee, 1985:" authorityYear="1289" box="[363,630,1878,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aligarhensis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903932690023747DA33" box="[363,630,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pulvinaria aligarhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only been recorded from
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD13903918390023139DA33" box="[974,1032,1878,1904]" name="India" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">India</collectingCountry>
before; this is the first record from
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD1390392DA902F35F6DAD6" box="[151,199,1915,1941]" name="Iran" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Iran</collectingCountry>
, where it is found in Sistan &amp; Balouchestan province.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD13903928A90CB377BDA9E" blockId="76.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903928A90CB346ADAFA" bold="true" box="[199,347,1951,1977]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Host-plants:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD13903932590CA3747DAFB" authorityName="Avasthi &amp; Shafee, 1985:" authorityYear="1289" box="[360,630,1950,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aligarhensis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903932590CA3747DAFB" box="[360,630,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pulvinaria aligarhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded only on
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD13903918090CA3198DAFB" box="[973,1193,1950,1976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Azadirachta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD13903918090CA3198DAFB" box="[973,1193,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Azadirachta indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD1390396F090CA3005DAFB" box="[1213,1332,1950,1976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFD13903971D90CB3444DA9F" author="Garcia Morales M. &amp; Denno B. D. &amp; Miller D. R. &amp; Miller G. L. &amp; Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B." pageId="76" pageNumber="77" refId="ref101399" refString="Garcia Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 31 January 2024) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
García Morales
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD1390392B79097341ADA9F" box="[250,299,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
), including in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD13903905B90973776DA9E" box="[534,583,1987,2013]" name="Iran" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="44CD6606FFD0390292DA91CD31E0DB96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385504" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385504/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" startId="77.[151,250,1689,1713]" targetBox="[164,1432,182,1660]" targetPageId="77" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD0390292DA91CD31E0DB96" blockId="77.[151,1436,1689,1750]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD0390292DA91CD3410DBF2" bold="true" box="[151,289,1689,1713]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
Adult female of
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD03902939D91CD364CDBF2" authority="Avasthi &amp; Shafee" authorityName="Avasthi &amp; Shafee" box="[464,893,1689,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aligarhensis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD03902939D91CD37F0DBF2" box="[464,705,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Pulvinaria aligarhensis</emphasis>
Avasthi &amp; Shafee
</taxonomicName>
, based on an Iranian specimen, with enlargements of tubular ducts of types (i), (ii) and (iii) shown; for details of their respective distributions, see the diagnosis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD03902928A90733696DA01" blockId="77.[151,1437,1831,2038]" box="[199,935,1831,1858]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD03902928A907334E6DA02" bold="true" box="[199,471,1831,1857]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Economic importance:</emphasis>
Not of any economic importance in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD03902913F907C3692DA01" box="[882,931,1832,1858]" name="Iran" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD03902928A901837A8DA25" blockId="77.[151,1437,1831,2038]" box="[199,665,1867,1894]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD03902928A901834A5DA26" bold="true" box="[199,404,1867,1894]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Natural enemies:</emphasis>
None recorded in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD039029029901837A4DA25" box="[612,661,1868,1894]" name="Iran" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFD03901928A903B34A5DDBA" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFD03901928A903B34A5DDBA" blockId="77.[151,1437,1831,2038]" lastBlockId="78.[151,1436,151,249]" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD03902928A903B3463DACA" bold="true" box="[199,338,1903,1929]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Comments:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFD0390293139024375DDAC9" box="[350,620,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aligarhensis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFD0390293139024375DDAC9" box="[350,620,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Pulvinaria aligarhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recorded here for the first time in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFD03902967B90243156DAC9" box="[1078,1127,1904,1930]" name="Iran" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Iran</collectingCountry>
. However, there are some differences between Indian and Iranian specimens (character states of Indian specimens in parenthesis): (i) pregenital disc-pores exceptionally widespread, present around anogenital fold and medially and submedially as far forward as head, where they also occur on the submargin (numerous anterior to anal fold and extending forward medially as far as mouthparts); (ii) marginal setae blunt, some with knobbed apices (all with knobbed apices); and (iii) long marginal setae at apex of each anal lobe numbering 3 or 4 (numbering only 1). These differences are regarded as intraspecific variation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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