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<document id="AFFDB5934385F4AE8D2E033B74CE64E8" ID-CLB-Dataset="32293" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090-415.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="22b02e67-634f-4e71-a8fa-3392aff63985" ID-Handle="2246/6723" ID-Zenodo-Dep="851382" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1503785870183" checkinUser="admin" docAuthor="Lauren A. Esposito, Humberto Y. Yamaguti, Cláudio A. Souza, Ricardo Pinto-Da-Rocha &amp; Lorenzo Prendini" docDate="2017" docId="8F65ED57FFC2B15C38F4CE88B7CB6CBE" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2017.415.1-63.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 415" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhopalurusinae Bucherl 1971" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="735C952FFFCAB1543860CC2CB35C6E75" masterDocTitle="Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Club-Tailed Scorpions, Physoctonus, Rhopalurus, and Troglorhopalurus, Revalidation of Heteroctenus, and Descriptions of Two New Genera and Three New Species (Buthidae: Rhopalurusinae)" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698467378382" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E731AEA85BC831EA1D14DA5980E28D62">Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Club-Tailed Scorpions, Physoctonus, Rhopalurus, and Troglorhopalurus, Revalidation of Heteroctenus, and Descriptions of Two New Genera and Three New Species (Buthidae: Rhopalurusinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3B31A72C923DDB60346A6BE99B15AFEB">Lauren A. Esposito</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E5B73B165F78B051EA4B979A5E0D655">Humberto Y. Yamaguti</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C37B91FFACAE6406FCAD3C0F597FAAE7">Cláudio A. Souza</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8B306EC17D3A01686ED48F8725FCCBC0">Ricardo Pinto-Da-Rocha</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EBE5B39765D5DC2269E357354B8A388E">Lorenzo Prendini</mods:namePart>
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Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C3968CE88B10E6CC9" authority="Bucherl, 1971" authorityName="Bucherl" authorityYear="1971" box="[264,594,676,700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhopalurusinae">
Rhopalurusinae
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C39DDCE88B10E6CC9" author="Bucherl" box="[445,594,676,700]" editor="W. Bucherl" firstAuthor="Bucherl" journalOrPublisher="New York: Academic Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="317 - 348" part="3" refString="Bucherl, W. 1971. Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions. In W. Bucherl and E. R. Buckley (editors), Venomous animals and their venoms 3: 317 - 348. New York: Academic Press." title="Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Venomous animals and their venoms" year="1971">Bücherl, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="07735C41FFC2B15C380BCEF6B26C6D2C" blockId="8.[107,635,730,925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C380BCEF6B2906C87" authority="Bucherl, 1971: 325" authorityName="Bucherl" authorityPageNumber="325" authorityYear="1971" box="[107,460,730,754]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhopalurinae">
Rhopalurinae
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C3964CEF6B2906C87" author="Bucherl" box="[260,460,730,754]" editor="W. Bucherl" firstAuthor="Bucherl" journalOrPublisher="New York: Academic Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="317 - 348" part="3" refString="Bucherl, W. 1971. Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions. In W. Bucherl and E. R. Buckley (editors), Venomous animals and their venoms 3: 317 - 348. New York: Academic Press." title="Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Venomous animals and their venoms" year="1971">Bücherl, 1971: 325</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, type genus
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C38FBCED0B2F56D61" ID-CoL="63QFB" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[155,425,764,788]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Rhopalurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C38FBCED0B2486D61" box="[155,276,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Rhopalurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C397BCED0B2F56D61" author="Thorell" box="[283,425,764,788]" firstAuthor="Thorell" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 15" part="4" refString="Thorell, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4 (17): 1 - 15." title="On the classification of scorpions" type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation;
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C388DCF33B2BA6D43" author="Fet and Lowe" box="[237,486,798,822]" editor="V. Fet" firstAuthor="Fet" journalOrPublisher="New York: New York Entomological Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="54 - 286" refString="Fet, V., and G. Lowe. 2000. Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837. In V. Fet, W. D. Sissom, G., Lowe, and M. E. Braunwalder, Catalog of the scorpions of the world (1758 - 1998): 54 - 286. New York: New York Entomological Society." title="Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="G., Lowe, and M. E" year="2000">Fet and Lowe, 2000: 55</bibRefCitation>
, 57;
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C3A79CF33B3826D2C" author="Fet, V &amp; M. E. Petersen &amp; G. S. Slyusarev" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="23 - 25" part="60" refString="Fet, V., M. E. Petersen, and G. S. Slyusarev. 2003 b. Case 3151. Rhopalurusinae Bucherl, 1971 (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Buthidae): Proposed conservation as the correct spelling to remove homonymy with Rhopaluridae Stunkard, 1937 (Orthonectida). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60 (1): 23 - 25." title="Case 3151. Rhopalurusinae Bucherl, 1971 (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Buthidae): Proposed conservation as the correct spelling to remove homonymy with Rhopaluridae Stunkard, 1937 (Orthonectida)" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">Fet et al., 2003b</bibRefCitation>
: 23, 24.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="07735C41FFC2B15C380BCF4FB2E06DE8" blockId="8.[107,635,730,925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
Rhopalurusinae
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C397BCF4FB2946D0E" author="Fet, V &amp; M. E. Petersen &amp; G. S. Slyusarev" box="[283,456,867,891]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="23 - 25" part="60" refString="Fet, V., M. E. Petersen, and G. S. Slyusarev. 2003 b. Case 3151. Rhopalurusinae Bucherl, 1971 (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Buthidae): Proposed conservation as the correct spelling to remove homonymy with Rhopaluridae Stunkard, 1937 (Orthonectida). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60 (1): 23 - 25." title="Case 3151. Rhopalurusinae Bucherl, 1971 (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Buthidae): Proposed conservation as the correct spelling to remove homonymy with Rhopaluridae Stunkard, 1937 (Orthonectida)" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">Fet et al., 2003b</bibRefCitation>
: 23, 24;
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C3A40CF4FB2CC6DE8" author="Loria and Prendini" firstAuthor="Loria" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One 9" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="112913" part="12" publicationUrl="10.1371/journal." refString="Loria, S. F., and L. Prendini. 2014. Homology of the lateral eyes of Scorpiones: a six-ocellus model. PLoS One 9 (12): e 112913. [DOI: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0112913]" title="Homology of the lateral eyes of Scorpiones: a six-ocellus model" type="journal article" year="2014">Loria and Prendini, 2014: 14</bibRefCitation>
, 21.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4FD60FCAFFC2B15C38EBCF95B25D6870" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="07735C41FFC2B15C38EBCF95B25D6870" blockId="8.[107,637,953,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
DIAGNOSIS: The following combination of characters distinguishes the species of subfamily Rhopalurusinae, New World
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C39B2CFD7B1666A66" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[466,570,1019,1043]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
with accessory (supernumerary) denticles in median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fingers, from other buthid scorpions: chelicerae, movable finger with transverse row of granules; cheliceral fixed finger with dorsobasal setation; pedipalp femur, dorsal surface trichobothria with α-configuration, trichobothrium
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C3980C8C8B2B26A89" box="[480,494,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">d</emphasis>
<subScript id="9B485E04FFC2B15C398EC8C3B2AB6B75" attach="left" box="[494,503,1263,1280]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">2</subScript>
situated on prolateral surface; pedipalp patella trichobothrium
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C38CFC90AB3E16B4B" box="[175,189,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">d</emphasis>
<subScript id="9B485E04FFC2B15C38DDC91DB39A6B37" attach="left" box="[189,198,1329,1346]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">3</subScript>
situated retrolateral to dorsomedian carina; pedipalp chela, fixed and movable fingers, median denticle rows with pro- and retrolateral accessory (supernumerary) denticles; legs without tibial spurs; leg I telotarsus, prolateral pedal spur bifurcating (reduced in
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C380BC9C1B3AD6870" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1934" box="[107,241,1517,1541]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Physoctonus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C380BC9C1B3AD6870" box="[107,241,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Physoctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4FD60FCAFFC2B15C38EBCA23B3B868B8" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="07735C41FFC2B15C38EBCA23B3B868B8" blockId="8.[107,637,953,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
INCLUDED TAXA: This New World buthid subfamily includes seven genera (
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C39D6CA1CB163683D" authorityName="Marx" authorityYear="1890" box="[438,575,1584,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Centruroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C39D6CA1CB163683D" box="[438,575,1584,1608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Centruroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C3A2DCA1DB23F681C" authority="Ischnotelson" authorityName=", Ischnotelson, Jaguajir" authorityYear="2017" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Heteroctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C3A2DCA1DB38D681C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Heteroctenus</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C3880CA7DB23F681C" box="[224,355,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Ischnotelson</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2E8B3D28FFC2B15C3914CA7DB280681D" box="[372,476,1617,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C3989CA7EB161681C" authority="Lauren A. Esposito &amp; Humberto Y. Yamaguti &amp; Cláudio A. Souza &amp; Ricardo Pinto-Da-Rocha &amp; CLOSE Lorenzo Prendini Scorpion Systematics Research Group, 2017" authorityName="Lauren A. Esposito &amp; Humberto Y. Yamaguti &amp; Cláudio A. Souza &amp; Ricardo Pinto-Da-Rocha &amp; Lorenzo Prendini" authorityYear="2017" box="[489,573,1618,1641]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Jaguajir" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C3989CA7EB161681C" box="[489,573,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Jaguajir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2E8B3D28FFC2B15C3A2ECA7DB3C668FF" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C38C4CA5EB27B68FF" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1934" box="[164,295,1650,1674]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Physoctonus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C38C4CA5EB27B68FF" box="[164,295,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Physoctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C3954CA5EB2F368FF" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[308,431,1650,1674]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Rhopalurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C3954CA5EB2F368FF" box="[308,431,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Rhopalurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C398BCA5EB3C268DE" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Troglorhopalurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C398BCA5EB3C268DE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Troglorhopalurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 108 described species, and three subspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4FD60FCAFFC2B15C3AACCCC9B1A16FB7" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="07735C41FFC2B15C3AACCCC9B1A16FB7" blockId="8.[684,1214,228,715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">DISTRIBUTION: Subfamily Rhopalurusinae is endemic to the New World and distributed from North America (the midwestern United States) throughout Central America and the Caribbean islands (Greater and Lesser Antilles) to centralnorthern South America and the Galapagos Islands.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4FD60FCAFFC2B15C3AACCDE0B7CB6CBE" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="07735C41FFC2B15C3AACCDE0B7CB6CBE" blockId="8.[684,1214,228,715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
REMARKS:
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C3B2CCDE0B75B6F91" author="Bucherl's" box="[844,1031,460,484]" editor="W. Bucherl &amp; E. R. Buckley" firstAuthor="Bucherl's" journalOrPublisher="New York: Academic Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="317 - 348" part="3" refId="ref64808" refString="Bucherl, W. 1971. Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions. In W. Bucherl and E. R. Buckley (editors), Venomous animals and their venoms 3: 317 - 348. New York: Academic Press." title="Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Venomous animals and their venoms" year="1971">Bücherl’s (1971)</bibRefCitation>
original name, Rhopalurinae, was a junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C3C06CDC1B0F86C53" authority="Stunkard, 1937" authorityName="Stunkard" authorityYear="1937" family="Rhopaluridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Orthonectida" rank="family">Rhopaluridae Stunkard, 1937</taxonomicName>
, derived from the orthonectid genus
<taxonomicName id="C0CC27C2FFC2B15C3B23CE03B7126C32" authority="Girard, 1877" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1877" box="[835,1102,559,583]" family="Rhopaluridae" genus="Rhopalura" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Orthonectida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="35B88053FFC2B15C3B23CE03B0E86C32" box="[835,948,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Rhopalura</emphasis>
Girard, 1877
</taxonomicName>
, and thus unavailable (
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C3B56CE7CB74E6C1D" author="Fet and Lowe" box="[822,1042,592,616]" editor="V. Fet" firstAuthor="Fet" journalOrPublisher="New York: New York Entomological Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="54 - 286" refString="Fet, V., and G. Lowe. 2000. Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837. In V. Fet, W. D. Sissom, G., Lowe, and M. E. Braunwalder, Catalog of the scorpions of the world (1758 - 1998): 54 - 286. New York: New York Entomological Society." title="Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="G., Lowe, and M. E" year="2000">Fet and Lowe, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). A 2003 ruling by the International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature amended Rhopalurinae to Rhopalurusinae
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C3B53CE9FB0956CBE" author="Bucherl" box="[819,969,691,715]" editor="W. Bucherl" firstAuthor="Bucherl" journalOrPublisher="New York: Academic Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="317 - 348" part="3" refString="Bucherl, W. 1971. Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions. In W. Bucherl and E. R. Buckley (editors), Venomous animals and their venoms 3: 317 - 348. New York: Academic Press." title="Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Venomous animals and their venoms" year="1971">Bücherl, 1971</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="635D21B0FFC2B15C3BB8CE9FB7D06CBE" author="Fet, V &amp; M. E. Petersen &amp; G. S. Slyusarev" box="[984,1164,691,715]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="23 - 25" part="60" refString="Fet, V., M. E. Petersen, and G. S. Slyusarev. 2003 b. Case 3151. Rhopalurusinae Bucherl, 1971 (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Buthidae): Proposed conservation as the correct spelling to remove homonymy with Rhopaluridae Stunkard, 1937 (Orthonectida). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60 (1): 23 - 25." title="Case 3151. Rhopalurusinae Bucherl, 1971 (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Buthidae): Proposed conservation as the correct spelling to remove homonymy with Rhopaluridae Stunkard, 1937 (Orthonectida)" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">Fet et al., 2003b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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