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<mods:title id="DBA2B12DFAF51A5723D711111111081B">A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4DFF044DE39EFD93ED5D24E0676A469C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="168754514" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4DFF044DE39EFD93ED5D24E0676A469C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4DFF044DE39EFD93ED5D24E0676A469C" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Curculionidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Scolytinae">
<subSubSection id="724EE746481E7598A7D40057A0A534D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FE4817EF76E519BBF153961C15B0E3A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="D2B78D014CB0EE1B7A1E7D7E62D9E4BC" ID-CoL="5CMK3" authority="(Blandford, 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Blandford" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus morigerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigerus">Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford, 1894)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="2D5FB2686F6BABF5F7E09D326D756D2E" captionStart="Figure 96" captionStartId="F96" captionText="Figure 96. Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of Xylosandrus mancus, 3.2 - 3.6 mm (A, B, I), X. mesuae, 1.3 - 1.7 mm (C, D, J), X. metagermanus holotype, 1.8 - 2.3 mm (E, F, K), and X. morigerus, 1.4 - 2.0 mm (G H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.983.52630.figure96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/470896" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 96G, H, L</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC7721ECB6D19087561637D2377E2C13" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="174A26E04012737695FD2B7E6B390751" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F1608CC12A8CD4402CE194BEE5A1E711" authorityName="Blandford" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus morigerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigerus">Xyleborus morigerus</taxonomicName>
Blandford, 1894a: 264.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22F718E6F31E52D3ACF6CE0E703853C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7A143F25D7316D03802FC77A56378E5F" baseAuthorityName="Blandford" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus morigerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigerus">Xylosandrus morigerus</taxonomicName>
(Blandford):
<bibRefCitation id="C505F4367AFF031589C2D6E1DEE4248C" DOI="http://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-68983" author="Reitter, E" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 32, Beiheft" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B330" refString="Reitter, E, 1913. Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Borkenkaefer (Scolytidae) aus Europa und den Angrenzenden Laendern. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 32, Beiheft, DOI: http://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-68983" title="Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Borkenkaefer (Scolytidae) aus Europa und den Angrenzenden Laendern." url="http://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-68983" year="1913">Reitter 1913</bibRefCitation>
: 84.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B78EFC094EBF4193B2F4F76F59C32602" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="26EABD970C0A8BF0B7B7E927DF0EC702" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus coffeae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeae">Xyleborus coffeae</taxonomicName>
Wurth, 1908: 64. Synonymy:
<bibRefCitation id="40B2D6E9B23611090C6D760C93334DEB" author="Strohmeyer, H" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blaetter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="186 - 187" refId="B457" refString="Strohmeyer, H, 1910. Ueber Kaffeeschaedlinge auf der Insel Java. Entomologische Blaetter 6: 186 - 187" title="Ueber Kaffeeschaedlinge auf der Insel Java." volume="6" year="1910">Strohmeyer 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 86;
<bibRefCitation id="89B6757DF8D21EE4C5F7491C0D7AF224" author="Schedl, KE" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="131 - 156" refId="B377" refString="Schedl, KE, 1951b. Fauna Samoanus (Scolytoides), I. 109. Contribution. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 20: 131 - 156" title="Fauna Samoanus (Scolytoides), I. 109. Contribution. Bernice P." volume="20" year="1951 b">Schedl 1951b</bibRefCitation>
: 136.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E3E2EE73DC69CF20921C6060888CF832" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="540351A32C9D3505019CB6487DF71DCE" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus difficilis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">Xyleborus difficilis</taxonomicName>
Eggers, 1923: 174. Synonymy:
<bibRefCitation id="621CC072A7A3167B63E1DE13DCDB4EE6" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="NRC Research Press, Ottawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B61" refString="Bright, DE, Skidmore, RE, 1997. A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 1 (1990-1994). NRC Research Press, Ottawa" title="A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 1 (1990 - 1994)." year="1997">Bright and Skidmore 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 4, 169.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97E9084A021F3B27F981290DDB8FBF80" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2620CB13D5EF208B44FB6E6C38B16F4A" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus luzonicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luzonicus">Xyleborus luzonicus</taxonomicName>
Eggers, 1923: 174. Synonymy:
<bibRefCitation id="E9C34421203F3C07B0CB468B19BE941F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.15523" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="277 - 290" refId="B478" refString="Wood, SL, 1974. New synonymy and records of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The Great Basin Naturalist 34: 277 - 290, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.15523" title="New synonymy and records of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.15523" volume="34" year="1974">Wood 1974</bibRefCitation>
: 287.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37A495871EC00FD8B2835E058D06520" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7D06F0E2FF6D5844F73103EE53A22B99" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus abruptoides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abruptoides">Xyleborus abruptoides</taxonomicName>
Schedl, 1955a: 298. Synonymy:
<bibRefCitation id="AAC322E54409B293A09EBBF091FDDCB3" author="Beaver, RA" journalOrPublisher="South Pacific Journal of Natural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="11 - 26" refId="B14" refString="Beaver, RA, 1995b. Additions and corrections to the bark and ambrosia beetle fauna of Fiji (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). South Pacific Journal of Natural Science 14: 11 - 26" title="Additions and corrections to the bark and ambrosia beetle fauna of Fiji (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." volume="14" year="1995 b">Beaver 1995b</bibRefCitation>
: 17.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4A0BFE678157C0AF508E12D41C2611C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph id="6C39510EE84128A1E7B953748C3C1670" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="930900827D117C457D918ED39AC7FB8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="DA950336BF4DD6F734647A9866661C8F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C99C6ED32483A29E56F70146068307DD" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus abruptoides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abruptoides">
<emphasis id="219E3D574FE02411053969A6DB64AF3E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xyleborus abruptoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BPBM).
<emphasis id="9799BBE7C79519CB6B7280FE82C5F6AA" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5F3F9CF9B4AD3C20D992B9B5C91B48FD" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus difficilis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="3BFED9B97286160522DE87D27E049482" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xyleborus difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NMNH).
<emphasis id="764F15038155D4E41E9DCCE8A9F85578" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Syntypes</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="34ED690533BA4BCDBD875F1CD486E061" baseAuthorityName="Blandford" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus morigerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigerus">
<emphasis id="F2AF3F7DB14DAE68E5B88E0B72EF8317" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xylosandrus morigerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHMUK).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B229D8F1088D4E80F36B244F9CBFFC02" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="new records">
<paragraph id="78E1E3B661415DC3FC53B0300A2748FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">New records.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7CC580653E9B38AA3A1CBF92CC0E7F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, vic. Man Dian (NNNR),
<geoCoordinate id="DDAD523E97F433A1BE0D0C47AC9BE410" degrees="22" direction="north" minutes="07.80" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.13">22°07.80'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="83312987392D9D0CFCC0CBE124488755" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="40.0" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="100.666664">100°40.0'E</geoCoordinate>
, 730 m, forest, 6.vi.2008, A. Weigel (RABC, 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="401D79D9322481C1848A3A6C10DD9511" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B79085550D6DA3D06C92F4375CCBC228" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F935B3EF4C9500DFBCB871CC4EDFA41" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
1.4-2.0 mm long (mean = 1.82 mm; n = 5); 2.0-2.33
<normalizedToken id="99B432971A969708A7148AD138B655E1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; disc strongly convex, much shorter than declivity; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital striae setose, setae minute, semi-recumbent, hair-like; interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of one interstria; pronotum wider than long, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view rounded (type 1), summit at midpoint, basal half smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55383944EDAD042F883E63DFE4D365E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="similar species">
<paragraph id="DBBFF786AA22101B281F7D10184215DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Similar species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0BAB87D5D4EE3D359BB26CC02C67C7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="AA327CEE6100F6D82D45E452C8144CAC" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus adherescens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adherescens">
<emphasis id="122CFAA010209FF19D8D69E88C0C2B36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xylosandrus adherescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="07BFC8BB8A7E4C3B54B73911FC39C182" lsidName="X. compactus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="compactus">
<emphasis id="0F5C76327D4C9194DBBC5DDF4116A298" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. compactus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="EEEB50E2820348DC962C9EC0F505BD0F" lsidName="X. derupteterminatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="derupteterminatus">
<emphasis id="ED1D9DC781319CED9DC64E7E2227BFAB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. derupteterminatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4F998BE0A6F6CCEFA1DD61C30D07C213" lsidName="X. mesuae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mesuae">
<emphasis id="4932F82C371877C93867590AC180970A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. mesuae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5BB7C75012936F068759A95A83856580" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4B50D1EABC62DACA1E94CA4B01DE117F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0462FEE1B89555D9B0D2320773D200BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Circumtropical. Within the study region recorded from China* (Yunnan), India (Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="17A52198C112702DF96FB78F5DAD1F27" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.529" author="Kirkendall, LR" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="227 - 251" refId="B232" refString="Kirkendall, LR, Faccoli, M, 2010. Bark beetles and pinhole borers (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Platypodinae) alien to Europe. ZooKeys 56: 227 - 251, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.529" title="Bark beetles and pinhole borers (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Platypodinae) alien to Europe." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.529" volume="56" year="2010">Kirkendall and Faccoli 2010</bibRefCitation>
) and South and Central America (
<bibRefCitation id="6AB8696EFA5FE4C9C80983A045C877E4" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 1359" refId="B483" refString="Wood, SL, 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="8" year="1982">Wood 1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C913F952BE20E26568A5D55FB97AF38B" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Bean Life Science Museum, Provo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B489" refString="Wood, SL, 2007. Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of South America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Brigham Young University, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Provo" title="Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of South America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Brigham Young University, M. L." year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9F46B17E44EDA453BF1B34976CC60878" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
<paragraph id="E17FCBE053D8E565D5F9D2BA3D448867" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Host plants.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6EBB97367C4473BBB544FB34AF0007F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Strongly polyphagous (
<bibRefCitation id="5A2F6FF3EEF451D0B1D63AE4D05B95D2" author="Dole, SA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="451 - 545" refId="B109" refString="Dole, SA, Cognato, AI, 2010. Revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Proceedings of the California of Science 61: 451 - 545" title="Revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." volume="61" year="2010">Dole and Cognato 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="64B511655D735E230A4A55BD50339914" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="985B7CC1E72F7044929838CEF7C5B65B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="685AFEFB99F6374363EDD65CA8138E1D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The biology has been studied by
<bibRefCitation id="F00C519C9FB2EAB2025C40AC70D9FE6E" author="Browne, FG" journalOrPublisher="Sarawak Museum Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="300 - 318" refId="B69" refString="Browne, FG, 1961a. Borer beetles from Bako National Park (Sarawak). Sarawak Museum Journal 10: 300 - 318" title="Borer beetles from Bako National Park (Sarawak)." volume="10" year="1961 a">Browne (1961a)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EBB56DF9CD790CB32E5D67B1554554A7" author="Kalshoven, LGE" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 110" refId="B222" refString="Kalshoven, LGE, 1961. A study of the twig borer Xyleborus morigerus Blandford, mainly based on observations in Java. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 104: 93 - 110" title="A study of the twig borer Xyleborus morigerus Blandford, mainly based on observations in Java." volume="104" year="1961">Kalshoven (1961)</bibRefCitation>
. These and other studies are reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="CE316D7BEA6F10D7A45B94C6D8F88416" author="Schedl, KE" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Entomologia de Mocambique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 594" refId="B399" refString="Schedl, KE, 1963a. Scolytidae und Platypodidae Afrikas. Band II. Familie Scolytidae (Fortsetzung), Unterfamilie Ipinae (Fortsetzung). Revista de Entomologia de Mocambique 5: 1 - 594" title="Scolytidae und Platypodidae Afrikas. Band II. Familie Scolytidae (Fortsetzung), Unterfamilie Ipinae (Fortsetzung)." volume="5" year="1963 a">Schedl (1963a)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E6D1BCD7AEFEB8C060AE1F197E15087C" author="Le Pelley, RH" journalOrPublisher="Ltd., London and Harlow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B243" refString="Le Pelley, RH, 1968. Pests of Coffee. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London and Harlow" title="Pests of Coffee. Longmans, Green and Co." year="1968">Le Pelley (1968)</bibRefCitation>
. The species has some economic importance as a pest of coffee (
<bibRefCitation id="E305FB772F5C5CBC9AC1DA7BF363940F" author="Kalshoven, LGE" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 110" refId="B222" refString="Kalshoven, LGE, 1961. A study of the twig borer Xyleborus morigerus Blandford, mainly based on observations in Java. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 104: 93 - 110" title="A study of the twig borer Xyleborus morigerus Blandford, mainly based on observations in Java." volume="104" year="1961">Kalshoven 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="179B1B591E7123E28E5571ADCFB90A31" author="Le Pelley, RH" journalOrPublisher="Ltd., London and Harlow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B243" refString="Le Pelley, RH, 1968. Pests of Coffee. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London and Harlow" title="Pests of Coffee. Longmans, Green and Co." year="1968">Le Pelley 1968</bibRefCitation>
) and of other crop trees.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>