treatments-xml/data/84/73/C7/8473C752FF8B652800BB2577FF79FE37.xml

<document id="008BB7505E2EF8BF9567C692BEA6B801" ID-CLB-Dataset="45465" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.211047" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2f9f10a5-941c-4e42-b3a4-1d57c3da2acd" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="211047" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460438006222" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Johnson, Norman F. &amp; Musetti, Luciana" docDate="2012" docId="8473C752FF8B652800BB2577FF79FE37" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03188p041.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3188" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chasca gravis Musetti &amp; Johnson, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="784ABF2AFF8D6520002C2114FFB4FFF8" masterDocTitle="Genera of the parasitoid wasp family Monomachidae (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea)" masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="31" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1698332468267" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="E12E445363B6281B0C31ABFB504ECCF8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="28E0EEA6B16DCA47AE17871786800DED">
<mods:title id="C4DC6AD1C154C6AF0049D07CB0A0E2F2">Genera of the parasitoid wasp family Monomachidae (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="2208CA4DED09A73222D0AA7700CE27E9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="95DAD808618B39203DA03035C851BDBF">
<mods:roleTerm id="F0C6DB296AC4D333BCD0F0696E6C3237">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1AA2BDA939FCF5586C1098320D725F57">Johnson, Norman F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="52F5F49DC5B6F1748EF6F725912C41BF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5045B03504884E8088BEF1B7C8C32B54">
<mods:roleTerm id="02BAC9C58FE7A1A08396AB741DD6E619">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="2FAF9E7AAF0BAB18CC952EB4896C512C">Musetti, Luciana</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="7515856DE55B9F4346E51BC5EEDD802B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="84B5D84E6301A5E96DDB75B73BF16B85" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="90B995D1219AC496DAEE77418CC7CE77">
<mods:title id="F4047D8F0A259AE129D37669194CE5B5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="1A47251E3CA391AA622741EAE147600A">
<mods:date id="8CDBEE6A750360D3C37A0F88E34BF861">2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="D2CDF7BC945B18F9ED9406B92A13DF0C" type="volume">
<mods:number id="839D15DF887D311BE453AF6B23164E3C">3188</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="85A5A955276A725C5B7C10C0806063F6" unit="page">
<mods:start id="F232A7921741FE230C4B18085EEEA1F9">31</mods:start>
<mods:end id="82A581A68690156593B8F4568A23426D">41</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="BB47A9D94C3CB9CF7DAB6F7B7C1FE64B">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="419D5A100169BC1AAE92F13E29F700C1" type="CLB-Dataset">45465</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="ED55E512CAF94CCB5224C618C229C921" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.211047</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2C324CF0D3ADAF18D33876DA42C16B0D" type="GBIF-Dataset">2f9f10a5-941c-4e42-b3a4-1d57c3da2acd</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4282113AEAF23FC125F17AF63415A2F1" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CB0727B857DC9C15DAC4535AE401F2FE" type="Zenodo-Dep">211047</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="8473C752FF8B652800BB2577FF79FE37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6181950" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119507095" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6181950" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8473C752FF8B652800BB2577FF79FE37" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8473C752FF8B652800BB2577FF79FE37" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection id="44C025CFFF8B652600BB2577FE63FB25" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8B652600BB2577FD08FB84" blockId="6.[151,965,1123,1258]" box="[151,700,1123,1148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<heading id="572DC128FF8B652600BB2577FD08FB84" bold="true" box="[151,700,1123,1148]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" reason="2">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652600BB2577FD08FB84" bold="true" box="[151,700,1123,1148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF8B652600BB2577FD92FB84" authority="Musetti &amp; Johnson" authorityName="Musetti &amp; Johnson" box="[151,550,1123,1148]" class="Hexapoda" family="Monomachidae" genus="Chasca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652600BB2577FE8DFB84" bold="true" box="[151,313,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Chasca gravis</emphasis>
Musetti &amp; Johnson
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="259D172DFF8B6526021F2570FD08FB84" box="[563,700,1123,1148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8B652600BB2593FE63FB25" blockId="6.[151,965,1123,1258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D9D54C0F-0E42-4CF3-9A07-3067C115B25A urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:276542 
<figureCitation id="94E16AC1FF8B652600BB25C6FE88FB12" box="[151,316,1234,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1765,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,331,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,331,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 10 – 15. Chasca gravis Musetti &amp; Johnson. 10, lateral habitus, holotype female (OSUC 19234); 11, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, holotype female; 12, head and mesosoma, lateral view, holotype female; 13, lateral habitus, paratype male (OSUC 19493); 14, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, paratype male (OSUC 19574); 15, antennomeres 4 – 5, paratype male (OSUC 19485). t, tyloid. Scale bars in mm. Morphbank: http: // www. morphbank. net /? id = 579882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211051/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Figures 10–15</figureCitation>
; Morphbank11
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="44C025CFFF8B652600BB240EFCFCF9AA" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8B652600BB240EFCFCF9AA" blockId="6.[151,1437,1306,1943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652600BB240EFE95FACB" bold="true" box="[151,289,1306,1331]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Description</emphasis>
. Body length of female: 
<quantity id="CB22DBA1FF8B65260215240EFD3BFACA" box="[569,655,1306,1330]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="7.8">7.8 mm</quantity>
(n=1). Body length of male: 
<quantity id="CB22DBA1FF8B652603FA240EFBE9FACA" box="[982,1117,1306,1330]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.55" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="6.55" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="5.6">5.6–7.5 mm</quantity>
(n=12). Fore wing length of male: 
<quantity id="CB22DBA1FF8B652600CC242BFEDFFAAF" box="[224,363,1343,1367]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="5.15" valueMax="5.8" valueMin="4.5">4.5–5.8 mm</quantity>
(n=12). Body color of female: dark brown throughout. Sculpture of female vertex: smooth. Frontoclypeal suture of female: weakly indicated, nearly obsolete. Ventral margin of clypeus: sinuate, longest medially. Tyloid of male antenna: forming raised keel, highest apically (
<figureCitation id="94E16AC1FF8B652603FE2493FB93FA67" box="[978,1063,1415,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1765,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,331,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,331,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 10 – 15. Chasca gravis Musetti &amp; Johnson. 10, lateral habitus, holotype female (OSUC 19234); 11, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, holotype female; 12, head and mesosoma, lateral view, holotype female; 13, lateral habitus, paratype male (OSUC 19493); 14, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, paratype male (OSUC 19574); 15, antennomeres 4 – 5, paratype male (OSUC 19485). t, tyloid. Scale bars in mm. Morphbank: http: // www. morphbank. net /? id = 579882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211051/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). Sculpture of female pronotum: smooth (
<figureCitation id="94E16AC1FF8B652600D124BEFEE6FA3A" box="[253,338,1450,1474]" captionStart="FIGURE 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1765,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,331,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,331,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 10 – 15. Chasca gravis Musetti &amp; Johnson. 10, lateral habitus, holotype female (OSUC 19234); 11, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, holotype female; 12, head and mesosoma, lateral view, holotype female; 13, lateral habitus, paratype male (OSUC 19493); 14, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, paratype male (OSUC 19574); 15, antennomeres 4 – 5, paratype male (OSUC 19485). t, tyloid. Scale bars in mm. Morphbank: http: // www. morphbank. net /? id = 579882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211051/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Length of notaulus: abbreviated posteriorly, distinctly separated from transscutal articulation (
<figureCitation id="94E16AC1FF8B652600B324DBFF46FA1F" box="[159,242,1487,1511]" captionStart="FIGURE 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1765,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,331,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,331,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 10 – 15. Chasca gravis Musetti &amp; Johnson. 10, lateral habitus, holotype female (OSUC 19234); 11, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, holotype female; 12, head and mesosoma, lateral view, holotype female; 13, lateral habitus, paratype male (OSUC 19493); 14, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, paratype male (OSUC 19574); 15, antennomeres 4 – 5, paratype male (OSUC 19485). t, tyloid. Scale bars in mm. Morphbank: http: // www. morphbank. net /? id = 579882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211051/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Posterior separation of notauli: distinctly separated by distance subequal to 
<date id="78645084FF8B6526047324DBFBCFFA1F" box="[1119,1147,1487,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">3x</date>
width of notaulus. Shape of mesoscutellar pit: transversely oval. Sculpture of female mesopleural depression: smooth (
<figureCitation id="94E16AC1FF8B652604ED24E6FAA2F9F2" box="[1217,1302,1522,1546]" captionStart="FIGURE 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1765,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,331,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,331,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 10 – 15. Chasca gravis Musetti &amp; Johnson. 10, lateral habitus, holotype female (OSUC 19234); 11, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, holotype female; 12, head and mesosoma, lateral view, holotype female; 13, lateral habitus, paratype male (OSUC 19493); 14, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, paratype male (OSUC 19574); 15, antennomeres 4 – 5, paratype male (OSUC 19485). t, tyloid. Scale bars in mm. Morphbank: http: // www. morphbank. net /? id = 579882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211051/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Length of female fore wing: short, but distinct, extending posteriorly to propodeum (
<figureCitation id="94E16AC1FF8B652603DB2703FB37F9D7" box="[1015,1155,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1765,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,331,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,331,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 10 – 15. Chasca gravis Musetti &amp; Johnson. 10, lateral habitus, holotype female (OSUC 19234); 11, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, holotype female; 12, head and mesosoma, lateral view, holotype female; 13, lateral habitus, paratype male (OSUC 19493); 14, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, paratype male (OSUC 19574); 15, antennomeres 4 – 5, paratype male (OSUC 19485). t, tyloid. Scale bars in mm. Morphbank: http: // www. morphbank. net /? id = 579882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211051/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Figs. 10–12</figureCitation>
). Length of female hind wing: short, but distinct, extending posteriorly to propodeum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="44C025CFFF8B652600EB274AFB13F947" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8B652600EB274AFB13F947" blockId="6.[151,1437,1306,1943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652600EB274AFEF5F98F" bold="true" box="[199,321,1630,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The female of 
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF8B652601D2274BFD10F98F" box="[510,676,1631,1655]" class="Hexapoda" family="Monomachidae" genus="Chasca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652601D2274BFD10F98F" box="[510,676,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Chasca gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished by the short, but clearly developed wings extending posteriorly to the propodeum, the dark brown color of the body, and the smooth vertex and pronotum. Males may be recognized by the strongly raised, knifelike tyloids on the basal flagellomeres.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="44C025CFFF8B652600EB27DFFBB0F8D2" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8B652600EB27DFFE89F8FF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1306,1943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652600EB27DFFEFAF91B" bold="true" box="[199,334,1739,1763]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</emphasis>
The adjective 
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF8B652601D827D8FD8EF91B" box="[500,570,1740,1763]" class="Hexapoda" family="Monomachidae" genus="Chasca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652601D827D8FD8EF91B" box="[500,570,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, meaning heavy in Latin, refers to the generally robust habitus of the female of this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8B652600EB2606FBB0F8D2" blockId="6.[151,1437,1306,1943]" box="[199,1028,1810,1835]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652600EB2606FE4AF8D3" bold="true" box="[199,510,1810,1835]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Link to Distribution Map.</emphasis>
[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=276542]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="44C025CFFF8B652800EB2622FF79FE37" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8B652600EB2622FAF8F86F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1306,1943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652600EB2622FE0FF8B7" bold="true" box="[199,443,1846,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">Material Examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652601EA2623FD98F8B7" box="[454,556,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<typeStatus id="D361C8E6FF8B652601EA2623FD98F8B7" box="[454,556,1847,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
, female: 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B652602B22623FD5EF8B7" bold="true" box="[670,746,1847,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<collectingCountry id="74CD36D4FF8B652602B22623FD5EF8B7" box="[670,746,1847,1871]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">PERU</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: Cuzco, Urubamba, 
<date id="78645084FF8B652603CC2623FBCBF8B7" box="[992,1151,1847,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" value="1968-02-07" valueMax="1968-02-09" valueMin="1968-02-07">7.II–9.II.1968</date>
, A. Garcia &amp; C. Porter, 
<collectionCode id="6ACBEE81FF8B652600BB264EFF56F88A" box="[151,226,1882,1906]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x820-3v0f" name="Oregon State University" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">OSUC</collectionCode>
19234 (deposited in 
<collectionCode id="6ACBEE81FF8B652601E7264EFDABF88A" box="[459,543,1882,1906]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">MCZC</collectionCode>
). 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B6526021D2648FD16F88B" box="[561,674,1884,1907]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<typeStatus id="D361C8E6FF8B6526021D2648FD16F88B" box="[561,674,1884,1907]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8B6526029D264FFD49F88B" bold="true" box="[689,765,1883,1907]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
<collectingCountry id="74CD36D4FF8B6526029D264FFD49F88B" box="[689,765,1883,1907]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">PERU</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<specimenCount id="1ADCBDCDFF8B65260327264EFCCBF88A" box="[779,895,1882,1906]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" type="male">346 males</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="6ACBEE81FF8B652603A6264EFC61F88A" box="[906,981,1882,1906]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x820-3v0f" name="Oregon State University" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">OSUC</collectionCode>
116694 (
<collectionCode id="6ACBEE81FF8B65260411264EFB30F88A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1008" box="[1085,1156,1882,1906]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1008" name="American Entomological Institute" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">AEIC</collectionCode>
); 
<collectionCode id="6ACBEE81FF8B652604BB264EFB56F88A" box="[1175,1250,1882,1906]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x820-3v0f" name="Oregon State University" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">OSUC</collectionCode>
117107, 19235– 19477, 19479, 19486–19513, 19517–19578 (
<collectionCode id="6ACBEE81FF8B652602A3266BFD51F86F" box="[655,741,1919,1943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">MCZC</collectionCode>
); 
<collectionCode id="6ACBEE81FF8B652602D4266BFCF7F86F" box="[760,835,1919,1943]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x820-3v0f" name="Oregon State University" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">OSUC</collectionCode>
19478, 19480–19485, 19514–19516 (
<collectionCode id="6ACBEE81FF8B652604C3266BFAF4F86F" box="[1263,1344,1919,1943]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x820-3v0f" name="Oregon State University" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">OSUC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8B652700E326C8FCDEFEE4" blockId="6.[207,628,2012,2035]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="37">
http://www.morphbank.net/?id=579882 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A652700EB2183FEFBFF48" bold="true" box="[199,335,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Comments.</emphasis>
This species is only recorded so far from the region around Cuzco, 
<collectingCountry id="74CD36D4FF8A65270475218CFB38FF57" box="[1113,1164,152,175]" name="Peru" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Peru</collectingCountry>
at an elevation of more than 
<quantity id="CB22DBA1FF8A652700E221A8FE91FF2C" box="[206,293,188,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
. Only a single female is known, but, in contrast, over 
<specimenCount id="1ADCBDCDFF8A6527035121A8FC5BFF2C" box="[893,1007,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" type="male">300 males</specimenCount>
have been collected. The difference is undoubtedly due to the different biological imperatives of the two sexes, the males searching widely for females, and the females searching for hosts, probably in the litter or soil.
</paragraph>
<caption id="58A526CCFF8A652700BB27F1FBDDF8AF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211051/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[151,1436,331,1748]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8A652700BB27F1FBDDF8AF" blockId="7.[151,1436,1765,1880]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A652700BB27F1FEF3F902" bold="true" box="[151,327,1765,1788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 10–15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF8A6527016227F1FD07F903" authority="Musetti &amp; Johnson." authorityName="Musetti &amp; Johnson." box="[334,691,1765,1787]" class="Hexapoda" family="Monomachidae" genus="Chasca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A6527016227F1FE54F903" box="[334,480,1765,1787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Chasca gravis</emphasis>
Musetti &amp; Johnson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A6527029527F1FD66F902" bold="true" box="[697,722,1765,1786]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">10</emphasis>
, lateral habitus, holotype female (OSUC 19234); 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A652704F927F1FB5FF902" bold="true" box="[1237,1259,1765,1786]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">11</emphasis>
, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, holotype female; 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A652702232610FD9CF8E1" bold="true" box="[527,552,1796,1817]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">12</emphasis>
, head and mesosoma, lateral view, holotype female; 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A652704642610FBD5F8E1" bold="true" box="[1096,1121,1796,1817]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">13</emphasis>
, lateral habitus, paratype male (OSUC 19493); 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A6527016F2637FEE8F8C0" bold="true" box="[323,348,1827,1848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">14</emphasis>
, head and mesosoma, dorsal view, paratype male (OSUC 19574); 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A652704342637FB85F8C0" bold="true" box="[1048,1073,1827,1848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">15</emphasis>
, antennomeres 4–5, paratype male (OSUC 19485). 
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A652701112657FEF0F8A0" box="[317,324,1859,1880]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">t</emphasis>
, tyloid. Scale bars in mm. Morphbank: http://www.morphbank.net/?id=579882
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0C657644FF8A652800EB2685FF79FE37" blockId="7.[151,1436,1937,2034]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,463]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A652700EB2685FDFBF852" bold="true" box="[199,591,1937,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
Biogeography of 
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF8A652701BA2685FDFBF852" box="[406,591,1937,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Monomachidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Monomachidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Interpretation of 
<figureCitation id="94E16AC1FF8A652703332685FCD6F851" box="[799,866,1937,1961]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,244,1043,1064]" captionTargetBox="[158,1426,156,1009]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,151,1016]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Relationships within the family Monomachidae, derived from implied weighting analysis implemented in TNT (Goloboff et al. 2003). Only non-homoplasious characters are mapped on the cladogram. Numbers below the branch refer to characters. Numbers above are the percentage of trees recovered in maximum parsimony analyses containing the subtended clade, followed by the boostrap values for 1000 replications and analyzed with implied weighting. Values &lt;50 % not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211048/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
Fig. 
<quantity id="CB22DBA1FF8A652703782685FCD6F851" box="[852,866,1937,1961]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
</figureCitation>
in the context of the biogeographic history of the family must be tempered by acknowledging the weakness of the available anatomical characters for inferring phylogenetic relationships. However, 
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF8A6527023926CEFDDDF80A" box="[533,617,2010,2034]" class="Hexapoda" family="Monomachidae" genus="Chasca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF8A6527023926CEFDDDF80A" box="[533,617,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Chasca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consistently emerges as the most basal clade followed by the the Australian/New 
<collectingCountry id="74CD36D4FF85652801252183FEEEFF57" box="[265,346,151,175]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Guinea</collectingCountry>
species, and these followed by the flowering of Neotropical 
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF856528041E218CFB7DFF48" box="[1074,1225,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Monomachidae" genus="Monomachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF856528041E218CFB7DFF48" box="[1074,1225,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Monomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is tempting to interpret this as a transantarctic distribution generated by vicariance of the southern continents. However, 
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF856528051921A9FA28FF2C" box="[1333,1436,189,212]" class="Hexapoda" family="Monomachidae" genus="Chasca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF856528051921A9FA28FF2C" box="[1333,1436,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">C. gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found well north of the Atacama Desert, and 
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF856528028221F5FC96FF00" box="[686,802,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Monomachidae" genus="Monomachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="porteri">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF856528028221F5FC96FF00" box="[686,802,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">M. porteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in 
<collectingCountry id="74CD36D4FF85652803CB21CBFB92FF0F" box="[999,1062,223,247]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Chile</collectingCountry>
, both facts muddying that simple hypothesis. An alternative hypothesis, that the current biogeographic pattern represents an ancestral widespread distribution disrupted by subsequent extinction may appear less parsimonious, but should not be rejected out of hand because there are many examples of putatively “southern” taxa that also occur as inclusions in Baltic amber e.g., the proctotrupoid genus 
<taxonomicName id="CBDA0DC7FF85652801F32064FCFFFE7F" authority="Johnson et al. 2001" authorityName="Johnson et al." authorityYear="2001" box="[479,843,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Peradeniidae" genus="Peradenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3EAEAA56FF85652801F32064FDE7FE70" box="[479,595,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Peradenia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="684B0BB5FF856528024F207BFCF6FE7F" author="Johnson" box="[611,834,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Johnson, N. F., Musetti, L. &amp; Janzen, J. - W. (2001) A new fossil species of the Australian endemic genus Peradenia Naumann &amp; Masner (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea, Peradeniidae) from Baltic amber. Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 32, 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2001">Johnson et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The vicariance hypothesis could be strengthened by additional evidence supporting the monophyly of the 
<collectingCountry id="74CD36D4FF85652802D22080FCD1FE54" box="[766,869,404,428]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Australia</collectingCountry>
/New 
<collectingCountry id="74CD36D4FF85652803872080FC48FE54" box="[939,1020,404,428]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Guinea</collectingCountry>
species, most likely using sequence data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>