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<mods:title id="F7E5AC85406B50195465A9D99840B526">Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae</mods:title>
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<treatment id="2B4687A09E30FFF8FF0C760CFCE917F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4627318" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180662695" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4627318" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B4687A09E30FFF8FF0C760CFCE917F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B4687A09E30FFF8FF0C760CFCE917F4" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection id="EBF5653D9E30FFF8FF0C760CFDFF1460" box="[191,521,534,557]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A35036B69E30FFF8FF0C760CFDFF1460" blockId="52.[191,521,534,557]" box="[191,521,534,557]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
<heading id="F81881DA9E30FFF8FF0C760CFDFF1460" box="[191,521,534,557]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FF0C760CFDFF1460" authority="Lawrence" authorityName="Lawrence" box="[191,521,534,557]" class="Aves" family="Icteridae" genus="Xanthornus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FF0C760CFDFF1460" bold="true" box="[191,521,534,557]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FF0C760CFE641460" bold="true" box="[191,402,534,557]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Xanthornus affinis</emphasis>
Lawrence
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBF5653D9E30FFF8FFEE765EFF2B158D" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A35036B69E30FFF8FFEE765EFED4143E" blockId="52.[93,620,580,735]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="83FF11989E30FFF8FFEE765EFED4143E" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
<treatmentCitation id="224E10A79E30FFF8FFEE765EFDDF1415" author="Lawrence, G. N." box="[93,553,580,600]" page="113" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" year="1851">
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FFEE765EFDDF1415" authority="Lawrence, 1851: 113" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityPageNumber="113" authorityYear="1851" box="[93,553,580,600]" class="Aves" family="Icteridae" genus="Xanthornus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FFEE765EFED31415" box="[93,293,580,600]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Xanthornus affinis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C77E4B479E30FFF8FE8A765FFDDF1415" author="Lawrence, G. N." box="[313,553,581,600]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="112 - 117" refId="ref120609" refString="Lawrence, G. N. 1851. Descriptions of new species of birds in the genera Conirostrum, D'Orb. et Lafr., Embernagra, Less., and Xanthornus, Briss., together with a list of other species not heretofore noticed as being found within the limits of the United States. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 5: 112 - 117." type="journal article" year="1851">Lawrence, 1851: 113</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingRegion id="612BF8549E30FFF8FDF0765FFD9D1415" box="[579,619,581,600]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Rio</collectingRegion>
Grande,
<collectingRegion id="612BF8549E30FFF8FF66767AFEE0143E" box="[213,278,608,627]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Texas</collectingRegion>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A35036B69E30FFF8FFEE7666FDBD1492" blockId="52.[93,620,580,735]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="83FF11989E30FFF8FFEE7666FDBD1492" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
Now
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FF2A7666FDCA14C3" ID-CoL="5J44H" authority="(Linnaeus, 1766)" authorityName="spurius (Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[153,572,635,654]" class="Aves" family="Icteridae" genus="Icterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spurius" subSpecies="spurius">
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FF2A7666FE8914C3" box="[153,383,636,654]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Icterus spurius spurius</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1766)
</taxonomicName>
. See
<treatmentCitation id="224E10A79E30FFF8FFCB768CFE8B14E4" author="Hellmayr, C. E." box="[120,381,662,681]" page="105" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="C77E4B479E30FFF8FFCB768CFE8B14E4" author="Hellmayr, C. E." box="[120,381,662,681]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" refId="ref119629" refString="Hellmayr, C. E. 1937. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands. Icteridae. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 381, Zoological Series, volume 13, Part 10, v + 228 pp." type="book" year="1937">Hellmayr, 1937: 105107</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Blake, 1968: 161162;
<treatmentCitation id="224E10A79E30FFF8FFCB76ABFE701489" author="Scharf, W. C. &amp; J. Kren" box="[120,390,689,709]" page="3" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="C77E4B479E30FFF8FFCB76ABFE701489" author="Scharf, W. C. &amp; J. Kren" box="[120,390,689,709]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="255" refId="ref127752" refString="Scharf, W. C., and J. Kren. 1996. Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius). In A. Poole, and F. Gill (editors), The birds of North America, no. 255. Philadelphia and Washington, DC: Academy of Natural Sciences and American Ornithologists' Union." type="book chapter" year="1996">Scharf and Kren, 1996: 3</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C77E4B479E30FFF8FE2076ABFD9E1489" author="Omland, K. E. &amp; S. M. Lanyon &amp; S. J. Fritz" box="[403,616,689,709]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="224 - 239" refId="ref124766" refString="Omland, K. E., S. M. Lanyon, and S. J. Fritz. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of the New World orioles (Icterus): the importance of dense taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 12: 224 - 239." type="journal article" year="1999">Omland et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="224E10A79E30FFF8FFCB76D6FEAF1492" author="Dickinson, E. C." box="[120,345,716,735]" page="770" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="C77E4B479E30FFF8FFCB76D6FEAF1492" author="Dickinson, E. C." box="[120,345,716,735]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" refId="ref116121" refString="Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp." type="book" year="2003">Dickinson, 2003: 770</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; and
<treatmentCitation id="224E10A79E30FFF8FE2076D6FDB11492" author="Fraga, R. M." box="[403,583,716,735]" page="770" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="C77E4B479E30FFF8FE2076D6FDB11492" author="Fraga, R. M." box="[403,583,716,735]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="747 - 807" refId="ref116587" refString="Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 16, tanagers to New World blackbirds: 747 - 807. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 893 pp., 81 pls., photographs." type="book chapter" year="2011">Fraga, 2011: 770</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A35036B69E30FFF8FFC976EDFF2B158D" blockId="52.[93,620,759,1759]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
<typeStatus id="7C5488149E30FFF8FFC976EDFF071540" box="[122,241,759,783]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="syntype">SYNTYPES</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FEA476E2FE251540" bold="true" box="[279,467,760,781]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">AMNH 41954</emphasis>
(Lawrence no. a414a), adult male,
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FED3770CFDF11566" bold="true" box="[352,519,790,811]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">AMNH 14958</emphasis>
(c414a), immature male,
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FE9B7729FE221505" bold="true" box="[296,468,819,840]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">AMNH 41960</emphasis>
(b414a), all collected at Brownsville,
<geoCoordinate id="C6DB50719E30FFF8FE10774BFE0C152A" box="[419,506,849,871]" degrees="25.54" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" precision="555" value="25.54">25.54N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C6DB50719E30FFF8FDA1774BFD9D152B" box="[530,619,849,870]" degrees="97.30" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" precision="555" value="-97.3">97.30W</geoCoordinate>
(Times atlas),
<collectingRegion id="612BF8549E30FFF8FEA27775FECB15C8" box="[273,317,879,901]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Rio</collectingRegion>
Grande,
<collectingRegion id="612BF8549E30FFF8FE097775FDF715C9" box="[442,513,879,900]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Texas</collectingRegion>
, by J.P. McCown. From the George N. Lawrence Collection.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBF5653D9E30FFF8FFC977DCFCE917F4" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A35036B69E30FFF8FFC977DCFDC91025" blockId="52.[93,620,759,1759]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
COMMENTS:
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FEA077D2FE721590" authority="LeCroy, 2013" authorityName="LeCroy" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[275,388,968,989]" genus="Lawrence" pageId="52" pageNumber="136" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Lawrence</taxonomicName>
did not designate a type in the original description and described both the adult male and immature male. Five specimens, all male, of this form were cataloged with the
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FEFC7025FE361219" authority="LeCroy, 2013" authorityName="LeCroy" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[335,448,1087,1108]" genus="Lawrence" pageId="52" pageNumber="136" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Lawrence</taxonomicName>
Collection at AMNH, but I have found only three, two adult males and one immature male, still present in the collection. Only AMNH 41954 is marked Type by
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FEC270AFFE141287" authority="LeCroy, 2013" authorityName="LeCroy" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[369,482,1205,1226]" genus="Lawrence" pageId="52" pageNumber="136" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Lawrence</taxonomicName>
and is the only specimen that had been included in the AMNH type collection. AMNH type labels have been added to the other two specifomens and they have been added to the type collection. The other two specimens,
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FDA27152FF571336" bold="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">AMNH 41956</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FF05717CFF0C1336" bold="true" box="[182,250,1382,1403]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">41962</emphasis>
, males, collected in
<collectingRegion id="612BF8549E30FFF8FE4E717CFDB71336" box="[509,577,1382,1403]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Texas</collectingRegion>
by McCown, if found, should also probably be considered
<typeStatus id="7C5488149E30FFF8FF5B71BBFEB913FB" box="[232,335,1441,1462]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, although none of the specimens is dated. If either of these specimens had been exchanged, the most likely recipients would have been ANSP or USNM, but neither N. Rice (personal commun.), ANSP, nor C. Milensky (personal commun.), USNM, found them in those collections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A35036B69E30FFF8FFC9726AFB851730" blockId="52.[93,620,759,1759]" lastBlockId="52.[667,1193,213,441]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
Although some authors record this name as having been introduced in 1852, it appeared in the section of volume 5 of the
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FFEE72D2FF5D1092" box="[93,171,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Annals</emphasis>
published in
<date id="D75110769E30FFF8FED272D3FE281092" box="[353,478,1737,1759]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" value="1851-05">May 1851</date>
(not 1881,
<bibRefCitation id="C77E4B479E30FFF8FD2874CFFCA416A6" author="Foster, L. S." box="[667,850,213,235]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref116545" refString="Foster, L. S. 1892. Bibliographies of American naturalists. IV. The published writings of George Newbold Lawrence, 1844 - 1891. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 40: vii-xi, 1 - 124." type="book chapter" year="1892">Foster, 1892: 2</bibRefCitation>
). In the original description,
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FD2874E8FCFA174A" authority="LeCroy, 2013" authorityName="LeCroy" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[667,780,242,263]" genus="Lawrence" pageId="52" pageNumber="136" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Lawrence</taxonomicName>
said that
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FC3B74E8FC38174A" box="[904,974,242,263]" class="Aves" family="Icteridae" genus="Xanthornus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FC3B74E8FC38174A" box="[904,974,242,263]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found breeding in April and that his specimens had been collected in the past year, i.e., 1850. On the labels of all three
<typeStatus id="7C5488149E30FFF8FCD97550FC261712" box="[874,976,330,351]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FC6F7550FBBB1712" authority="LeCroy, 2013" authorityName="LeCroy" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[988,1101,330,351]" genus="Lawrence" pageId="52" pageNumber="136" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Lawrence</taxonomicName>
recorded the collecting locality as Brownsville.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A35036B69E30FFF8FD0B759CFCE917F4" blockId="52.[667,1193,213,441]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
<bibRefCitation id="C77E4B479E30FFF8FD0B759CFC6F17D1" author="Fraga, R. M." box="[696,921,390,412]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="747 - 807" refId="ref116587" refString="Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 16, tanagers to New World blackbirds: 747 - 807. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 893 pp., 81 pls., photographs." type="book chapter" year="2011">Fraga (2011: 770)</bibRefCitation>
treated
<taxonomicName id="64EF4D359E30FFF8FBBE759CFB7617D6" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1037,1152,390,411]" class="Aves" family="Icteridae" genus="Icterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spurius">
<emphasis id="919BEAA49E30FFF8FBBE759CFB7617D6" box="[1037,1152,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">I. spurius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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