459 lines
58 KiB
XML
459 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3CFA5D5D5C8BF513C423D7D9F33FAEC2">A reclassification of the weevil subfamily Cyclominae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9A0809254A60AD6154DBDACE9C4D6F3D">Oberprieler, Rolf G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="AB1F9CF9D459525C6C7EC5D63F233D8D">2010</mods:date>
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<treatment id="2B6F645CAA0EFFEFFF692C0CFB36C1AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6206706" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119389334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6206706" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B6F645CAA0EFFEFFF692C0CFB36C1AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B6F645CAA0EFFEFFF692C0CFB36C1AB" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="EBDC86C1AA0EFFF0FF692C0CFDB0C4C0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A379D54AAA0EFFF0FF692C0CFE40C488" blockId="15.[151,585,637,735]" box="[151,492,637,663]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="F8316226AA0EFFF0FF692C0CFE40C488" bold="true" box="[151,492,637,663]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FF692C0CFE40C488" bold="true" box="[151,492,637,663]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FF1C2C0CFED5C488" box="[226,377,637,663]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
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LeConte
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A379D54AAA0EFFF0FF382CD1FDB0C4C0" blockId="15.[151,585,637,735]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FF382CD1FDE9C4A5" authority="LeConte, 1876: 124" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="124" authorityYear="1876" box="[198,581,672,698]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini LeConte, 1876: 124</taxonomicName>
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. Palaechtini Brinck, 1948: 43.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EBDC86C1AA0EFFF0FF692D61FDD4C280" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A379D54AAA0EFFF0FF692D61FDD4C280" blockId="15.[151,1437,784,2004]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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This predominantly South American tribe is reasonably well studied, having been subjected to modern revisions (e.g., Morrone 1992, 1994a, 1994b, 1994c, 1994d) as well as phylogenetic (
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FB7A2D44FAECC550" author="Morrone" box="[1156,1344,821,847]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" refString="Morrone, J. J. (1993 b) Cladistic and biogeographic analyses of the weevil genus Listroderes Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Cladistics, 9 (4), 397 - 411." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Morrone 1993b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FAB32D44FA3BC550" author="Morrone" box="[1357,1431,821,847]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" refString="Morrone, J. J. (1994 a) Systematics, cladistics, and biogeography of the Andean weevil genera Macrostyphlus, Adioristidius, Puranius, and Amathynetoides, new genus (Coleoptera: Curculoinidae). American Museum Novitates, 3104, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">1994a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FF692D2BFF4EC56B" author="Morrone" box="[151,226,858,884]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refString="Morrone, J. J. (1997 b) Cladistics of the New World genera of Listroderina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini). Cladistics, 13, 247 - 266." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="b">1997b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FF102D2BFD82C56B" author="Morrone" box="[238,558,858,884]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refString="Morrone, J. J. & Anderson, R. S. (1995) The Falklandius generic group: cladistic analysis with description of new taxa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini). American Museum Novitates, 3121, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1995">Morrone & Anderson 1995</bibRefCitation>
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) and biogeographical analyses (Morrone 1994e,
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FB962D2BFA3BC56B" author="Morrone" box="[1128,1431,858,884]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refString="Morrone, J. J. & Urtubey, E. (1997) Historical biogeography of the northern Andes: a cladistic analysis based on five genera of Rhytirrhinini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Barnadesia (Asteraceae). Biogeographica, 73, 115 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">Morrone & Urtubey 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FF692DF1FED6C585" author="Donato" box="[151,378,896,922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" refString="Donato, M., Posadas, P., Miranda-Esquivel, D. R., Jaureguizar, E. O. & Cladera, G. (2003) Historical biogeography of the Andean region: evidence from Listroderina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini) in the context of the South American geobiotic scenario. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 339 - 352." type="journal article" year="2003">
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Donato
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<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FF0B2DF1FE86C586" box="[245,298,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 2003
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FE702DF1FCA7C585" author="Alonso-Zarazaga" box="[398,779,896,922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Lyal, C. H. C. (1999) A World Catalogue of Families and Genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, S. C. P., Spain, 315 pp." type="book" year="1999">Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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enumerated 30 genera in it, although
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FB312DF1FA37C585" author="Morrone" box="[1231,1435,896,922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refString="Morrone, J. J. (1997 b) Cladistics of the New World genera of Listroderina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini). Cladistics, 13, 247 - 266." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="b">Morrone (1997b)</bibRefCitation>
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considered the tribe to also contain genera in
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<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA0EFFF0FD572DD4FCEAC5A0" box="[681,838,933,959]" name="New Zealand" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA0EFFF0FC812DD4FC47C5A0" box="[895,1003,933,959]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Australia</collectingCountry>
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(after
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FBC62DD4FB70C5A0" author="Kuschel" box="[1080,1244,933,959]" pageId="15" pageNumber="28" refString="Kuschel, G. (1964) Insects of Campbell Island. Coleoptera: Curculionidae of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph, 7, 416 - 493." type="journal article" year="1964">Kuschel 1964</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FB162DD4FAC8C5A0" author="May" box="[1256,1380,933,959]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" refString="May, B. M. (1994) An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea. Pp. 365 - 728. In: Zimmerman, E. C., Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume II - Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on Immature Stages by Brenda May. CSIRO, Australia, 755 pp." type="book chapter" year="1994">
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<date id="D778F38AAA0EFFF0FB162DD4FAC8C5A0" box="[1256,1380,933,959]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1994-05">May 1994</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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), yet without clarifying the limits of the group.
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FD732DBBFCD2C5FB" box="[653,894,970,996]" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" refString="Donato, M., Posadas, P., Miranda-Esquivel, D. R., Jaureguizar, E. O. & Cladera, G. (2003) Historical biogeography of the Andean region: evidence from Listroderina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini) in the context of the South American geobiotic scenario. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 339 - 352." type="journal article">
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Donato
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<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FD122DBBFC8CC5FC" box="[748,800,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. (2003)
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</bibRefCitation>
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considered
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FBF02DBBFB35C5FB" box="[1038,1177,970,996]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
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to be a monophyletic group but were similarly vague about its limits or definition, and their dispersal-vicariance analysis of the 25 American genera also assumed these to constitute a monophyletic grouping despite Morrone’s (1997b) assessment that this was likely to be a paraphyletic assemblage without the five genera from the
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<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA0EFFF0FADA2A4BFF45C265" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
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islands and also the
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<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA0EFFF0FE062A11FD0EC265" box="[504,674,1120,1146]" name="New Zealand" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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and Australian genera. Even within
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<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA0EFFF0FB842A11FB47C265" box="[1146,1259,1120,1146]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">America</collectingCountry>
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, however, the composition of the tribe remains unclear.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EBDC86C1AA0EFFEFFF3A2ADAFEFBC46D" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="A379D54AAA0EFFF0FF3A2ADAFE5CC105" blockId="15.[151,1437,784,2004]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FF3A2ADAFE6EC2DB" ID-CoL="8HQJN" authority="Heller" authorityName="Heller" box="[196,450,1194,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhigopsidius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FF3A2ADAFEC5C2DB" box="[196,361,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rhigopsidius</emphasis>
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Heller
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</taxonomicName>
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, originally classified in Rhythirrininae (
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FC3C2ADBFBF3C2DB" author="Heller" box="[962,1119,1194,1220]" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" refString="Heller, K. M. (1906) Neue Russelkafer aus Central- und Sudamerika. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, 67 (1), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1906">Heller 1906</bibRefCitation>
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), was later transferred to
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FF692AA1FEBCC2F5" ID-CoL="8JRPN" box="[151,272,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Entiminae">Entiminae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FEE02AA1FDD1C2F5" author="Kuschel" box="[286,637,1232,1258]" pageId="15" pageNumber="28" refString="Kuschel, G. (1955) Nuevas sinonimias y anotaciones sobre Curculionoidea (Coleoptera). Investigaciones zoologicas chilenas, 4, 231 - 252." type="journal article" year="1955">
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Kuschel 1955, as
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FE112AA1FDD1C2F5" box="[495,637,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptopiinae">Leptopiinae</taxonomicName>
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</bibRefCitation>
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) but reinstated in Rhythirrinini by
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FBEC2AA1FAE2C2F5" box="[1042,1358,1232,1258]" pageId="15" pageNumber="31" refString="Wibmer, G. J. & O'Brien, C. W. (1986) Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 39, 1 - 563." type="journal article">Wibmer & O’Brien (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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, as the only New-World genus of this tribe and without explanation. This placement was accepted by
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FAEA2A84FECDC32B" author="Morrone" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refString="Morrone, J. J. & Loiacono, M. S. (1992) Revision of the genus Rhigopsidius HELLER (Insecta, Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Rhytirrhininae). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 54 (7), 129 - 139." type="journal article" year="1992">Morrone & Loiácono (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FE602B6BFDDDC32B" author="Morrone" box="[414,625,1306,1332]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refString="Morrone, J. J. (1997 b) Cladistics of the New World genera of Listroderina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini). Cladistics, 13, 247 - 266." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="b">Morrone (1997b)</bibRefCitation>
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, the latter consequently using
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FC1A2B6AFB2DC32B" ID-CoL="8HQJN" box="[996,1153,1307,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhigopsidius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FC1A2B6AFB2DC32B" box="[996,1153,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rhigopsidius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as outgroup to root his phylogeny of
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FEC22B31FE67C345" box="[316,459,1344,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FE282B31FDDEC345" author="Louw" box="[470,626,1344,1370]" pageId="15" pageNumber="28" refString="Louw, S. (1998) Solving the riddle: combining life-history analysis and morphological comparison in weevil systematics. Pp. 19 - 26. In: Colonnelli, E., Louw, S., & Osella, G. (Eds.), Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga). Proceedings of a Symposium (28 August 1996, Florenze, Italy), XX. International Congress of Entomology. ATTI, Museo Regionale de Scienze Naturali, Torino, 294 pp." type="book" year="1998">Louw (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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instead included the genus in his subtribe Gronopina, again without explanation but evidently based on the structure of its ovipositor as described and illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FAEB2B14FEC1C3BB" author="Morrone" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refString="Morrone, J. J. & Loiacono, M. S. (1992) Revision of the genus Rhigopsidius HELLER (Insecta, Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Rhytirrhininae). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 54 (7), 129 - 139." type="journal article" year="1992">Morrone & Loiácono (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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. However, this ovipositor does not conform to the “clawed
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<typeStatus id="7C7D6BE8AA0EFFF0FB9F2BFBFB36C3BB" box="[1121,1178,1418,1444]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
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” as characteristic of Hipporhinini (see above), in that the sharp, outwardly pointed apices of the gonocoxites are not formed by the styli but by the gonocoxites themselves, the styli instead being reduced to a few setae mesally at the base of the bent gonocoxite apices (
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<figureCitation id="3BFDC9CFAA0EFFF0FE012B8BFDCCC00B" box="[511,608,1530,1556]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 31" captionStartId="18.[151,269,1722,1746]" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 31. Ovipositor structure of Listroderini, dorsal view. 30 — Rhigopsidius piercei Heller (Bolivia); 31 — Listroderes bimaculatus Boheman (Chile, Farellones, ix. 1991). Scale bars 0.5 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
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). Furthermore, the ovipositor is not as short and broad as it is in Hipporhinini, and the proximal gonocoxites are not laterally extended anteriad. In fact, the ovipositor of
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<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FF692834FE9FC041" ID-CoL="8HQJN" box="[151,307,1605,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhigopsidius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FF692834FE9FC041" box="[151,307,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rhigopsidius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is rather similar to that of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FD2C2834FCFBC041" ID-CoL="8HHP5" box="[722,855,1605,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Listroderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FD2C2834FCFBC041" box="[722,855,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Listroderes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FC692834FB91C041" ID-CoL="52V8G" box="[919,1085,1605,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Stramia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FC692834FB91C041" box="[919,1085,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">L. costirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FB252834FA34C040" author="Morrone" box="[1243,1432,1605,1631]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" refString="Morrone, J. J. (1993 a) Systematic revision of the costirostris species group of the weevil genus Listroderes Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 119 (4), 271 - 301." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Morrone 1993a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FF69281BFF4EC09B" author="Morrone" box="[151,226,1642,1668]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" refString="Morrone, J. J. (1993 b) Cladistic and biogeographic analyses of the weevil genus Listroderes Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Cladistics, 9 (4), 397 - 411." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">1993b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3BFDC9CFAA0EFFF0FF02281BFEF8C09B" box="[252,340,1642,1668]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 31" captionStartId="18.[151,269,1722,1746]" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 31. Ovipositor structure of Listroderini, dorsal view. 30 — Rhigopsidius piercei Heller (Bolivia); 31 — Listroderes bimaculatus Boheman (Chile, Farellones, ix. 1991). Scale bars 0.5 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FE60281AFD95C09B" ID-CoL="8HQJN" box="[414,569,1643,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhigopsidius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FE60281AFD95C09B" box="[414,569,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rhigopsidius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
evidently belongs near this genus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FC09281BFB2AC09B" box="[1015,1158,1642,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it appears more strongly adapted and specialised to a terricolous life and oviposition in soil near potatoes, its larval host.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FF6928C4FE4AC0D0" author="Loiacono" box="[151,486,1717,1743]" pageId="15" pageNumber="28" refString="Loiacono, M. S. & Morrone, J. J. (1991) Immature stages of Rhigopsidius piercei Heller (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Elytron, 5, 23 - 29." type="journal article" year="1991">Loiácono & Morrone (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded its larva to be similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FC2828C4FB31C0D0" ID-CoL="8HHP6" authority="Jekel" authorityName="Jekel" box="[982,1181,1717,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Listronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FC2828C4FBF7C0D1" box="[982,1115,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Listronotus</emphasis>
|
||
Jekel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA0EFFF0FB0128C4FA37C0D0" box="[1279,1435,1717,1743]" name="New Zealand" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FF6928AAFF55C0EB" ID-CoL="8HN3B" box="[151,249,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Nestrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FF6928AAFF55C0EB" box="[151,249,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nestrius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA0EFFF0FEC428ABFE50C0EB" author="Marvaldi" box="[314,508,1754,1780]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" refString="Marvaldi, A. E. (1998) Larvae of South American Rhytirrhininae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 52 (1), 71 - 89." type="journal article" year="1998">Marvaldi (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also did not note any larval characters noticeably different from those of other South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FEA32971FE47C105" box="[349,491,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A379D54AAA0EFFEFFF3A2954FEFBC46D" blockId="15.[151,1437,784,2004]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1438,152,1972]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FE542954FDC1C120" ID-CoL="8HRW7" authority="Kuschel" authorityName="Kuschel" box="[426,621,1829,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Telurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FE542954FDAEC121" box="[426,514,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Telurus</emphasis>
|
||
Kuschel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nested within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FCB32954FC76C121" ID-CoL="8HJRY" box="[845,986,1829,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Falklandius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA0EFFF0FCB32954FC76C121" box="[845,986,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Falklandius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FBB12954FB76C120" box="[1103,1242,1829,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Morrone’s & Anderson’s (1995) cladogram, bears small but clear scars of deciduous cusps on its mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3BFDC9CFAA0EFFF0FB01293BFA23C17B" box="[1279,1423,1866,1892]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 33" captionStartId="18.[151,273,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[333,1234,218,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[296,1296,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 33. Scars of deciduous mandibular cusps of Telurus caudiculatus Morrone & Anderson (Argentina, Ushuaia, Ghiacciaio S. Martial, 22 - 1 - 1988). 32 — front of rostrum in anterior view with mandibles showing ventral scars (arrowed); 33 — mandibular scars enlarged (arrowed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293980/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 32–33</figureCitation>
|
||
), in the same low position where they occur in the entimine tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FC4F2901FBC7C195" ID-CoL="8K44Z" box="[945,1131,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cylydrorhinini">Cylydrorhinini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is also diverse in temperate South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA0EFFF0FE9729E4FE7EC1B0" box="[361,466,1941,1967]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
and with which the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FD2F29E4FCCFC1B0" box="[721,867,1941,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been affiliated and confused in the past. Atypically of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FEBA29CBFE69C1CB" ID-CoL="8JRPN" box="[324,453,1978,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Entiminae">Entiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA0EFFF0FE2C29CBFD25C1CB" ID-CoL="8K44Z" box="[466,649,1978,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cylydrorhinini">Cylydrorhinini</taxonomicName>
|
||
have phanerognathous mouthparts but may, in addition to their mandibular cusps, be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFD7F2EE9FCA0C6AD" box="[641,780,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their dorsally and posteriorly open scrobes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFABA2EE9FA35C6AE" ID-CoL="8HRW7" box="[1348,1433,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Telurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFABA2EE9FA35C6AE" box="[1348,1433,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Telurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
agrees with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFECD2ECCFE5CC6C8" ID-CoL="8K44Z" box="[307,496,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cylydrorhinini">Cylydrorhinini</taxonomicName>
|
||
also in its mouthparts and scrobes, and its ovipositor is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF692E93FD8CC6E3" ID-CoL="8HH69" authority="Guerin-Meneville" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" box="[151,544,226,252]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cylydrorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF692E93FEEEC6E4" box="[151,322,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cylydrorhinus</emphasis>
|
||
Guérin-Méneville
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having sharply pointed distal gonocoxites, with the stylus reduced to a subterminal tuft of setae. It therefore belongs in this entimine tribe rather than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFBBB2F79FB63C73D" box="[1093,1231,264,290]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFAF92F79FA35C73D" box="[1287,1433,264,290]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyclominae">Cyclominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFF692F5CFEFEC758" author="Kuschel" box="[151,338,301,327]" pageId="16" pageNumber="28" refString="Kuschel, G. (1955) Nuevas sinonimias y anotaciones sobre Curculionoidea (Coleoptera). Investigaciones zoologicas chilenas, 4, 231 - 252." type="journal article" year="1955">Kuschel (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had in fact originally described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFD222F5CFC9EC759" ID-CoL="8HRW7" box="[732,818,301,326]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Telurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFD222F5CFC9EC759" box="[732,818,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Telurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFCA32F5CFBBCC758" ID-CoL="8K44Z" box="[861,1040,301,327]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cylydrorhinini">Cylydrorhinini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and he only later transferred the genus to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFEFB2F23FDF6C773" authority="(Kuschel 1958)" baseAuthorityName="Kuschel" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[261,602,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">
|
||
Listroderini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFE5A2F23FDFDC773" author="Kuschel" box="[420,593,338,364]" pageId="16" pageNumber="28" refString="Kuschel, G. (1958) Nuevos Cylydrorhininae de la Patagonia (Col. Curculionoidea, Aporte 18) .. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 4, 261 - 312." type="journal article" year="1958">Kuschel 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Whether other genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFC3D2F23FBFFC774" ID-CoL="8HJRY" box="[963,1107,338,363]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Falklandius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFC3D2F23FBFFC774" box="[963,1107,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Falklandius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group or of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFB132F23FAD7C773" box="[1261,1403,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
as currently constituted may be similarly misplaced in this tribe remains to be investigated; species examined of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF692FECFE06C7A8" ID-CoL="8HJRY" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" box="[151,426,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Falklandius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF692FECFE86C7A9" box="[151,298,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Falklandius</emphasis>
|
||
Enderlein
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFDF42FECFC8DC7A8" ID-CoL="8HC7Q" authority="Morrone" authorityName="Morrone" box="[522,801,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Adioristidius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFDF42FECFD06C7A9" box="[522,682,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Adioristidius</emphasis>
|
||
Morrone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFCD02FECFBC6C7A8" ID-CoL="8HCKT" authority="Morrone" authorityName="Morrone" box="[814,1130,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Amathynetoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFCD02FECFC5EC7A9" box="[814,1010,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amathynetoides</emphasis>
|
||
Morrone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFB882FECFA34C7A8" ID-CoL="8HCXJ" authority="Fairmaire" authorityName="Fairmaire" box="[1142,1432,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Antarctobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFB882FECFAB8C7A9" box="[1142,1300,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Antarctobius</emphasis>
|
||
Fairmaire
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF692FB3FE14C7C3" ID-CoL="8HJYM" authority="Morrone" authorityName="Morrone" box="[151,440,450,476]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Germainiellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF692FB3FEE8C7C4" box="[151,324,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Germainiellus</emphasis>
|
||
Morrone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFE3B2FB3FD69C7C3" ID-CoL="8HKRC" authority="Marshall" authorityName="Marshall" box="[453,709,450,476]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Hyperoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFE3B2FB3FDE3C7C4" box="[453,591,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hyperoides</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFDA92FB3FD69C7C3" box="[599,709,450,476]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFD2D2FB3FC42C7C3" ID-CoL="8HHP5" authority="Schoenherr" authorityName="Schoenherr" box="[723,1006,450,476]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Listroderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFD2D2FB3FCF6C7C4" box="[723,858,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Listroderes</emphasis>
|
||
Schoenherr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFC052FB3FB66C7C3" ID-CoL="8HHP6" authority="Jekel" authorityName="Jekel" box="[1019,1226,450,476]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Listronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFC052FB3FB28C7C4" box="[1019,1156,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Listronotus</emphasis>
|
||
Jekel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFAF82FB3FEB8C41D" ID-CoL="8HS99" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Trachodema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFAF82FB3FA30C7C4" box="[1286,1436,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trachodema</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not have mandibular scars but, as shown by the subantarctic entimine tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFB1E2F99FA30C41D" ID-CoL="8KDS4" box="[1248,1436,488,514]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ectemnorhinini">Ectemnorhinini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFF612C7CFE66C438" author="Kuschel" box="[159,458,525,551]" pageId="16" pageNumber="28" refString="Kuschel, G. & Chown, S. L. (1995) Phylogeny and systematics of the Ectemnorhinus - group of genera (Insecta: Coleoptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 9, 841 - 863." type="journal article" year="1995">Kuschel & Chown 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the absence (loss) of mandibular cusps is not necessarily evidence that a genus does not belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFE5B2C43FD8EC453" ID-CoL="8JRPN" box="[421,546,562,588]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Entiminae">Entiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The current composition and definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFBDB2C43FB03C453" box="[1061,1199,562,588]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore in need of reassessment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EBDC86C1AA11FFEFFF3A2C0CFB36C1AB" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A379D54AAA11FFEFFF3A2C0CFE85C5DD" blockId="16.[151,1438,152,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
This state of affairs also extends to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFD892C0CFD4AC488" box="[631,742,637,663]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFCDC2C0CFC6BC488" box="[802,967,637,663]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where certain genera have sometimes been included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFE9E2CD3FE46C4A3" box="[352,490,674,700]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
but never on the basis of any proper and comprehensive concept of the tribe. Of the Australian “rhythirrinine” fauna (as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFD4B2CB9FC36C4FD" author="Zimmerman" box="[693,922,712,738]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1992) Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume VI - Colour Plates 304 - 632. CSIRO, Australia, 707 pp." type="book chapter" year="1992">Zimmerman 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the genera referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFB262CB9FAC1C4FD" box="[1240,1389,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF692C9CFEEEC519" box="[151,322,749,774]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anorthorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF692C9CFEEEC519" box="[151,322,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Anorthorhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFEAE2C9CFE12C519" box="[336,446,749,774]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Steriphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFEAE2C9CFE12C519" box="[336,446,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Steriphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFDD12C9CFD1CC519" box="[559,688,749,774]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Methypora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFDD12C9CFD1CC519" box="[559,688,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Methypora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(listed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFCD62C9CFC37C518" box="[808,923,749,775]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aterpinae">Aterpinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFC3C2C9CFB0DC518" author="Zimmerman" box="[962,1185,749,775]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1992) Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume VI - Colour Plates 304 - 632. CSIRO, Australia, 707 pp." type="book chapter" year="1992">Zimmerman (1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFB502C9CFB47C518" author="Zimmerman" box="[1198,1259,749,775]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1994) Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume I - Orthoceri, Anthribidae to Attelabidae. The Primitive Weevils. CSIRO, Australia, 741 pp." type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)), which differ from the other five genera (here provisionally kept in Rhythirrinini, as above) in possessing tibial spurs (respectively 1-1-1, 1-1-1 or 0-0-0, 0-1-2), a plesiomorphic ovipositor (with small, blunt subapical styli) and also a vestiture similar to that of the South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFCFA2D2CFC3FC568" box="[772,915,861,887]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFBFB2D2CFB0DC568" box="[1029,1185,861,887]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFB032D2CFAC7C569" box="[1277,1387,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gromilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFB032D2CFAC7C569" box="[1277,1387,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Gromilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF692DF3FF56C584" box="[151,250,898,923]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Nestrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF692DF3FF56C584" box="[151,250,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nestrius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(again with spur formula 1-1-1) and seemingly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFCC92DF3FC69C584" box="[823,965,898,923]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Liparogetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFCC92DF3FC69C584" box="[823,965,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Liparogetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(not examined) have to be classified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF692DD9FE89C5DD" box="[151,293,936,962]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A379D54AAA11FFEFFF3A2DBCFBCFC343" blockId="16.[151,1438,152,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
No native listroderines are hitherto recorded from Africa, but there are two species of an evidently undescribed genus in the Cape Province of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFD5F2D83FC96C213" box="[673,826,1010,1036]" name="South Africa" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
that must be referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFB9A2D83FB5CC213" box="[1124,1264,1010,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
on account of their
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF2B2A69FEEFC22E" box="[213,323,1048,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Steriphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF2B2A69FEEFC22E" box="[213,323,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Steriphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like habitus and vestiture, tibial spur formula (1-1-2) and unmodified ovipositor. They do not appear to be adventive in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFE332A4CFDCAC248" box="[461,614,1085,1111]" name="South Africa" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
from either South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFCB42A4CFC1CC248" box="[842,944,1085,1111]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(as is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFC012A4CFAD8C248" authority="Marshall" authorityName="Marshall" box="[1023,1396,1085,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Hyperoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFC012A4CFB53C249" box="[1023,1279,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hyperoides fragariae</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFAF62A4CFAD8C248" box="[1288,1396,1085,1111]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFF272A13FEEAC263" box="[217,326,1122,1148]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(no such species described there as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFD042A12FCC5C263" box="[762,873,1123,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Steriphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFD042A12FCC5C263" box="[762,873,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Steriphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFC6C2A12FBA0C263" box="[914,1036,1123,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Desiantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFC6C2A12FBA0C263" box="[914,1036,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Desiantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and thus seemingly are the only autochthonous listroderine element in Africa. One of the species has been reared from stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFADD2AF9FEE9C2D8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="Geranium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFADD2AF9FA30C2BE" box="[1315,1436,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Geranium</emphasis>
|
||
(Geraniaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other collected on leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFCE92ADCFB6FC2D8" box="[791,1219,1197,1223]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Crassula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coccinea">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFCE92ADCFC52C2D9" box="[791,1022,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crassula coccinea</emphasis>
|
||
(Crassulaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Gondwanan distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFEB82AA3FE7CC2F3" box="[326,464,1234,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is further manifested by the discovery of Pliocene fossils in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFB632AA3FABBC2F3" box="[1181,1303,1234,1260]" name="Antarctica" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFAD82AA3FEB0C30D" author="Ashworth" pageId="16" pageNumber="27" refString="Ashworth, A. C., Harwood, D. M., Webb, P. N. & Mabin, M. C. G. (1997) A weevil from the heart of Antarctica. Quaternary Proceedings, 5, 15 - 22." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Ashworth
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF692A89FF60C30E" box="[151,204,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFED42A89FDDAC30D" author="Ashworth" box="[298,630,1272,1298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="27" refString="Ashworth, A. C. & Kuschel, G. (2003) Fossil weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from latitude 85 ºS Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 191, 191 - 202." type="journal article" year="2003">Ashworth & Kuschel 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which were assigned to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFC1E2A89FBC4C30E" box="[992,1128,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Listroderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFC1E2A89FBC4C30E" box="[992,1128,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Listroderes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (rather than the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF692B6CFE98C329" box="[151,308,1309,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Falklandius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF692B6CFE98C329" box="[151,308,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Falklandius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group), although the head as illustrated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFC8B2B6CFB40C328" author="Ashworth" box="[885,1260,1309,1335]" pageId="16" pageNumber="27" refString="Ashworth, A. C. & Kuschel, G. (2003) Fossil weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from latitude 85 ºS Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 191, 191 - 202." type="journal article" year="2003">Ashworth & Kuschel (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows weak, dorsolaterally open scrobes more similar to the condition in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFC7A2B32FBBCC343" box="[900,1040,1347,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Falklandius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFC7A2B32FBBCC343" box="[900,1040,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Falklandius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A379D54AAA11FFEFFF3A2B19FC83C100" blockId="16.[151,1438,152,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Given the uncertain composition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFD992B19FD58C39D" box="[615,756,1384,1410]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, no clear definition and diagnosis of the tribe can as yet be provided. Based on the Australian,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFD9F2BFCFCA7C3B8" box="[609,779,1421,1447]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and African genera here assigned to it and a small representation of American genera as examined, the following features characterise the group: dorsum mostly densely setose or squamose, setae on rostrum and pronotum often directed anteriad or mesad, on elytra posteriad; scrobes lateral but posteriorly sometimes curving onto rostral venter, posteriorly mostly open but occasionally angled down (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFDBE2852FD78C023" box="[576,724,1571,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Listronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFDBE2852FD78C023" box="[576,724,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Listronotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); epistome generally poorly demarcated, rarely raised (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFF5F2839FE9EC07E" box="[161,306,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acrostomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFF5F2839FE9EC07E" box="[161,306,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acrostomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFEBD2839FE49C07E" box="[323,485,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhigopsidius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFEBD2839FE49C07E" box="[323,485,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rhigopsidius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); eyes large, flat, usually oval (subcircular in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFBD22839FB6CC07E" box="[1068,1216,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Falklandius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFBD22839FB6CC07E" box="[1068,1216,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Falklandius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFB002839FA25C07E" box="[1278,1417,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lanteriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFB002839FA25C07E" box="[1278,1417,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Lanteriella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); mandibles paucisetose (3 or fewer setae); funicles with 1st and often 2nd segment elongated; prothorax with or without ocular lobes; prosternum long, sometimes slightly depressed, rarely excavate (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFB5A28E7FA93C0B0" box="[1188,1343,1686,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhigopsidius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91B20958AA11FFEFFB5A28E7FA93C0B0" box="[1188,1343,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rhigopsidius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); tibiae mucronate, generally with 1 or 2 spurs; claws divaricate, simple or with slight basal swelling; gonocoxites generally simple, with large, apical or subapical stylus carrying a tuft of setae, but occasionally without stylus and apex of gonocoxite flattened and bent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3BFDC9CFAA11FFEFFD6C2974FC8EC100" box="[658,802,1797,1823]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 31" captionStartId="18.[151,269,1722,1746]" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 31. Ovipositor structure of Listroderini, dorsal view. 30 — Rhigopsidius piercei Heller (Bolivia); 31 — Listroderes bimaculatus Boheman (Chile, Farellones, ix. 1991). Scale bars 0.5 mm." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 30–31</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A379D54AAA11FFEFFF3A295BFB36C1AB" blockId="16.[151,1438,152,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Information on the biology and hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFD56295BFC98C15B" box="[680,820,1834,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Listroderini">Listroderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also scarce but more comprehensive than for the other tribes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64C6AEC9AA11FFEFFEAE2921FE45C175" box="[336,489,1872,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyclominae">Cyclominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, largely due to the fact that many listroderine larvae are considered pests in countries where they have been introduced. Suitable summaries with references are given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFB252904FA30C190" author="Marvaldi" box="[1243,1436,1909,1935]" pageId="16" pageNumber="29" refString="Marvaldi, A. E. (1998) Larvae of South American Rhytirrhininae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 52 (1), 71 - 89." type="journal article" year="1998">Marvaldi (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the American and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFE4229EBFDECC1AB" author="May" box="[444,576,1946,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="29" refString="May, B. M. (1993) Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a systematic overview. Fauna of New Zealand, 28, 1 - 226." type="journal article" year="1993">May (1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C757A8BBAA11FFEFFDB229EBFD24C1AB" author="May" box="[588,648,1946,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="29" refString="May, B. M. (1994) An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea. Pp. 365 - 728. In: Zimmerman, E. C., Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume II - Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on Immature Stages by Brenda May. CSIRO, Australia, 755 pp." type="book chapter" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBD195DAAA11FFEFFD1329EBFC25C1AB" box="[749,905,1946,1972]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Australian genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |