225 lines
28 KiB
XML
225 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.154.1963" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c5e5894e-a1f6-4628-8545-0ef14266f295" ID-PMC="PMC3238040" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-154-71" ID-PubMed="22287916" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-154-71" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 154" ModsDocTitle="At the lower size limit for tetrapods, two new species of the miniaturized frog genus Paedophryne (Anura, Microhylidae)" checkinTime="1451249492829" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kraus, Fred" docDate="2011" docId="5B9164DB0D8C4B6530E87D635BE5089C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 154: 71-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 154" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.154.1963" docTitle="Paedophryne verrucosa Kraus, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="2B59FFA65D645C125C02FFF05C4BFFDC" masterDocTitle="At the lower size limit for tetrapods, two new species of the miniaturized frog genus Paedophryne (Anura, Microhylidae)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="71" pageNumber="76" updateTime="1668152989788" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>At the lower size limit for tetrapods, two new species of the miniaturized frog genus Paedophryne (Anura, Microhylidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kraus, Fred</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>154</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>71</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.154.1963</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.154.1963</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-154-71</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032624" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8DEA8ED4-D3D2-49DC-AFF2-8B8A21CF0044" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B9164DB0D8C4B6530E87D635BE5089C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="5" pageNumber="76">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="76" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8DEA8ED4-D3D2-49DC-AFF2-8B8A21CF0044" authority="Kraus," class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa Kraus,</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="76">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 2C, D4
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="76" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="76">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="76">
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BPBM 37747 (field tag FK 15516), alcohol specimen, adult male, collected by F. Kraus and local villagers at Sota, SE slope Mt. Dayman,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-9.758">9.7580°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="149.1822">149.1822°E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1860 m, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, 27 March 2011.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="76" type="paratype">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="76">Paratype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="76">(n = 11). BPBM 37745-46, same data as holotype; BPBM 37743, same data as holotype, except female collected 23 March 2011; BPBM 37744, same data as holotype, except collected 26 March 2011; BPBM 37748-50, PNGNM 24121-22, same data as holotype, except collected 28 March 2011; BPBM 37751-52, same data as holotype, except females collected 29 March 2011.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="77" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="77">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="77" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="77">A minute microhylid (male SV = 8.1-8.9 mm, female SV = 8.8-9.3 mm) with highly pustulose dorsal skin and plantar surfaces; a relatively short leg (TL/SV = 0.37-0.42); short and broad snout (EN/SV = 0.067-0.080, IN/SV = 0.108-0.123, EN/IN = 0.60-0.70); wide head (HW/SV = 0.38-0.44), fifth toe distinctly shorter than second; relatively large discs on third and fourth toes (4thT/SV = 0.044-0.055); and a light-brown dorsum and sides flecked with black.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" type="comparisons with other species">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="77">Comparisons with other species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="6" pageNumber="77">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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differs from all other members of the genus in its warty plantar surfaces and in having the fifth toe distinctly shorter than the second; it further differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
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in its smaller size (male SV = 8.1-8.9 mm in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 10.1 mm in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
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; female SV = 8.8-9.3 mm in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 10.4-10.9 mm in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
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), more heavily warty dorsal skin, shorter snout (IN/SV = 0.108-0.123 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 0.087-0.099 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
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; EN/SV = 0.067-0.080 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 0.78-0.80 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
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), larger discs on third and fourth toes (4thT/SV = 0.044-0.055 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="78" lsidName="Paedophryne ver subsp. rucosa" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ver" subSpecies="rucosa">
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Paedophryne ver
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="78" start="start">rucosa</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 0.032-0.037 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
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), in having the lateral surfaces the same color as the dorsum (lateral surfaces sharply darker than dorsum and punctated with pale gray in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
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), and in generally lacking a colored patch below anus (tan in one specimen of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, burnt-orange patch below anus in all
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
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). The new species further differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne oyatabu" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oyatabu">Paedophryne oyatabu</taxonomicName>
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in its smaller size (female SV = 8.8-9.3 mm in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 11.3 mm in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne oyatabu" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oyatabu">Paedophryne oyatabu</taxonomicName>
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), heavily warty dorsal skin (smooth in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne oyatabu" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oyatabu">Paedophryne oyatabu</taxonomicName>
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), shorter snout (EN/SV = 0.067-0.080 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 0.062 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne oyatabu" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oyatabu">Paedophryne oyatabu</taxonomicName>
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, IN/SV = 0.108-0.123 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 0.097 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne oyatabu" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oyatabu">Paedophryne oyatabu</taxonomicName>
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), larger discs on third and fourth toes (4thT/SV = 0.044-0.055 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 0.031 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne oyatabu" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oyatabu">Paedophryne oyatabu</taxonomicName>
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), dorsum brown with black flecks (brown with two darker scapular chevrons
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="79" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne oyatabu" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oyatabu">Paedophryne oyatabu</taxonomicName>
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); it further differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne dekot" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dekot">Paedophryne dekot</taxonomicName>
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in its heavily warty dorsal skin (smooth in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne dekot" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dekot">Paedophryne dekot</taxonomicName>
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), shorter leg (TL/SV = 0.37-0.42 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 0.45-0.46 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne dekot" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dekot">Paedophryne dekot</taxonomicName>
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), wider head (HW/SV = 0.38-0.44 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
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, 0.37-0.38 in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne dekot" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dekot">Paedophryne dekot</taxonomicName>
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), and light-brown dorsum flecked with black (dorsum brown or red-brown with dorsolateral black triangular blotches in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne dekot" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dekot">Paedophryne dekot</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="79">An adult male with vocal slits. Head wide (HW/SV = 0.43, Fig. 3A), with steeply oblique loreal region; canthus rostralis rounded, straight when viewed from above; nostrils directed anterolaterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance much larger than distance from naris to eye (EN/IN = 0.60, IN/SV = 0.112, EN/SV = 0.067); snout somewhat pointed, sharply rounded when viewed from the side or from above (Fig. 4A, C); eyes moderately large (EY/SV = 0.13; EY/SN = 1.0, Fig. 4C), pupil horizontal; eyelid more than half width of interorbital distance; tympanum indistinct and small (TY/SV = 0.056), visible only when skin dries slightly, hidden posterodorsally. Skin granular and highly pustulose dorsally, granular to slightly pustulose ventrally; supratympanic fold absent. Fingers unwebbed, flattened; F1 very reduced in size; relative lengths 3>2=4>1 (Fig. 4D); discs absent. Subarticular and metacarpal tubercles absent; plantar surfaces granular to slightly pustulose. Toes unwebbed; T3 and T4 with flattened discs and terminal grooves; disc of T4 not wider than penultimate phalanx. Second and fifth toes reduced in size, with round tip and no disc; T1 a vestigial nub; relative lengths of toes 4>3>2>5>1 (Fig. 4E). Subarticular and metatarsal tubercles absent, but plantar surfaces heavily pustulose. Hind legs rather short (TL/SV = 0.38, Fig. 4A). Tongue elongate, straplike, anterior one-third attached to floor of mouth.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="79">In preservative, uniform dark brown above, lighter on sides, where many granules are light brown. Face dark brown with few pale-brown spots. Ventral surfaces and front and rear of thighs pale brown heavily flecked with dark brown, the latter most heavily concentrated on chin and throat. Iris black.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Measurements (in mm).-SV = 8.9, TL = 3.4, HW = 3.8, HL = 2.9, IN = 1.0, EN = 0.6, SN = 1.2, EY = 1.2, TY = 0.5, 4th T = 0.49.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="variation">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Females attain larger size and have smaller tympana than males (Table 1). Mensural variation in the sample is slight, and important differences are not obvious between the sexes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="79">In preservative, most specimens are somewhat lighter than the holotype, varying to medium brown dorsally, in which case a few small black blotches are evident. Three specimens directly fixed in alcohol each exhibit a pale gray-brown dorsum with a pair of black scapular blotches and a pair of black lumbar blotches, with a smaller mid-dorsal black blotch between the lumbar blotches. This pattern is evident in life in some specimens (Fig. 2D). Ventral coloration can be lighter in overall tone than seen in the holotype due to presence of fewer dark-brown flecks. Both tan and black spots may also occur sparsely in the ventral pattern. Three specimens have a pale-gray patch below the anus.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="8" pageNumber="79" type="color in life">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="79">Color in life.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="8" pageNumber="79">
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Field notes for paratype BPBM 37743 (Fig. 2C): "Brown with black flecks; warty. Face and venter black with light-gray flecks, posterior of abdomen
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="80" start="start">brown</pageBreakToken>
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. Rear of thighs brown, each with one large black spot." For paratype BPBM 37745 (Fig. 2D): "Dark brown with black markings, some tan flecks posteriorly and on legs, tan patch around anus. Venter charcoal gray and light gray." BPBM 37746 was light brown above with two black scapular triangles and no light anal patch. Its chin, throat, and chest were charcoal gray and its abdomen brown with light-gray punctations and dark-gray flecks. BPBM 37747 was dark brown above and also lacked a light-colored anal patch. Its venter was charcoal gray with light-gray flecks. BPBM 37748 was dorsally as for BPBM 37745 and ventrally as for BPBM 37746 and also lacked an anal patch. PNGNM 24121 was brown and black above and gray flecked with light brown below; PNGNM 24122 tan with black flecks above and gray with light-brown flecks below; BPBM 37749 also brown and black above and light and dark gray below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="80" type="call">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Call.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">The advertisement call of the holotype was recorded. Each call is a single drawn-out pulsed note given in a long train, with call trains varying from 67-102 s in the two series recorded by me. To the human ear, each call sounds like a quick drag of a finger over a comb. Calls are brief, with average duration varying from 1.210-1.652 s between animals and ranging from 0.712-1.942 s overall (Table 2, Fig. 5). Calls are given at a rate of 0.19-0.46 notes/s, with faster rates at higher temperatures (Table 2). Intervals between calls were longer than the calls themselves and were shorter at higher temperatures, averaging 1.093 s (range 0.897-3.876 s) at 14.9°C, and longer at colder temperatures, averaging 3.694 s (range 1.824-11.655 s) at 19.4°C (Table 2). Calls are highly pulsed, with 15-36 pulses/call, each pulse lasting 0.032-0.066 s (Table 2), and they increase and decrease in maximum amplitude gradually, with maximum amplitude sustained over most of the call duration (Fig. 5A). The power spectrum was rather broad, with a dominant frequency varying from 6510-7890 Hz (Fig. 5B).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="80" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
The species name
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“verrucosa”">"verrucosa"</normalizedToken>
|
||
is a Latin adjective meaning "full of warts".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="80" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Range.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Known only from the southeastern slope of Mt. Suckling near the saddle where it joins Mt. Dayman to the southeast, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" type="ecological notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">Ecological notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits leaf litter on the floor of primary mid-montane rainforest, seeming to prefer the lower slopes of steep hillsides. Canopy at the type locality was approximately 35 m high; understory was dense, with fallen trees,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Nastus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nastus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nastus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and melastomes common. This mid-montane forest begins at approximately 1200 m elevation, so
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems likely to inhabit forest down to that elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">This species typically called at dusk, even continuing through the deafening period of cicada calling at approximately 1800-1830 h, but calling ceased soon after dark. It also frequently called before dawn, and occasional individuals were heard to call briefly in mid-morning. It was not heard by me to call on days lacking rain.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="80">All three females contained two enlarged, well-yolked, cream-colored eggs and approximately a dozen small white oocytes.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="81" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
|
||
3. Map of southeastern Papua New Guinea, showing type localities for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne dekot" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dekot">Paedophryne dekot</taxonomicName>
|
||
(square) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(triangle). Only known localities for the related and geographically proximate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne kathismaphlox" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kathismaphlox">Paedophryne kathismaphlox</taxonomicName>
|
||
(filled circle) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne oyatabu" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oyatabu">Paedophryne oyatabu</taxonomicName>
|
||
(star) are shown for comparison.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Figure 4. A Dorsum, B ventrum, C side of head, D palmar view of left hand, and E plantar view of left foot of holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BPBM 37747). Scale bars = 5 mm
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
and 1 mm D, E.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Table 1. Mensural data for type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Table 2. Call data for two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Paedophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paedophryne verrucosa" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosa">Paedophryne verrucosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mt. Suckling. Numbers for call parameters are mean (range).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |