202 lines
23 KiB
XML
202 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="BA3899A4304A9CE1ECDD934235249CC9" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.005" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-PMC="PMC10074407" ID-PubMed="37032843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668262" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1708029032017" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Scherrer, Patrick, Ryser-Degiorgis, Marie-Pierre, Marti, Iris A., St, Borel, ephanie, Frey, Caroline F., Mueller, Norbert, Ruetten, Maja & Basso, Walter" docDate="2023" docId="930287D6FFAFFF89FC92CBE0E9985C54" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.21.1-10.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.005" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.1:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Toxoplasma gondii tissue" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="6F3BFFAEFFA9FF8EFFA0CE0CEB695F58" masterDocTitle="Exploring the epidemiological role of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii" masterLastPageNumber="10" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1712174335323" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3E65D47553AE0BFC13DB916B95D1E3DA">Exploring the epidemiological role of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D146E99320427982E10E317E9BE3A739">Scherrer, Patrick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="15780E86804CF5FA23BD0A5485ED9305">Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, & Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F6E453AA2470ADDDEC4887E35F28C1F2">Ryser-Degiorgis, Marie-Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F5CB5F344759B5D206C0E3B7B9617470">Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FC51B7FDB1C80FE85D18BC4C9361EF09">Marti, Iris A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E9AB4222A455334AAA8DA352E8332395">Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7A0305733A3A209789B66DB350D8160B">Borel, ephanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1FA75362929EC87952F624E249E82204">Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="597D7D3F3A55C895EB1C544E8C093506">Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D4E49FD879B8CC650F486366C1F37090">Mueller, Norbert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6F0A4DBF5451CAA551383ADC3EDD4D42">Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="397126E7E771BB70EB924D620ACCABA0">Ruetten, Maja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8038E100759FCDD17BE540A6369128DE">PathoVet AG, Buckstrasse 2, 8317, Tagelswangen, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="26851432C2890A59E5485C86D89CED3D">Basso, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="54E024A4C971F3142E8471F89E9DC3EE">Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="8509F43493B97C55994A9FB910ED4369">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BB409A9A1A2011629C5DB26D03795956">2023</mods:date>
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<heading id="405C81ACFFAFFF88FC92CBE0EFCE5958" box="[818,1191,1516,1536]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAFFF88FC92CBE0EFCE5958" bold="true" box="[818,1191,1516,1536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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4.4. Occurrence of
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAFFF88FC46CBE1EF055AA7" authority="(Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908)" box="[998,1132,1516,1536]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Miozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="gondii">T. gondii tissue</taxonomicName>
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stages
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Tissue stages were rarely found in this study. Tissue cyst abundance in felids is indeed known to be low. At the
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, lynx organs are systematically screened by histology for general health evaluation (
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<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAFFF88FC9AC874EF2A59D3" author="Ryser-Degiorgis, M. - P. & Meli, M. L. & Breitenmoser-Wuersten, C. & Hofmann-Lehmann, R. & Marti, I. & Pisano, S. R. R. & Breitenmoser, U." box="[826,1091,1656,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref14255" refString="Ryser-Degiorgis, M. - P., Meli, M. L., Breitenmoser-Wuersten, C., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Marti, I., Pisano, S. R. R., Breitenmoser, U., 2021. Health surveillance in wild felid conservation - experiences with the Eurasian lynx in Switzerland. CATnews Special Issue 14, 64 - 75." type="book chapter" year="2021">Ryser-Degiorgis et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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) but tissue cysts of any kind were rarely observed (
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<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAFFF88FC34C898E8AF59FF" box="[916,966,1684,1703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIWI</collectionCode>
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, unpublished data). Re-evaluation of selected cases in this study revealed a higher detection of protozoan tissue stages than initially recorded in routine diagnostics. Tissue cysts are small in early stages of infection and therefore easily missed. While mature
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAFFF88FADFC8E4EEA659A2" box="[1407,1487,1767,1787]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAFFF88FADFC8E4EEA659A2" bold="true" box="[1407,1487,1767,1787]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. gondii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAFFF88FCFCC90FE8D7584E" authorityName="Lankester" authorityYear="1882" box="[860,958,1795,1814]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAFFF88FCFCC90FE8D7584E" bold="true" box="[860,958,1795,1814]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sarcocystis</emphasis>
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tissue cysts and
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAFFF88FBC1C90FEFA2584E" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1908" box="[1121,1227,1795,1814]" family="Haemogregarinidae" genus="Hepatozoon" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAFFF88FBC1C90FEFA2584E" bold="true" box="[1121,1227,1795,1814]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hepatozoon</emphasis>
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schizonts are easily identifiable in histological sections, early stages of these parasites might be occasionally misidentified, which makes diagnosis solely based on morphological criteria challenging. PCR techniques represent an adequate aid for parasite identification in histological sections. However, it has a low sensitivity, as parasite stages may be not present in all histological sections. Moreover, formalin fixation may cause DNA
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAFFF88FCB6C9EAE84958AC" blockId="6.[790,800,2022,2036]" box="[790,800,2022,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FFC4CE98EBCB5D11" blockId="7.[100,771,148,781]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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damage and a molecular diagnosis might be not possible if tissue samples were fixed for long periods. Immunohistochemical techniques also aid in the morphological diagnosis of protozoan tissue stages. In this study,
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FF03CEE4EB985FA2" box="[163,241,231,251]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FF03CEE4EB985FA2" bold="true" box="[163,241,231,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was specifically detected by IHC staining in one animal.
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FFC4CF0FEBAF5E4E" authorityName="Lankester" authorityYear="1882" box="[100,198,259,278]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FFC4CF0FEBAF5E4E" bold="true" box="[100,198,259,278]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sarcocystis</emphasis>
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tissue cysts (morphologically identified in H&E stained sections) did not stain by IHC for
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FE28CF13EABE5E6A" box="[392,471,287,306]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FE28CF13EABE5E6A" bold="true" box="[392,471,287,306]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; therefore, cross-reactions with early stages of
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FF59CF37EA325E16" authorityName="Lankester" authorityYear="1882" box="[249,347,315,334]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FF59CF37EA325E16" bold="true" box="[249,347,315,334]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sarcocystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were unlikely. In two further IHC-negative cases with protozoan parasite stages that were not clearly identifiable in H&E, subsequent PCR and sequencing enabled their attribution to
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FFC4CF83EBA25EF9" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1777" box="[100,203,398,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvestris">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FFC4CF83EBA25EF9" bold="true" box="[100,203,398,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. silvestris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FEA7CF83EAD05EFA" box="[263,441,399,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FEA7CF83EA185EFA" bold="true" box="[263,369,399,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hepatozoon</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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was already identified as cause of fatal myocarditis in a domestic cat in
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<collectingCountry id="63BC7650FFAEFF89FE6ACFA7E9505EE6" box="[458,569,427,446]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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before (
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<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FD2ACFA7EBFD5E82" author="Kegler, K. & Nufer, U. & Alic, A. & Posthaus, H. & Olias, P. & Basso, W." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="428" refId="ref12471" refString="Kegler, K., Nufer, U., Alic, A., Posthaus, H., Olias, P., Basso, W., 2018. Fatal infection with emerging apicomplexan parasite Hepatozoon silvestris in a domestic cat. Parasites Vectors 11, 428." type="journal article" year="2018">Kegler et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
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).
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||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FF0BCFCBEA7C5E82" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1908" box="[171,277,455,474]" family="Haemogregarinidae" genus="Hepatozoon" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FF0BCFCBEA7C5E82" bold="true" box="[171,277,455,474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hepatozoon</emphasis>
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is frequently found in European wild cats (Hodˇzic´ et al., 2017), which share lynx habitat in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="63BC7650FFAEFF89FE50CFEEE90B5EAD" box="[496,610,482,501]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FDCBCFEFE86A5EAE" box="[619,771,483,502]" family="Haemogregarinidae" genus="Hepatozoon" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FDCBCFEFE9BC5EAE" bold="true" box="[619,725,483,502]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hepatozoon</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also reported in free-ranging Iberian lynx, bobcats and ocelots (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FFCCCC16EB8A5D75" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[108,227,538,557]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FFCCCC16EB8A5D75" bold="true" box="[108,227,538,557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Felis pardalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FF5BCC17EADA5D75" author="Mercer, S. H. & Jones, L. P. & Rappole, J. H. & Twedt, D. & Lack, L. L. & Craig, T. M." box="[251,435,538,558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="574 - 576" refId="ref13021" refString="Mercer, S. H., Jones, L. P., Rappole, J. H., Twedt, D., Lack, L. L., Craig, T. M., 1988. Hepatozoon sp. in wild carnivores in Texas. J. Wildl. Dis. 24, 574 - 576." type="journal article" year="1988">Mercer et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FE61CC17E9ED5D75" author="Metzger, B. & dos Santos Paduan, K. & Rubini, A. S. & Oliveira, T. G. de & Pereira, C. & Dwyer, L. H." box="[449,644,538,558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="28 - 33" refId="ref13084" refString="Metzger, B., dos Santos Paduan, K., Rubini, A. S., Oliveira, T. G. de, Pereira, C., O' Dwyer, L. H., 2008. The first report of Hepatozoon sp. (Apicomplexa: hepatozoidae) in neotropical felids from Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 152, 28 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Metzger et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FD32CC16EBFD5D11" author="Allen, K. E. & Yabsley, M. J. & Johnson, E. M. & Reichard, M. V. & Panciera, R. J. & Ewing, S. A. & Little, S. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="648 - 653" refId="ref10075" refString="Allen, K. E., Yabsley, M. J., Johnson, E. M., Reichard, M. V., Panciera, R. J., Ewing, S. A., Little, S. E., 2011. Novel Hepatozoon in vertebrates from the southern United States. J. Parasitol. 97, 648 - 653." type="journal article" year="2011">Allen et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FF24CC5EE9985C54" blockId="7.[100,771,148,781]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
In this study, observed tissue cysts/parasite stages were not associated with inflammatory or necrotic processes. This is in accordance with felids not being highly susceptible for clinical toxoplasmosis. Only a few cases of toxoplasmosis with fatal outcome are reported in wild felids, all in captive individuals, including a newborn bobcat that died one week after birth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FF79CCD1EAF95DA9" author="Dubey, J. P. & Quinn, W. J. & Weinandy, D." box="[217,400,733,753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="324 - 327" refId="ref11085" refString="Dubey, J. P., Quinn, W. J., Weinandy, D., 1987. Fatal neonatal toxoplasmosis in a bobcat (Lynx rufus). J. Wildl. Dis. 23, 324 - 327." type="journal article" year="1987">Dubey et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and juvenile Pallas’ cats (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FD00CCD1EBF55C54" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Otocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manul">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FD00CCD1EBF55C54" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Otocolobus manul</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FF12CCF5EA115C54" author="Riemann, H. P. & Fowler, M. E. & Schulz, T. & Lock, A. & Thilsted, J. & Pulley, L. T. & Hendrickson, R. V. & Henness, A. M. & Franti, C. E. & Behymer, D. E." box="[178,376,761,781]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="471 - 477" refId="ref13952" refString="Riemann, H. P., Fowler, M. E., Schulz, T., Lock, A., Thilsted, J., Pulley, L. T., Hendrickson, R. V., Henness, A. M., Franti, C. E., Behymer, D. E., 1974. Toxoplasmosis in pallas cats. J. Wildl. Dis. 10, 471 - 477." type="journal article" year="1974">Riemann et al., 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FE24CCF6E9585C54" author="Kenny, D. E. & Lappin, M. R. & Knightly, F. & Baier, J. & Brewer, M. & Getzy, D. M." box="[388,561,761,781]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="131 - 138" refId="ref12522" refString="Kenny, D. E., Lappin, M. R., Knightly, F., Baier, J., Brewer, M., Getzy, D. M., 2002. Toxoplasmosis in pallas' cats (Otocolobus felis manul) at the denver zoological gardens. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 33, 131 - 138." type="journal article" year="2002">Kenny et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FD9DCCF6E98A5C54" author="Basso, W. & Edelhofer, R. & Zenker, W. & Kubber-Heiss, A. & Prosl, H." box="[573,739,761,781]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="293 - 299" refId="ref10195" refString="Basso, W., Edelhofer, R., Zenker, W., M ¨ ostl, K., Kubber-Heiss, A., Prosl, H., 2005. Toxoplasmosis in Pallas' cats (Otocolobus manul) raised in captivity. Parasitology 130, 293 - 299." type="journal article" year="2005">Basso et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |