331 lines
42 KiB
XML
331 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="1011334BDFF7830E4C91AA460E1850CA" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBAB10AD4FF54F90EFE4F5F50" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) anhydor Dyar" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="132" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="131" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B74F7A4723004DA3E5FEE79E12EB3E8D">
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<mods:title id="07F3F9B78FCBF7BEC9B9F14CF1954139">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F66202D4DDD4E9C466E1C5E42FD24D33">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9885FD94E31F1EE3F16C3060721072BC" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5322EBAEE53BE589E02FC3D39E144DFA">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D495A52374BF6BBEE6DFD92FB1CEA794" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="DBD0A9E96A364C1B3F70481E55605FD2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="79172A25489908F8625145BE881B2B11">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="534E236722A189E0AB21399F2582846A">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBAB10AD4FF54F90EFE4F5F50" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064305" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700319" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064305" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBAB10AD4FF54F90EFE4F5F50" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBAB10AD4FF54F90EFE4F5F50" lastPageId="131" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB10AD5FF54F90EFD235CBE" box="[151,690,1696,1723]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB10AD5FF54F90EFD235CBE" blockId="130.[151,690,1696,1723]" box="[151,690,1696,1723]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
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<heading id="C54581B7BAB10AD5FF54F90EFD235CBE" bold="true" box="[151,690,1696,1723]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB10AD5FF54F90EFD235CBE" ID-CoL="8FKBM" ID-ENA="1206294" authority="Dyar" authorityName="Dyar" box="[151,690,1696,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor" subGenus="Pseudoficalbia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FF54F90EFD235CBE" bold="true" box="[151,690,1696,1723]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FF54F90EFEA15CBE" bold="true" box="[151,304,1697,1723]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FE82F90FFE655CBE" bold="true" box="[321,500,1696,1723]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Pseudoficalbia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FDC5F90FFDFA5CBE" bold="true" box="[518,619,1696,1723]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">anhydor</emphasis>
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Dyar
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB10AD5FF54F94AFC915D7D" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB10AD5FF54F94AFB715D19" blockId="130.[151,1436,1765,1912]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB10AD5FEC9F94AFE485CF8" ID-CoL="8FKBM" authority="Dyar, 1907" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1907" box="[266,473,1765,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FEC9F94AFEF05CF8" bold="true" box="[266,353,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">anhydor</emphasis>
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Dyar, 1907
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB10AD5FD15F949FC235CF8" ID-CoL="8FKBM" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1907" box="[726,946,1765,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FD15F949FC235CF8" box="[726,946,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Uranotaenia anhydor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB10AD5FB8AF94AFB075CF8" box="[1097,1174,1765,1789]" name="Mexico" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB10AD5FB67F94AFAD75CF8" box="[1188,1350,1765,1789]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Baja California</collectingRegion>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB10AD5FA94F94AFA0D5CF8" box="[1367,1436,1765,1789]" name="United States of America" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">United</collectingCountry>
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States (Arizona, southern California, Nevada) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB10AD5FD66F8ABFC2C5D19" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[677,957,1796,1820]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse 1955</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB10AD5FC04F8ABFB455D19" author="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A." box="[967,1236,1796,1820]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref144996" refString="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A. (1956) A population of Uranotaenia anhydor from Death Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49 (2), 105 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 49.2.105" type="journal article" year="1956">
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Belkin &
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB10AD5FBE8F8ABFB065D19" box="[1067,1175,1796,1820]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">McDonald</collectingCountry>
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1956
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB10AD5FF54F88CFC915D7D" blockId="130.[151,1436,1765,1912]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB10AD5FECEF88DFDF25D3E" authority="Dyar & Shannon, 1924" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[269,611,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FECEF88DFEF55D3F" bold="true" box="[269,356,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">syntheta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB10AD5FEACF88CFDF25D3E" author="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C." box="[367,611,1827,1851]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="187 - 192" refId="ref152840" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C. (1924) The American species of Uranotaenia (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12 (10 - 12), 187 - 192." type="journal article" year="1924">Dyar & Shannon, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB10AD5FCA5F88CFBD45D3E" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[870,1093,1827,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FCA5F88CFBD45D3E" box="[870,1093,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Uranotaenia syntheta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB10AD5FAF8F88CFA0D5D3E" author="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A." box="[1339,1436,1827,1851]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref144996" refString="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A. (1956) A population of Uranotaenia anhydor from Death Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49 (2), 105 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 49.2.105" type="journal article" year="1956">Belkin &</bibRefCitation>
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB10AD5FF04F8EEFEA25D5C" box="[199,307,1857,1881]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">McDonald</collectingCountry>
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1956). Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB10AD5FDC5F8EEFDC25D5C" box="[518,595,1857,1881]" name="Mexico" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(eastern and central),
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB10AD5FCF3F8EEFC265D5C" box="[816,951,1857,1881]" name="United States of America" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">United States</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB10AD5FC00F8EEFBD85D5C" box="[963,1097,1857,1881]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB10AD5FB91F8EEFB2F5D5C" box="[1106,1214,1857,1881]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB10AD5FB05F8EEFA935D5C" box="[1222,1282,1857,1881]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Texas</collectingRegion>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB10AD5FAD6F8EEFA095D5C" author="Dampf, A." box="[1301,1432,1857,1881]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="147 - 169" refId="ref150046" refString="Dampf, A. (1943) Distribucion y ciclo anual de Uranotaenia syntheta Dyar & Shannon en Mexico y descripcion del hipopigio masculino (Insecta, Diptera). Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 4 (3 - 4), 147 - 169, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1943">Dampf 1943</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB10AD5FF04F8CFFE4F5D7D" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[199,478,1888,1912]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse 1955</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB10AD5FE2BF8CFFD645D7D" author="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A." box="[488,757,1888,1912]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref144996" refString="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A. (1956) A population of Uranotaenia anhydor from Death Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49 (2), 105 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 49.2.105" type="journal article" year="1956">
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Belkin &
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB10AD5FD8FF8CFFD295D7D" box="[588,696,1888,1912]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">McDonald</collectingCountry>
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1956
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB10AD4FF54F808FE4F5F50" lastPageId="131" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB10AD4FF54F808FEFA5B60" blockId="130.[151,1436,1958,2021]" lastBlockId="131.[151,1437,151,1365]" lastPageId="131" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB10AD5FF54F808FE1A5DC5" box="[151,395,1958,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FF54F808FE1A5DC5" box="[151,395,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Uranotaenia anhydor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB10AD5FE00F808FDDB5DC5" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[451,586,1958,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB10AD5FE00F808FDDB5DC5" box="[451,586,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Ur. syntheta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were both originally described as distinct species, the former from a single larva taken from a swamp at Sweetwater Junction near San Diego,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB10AD5FC55F865FB995DE1" box="[918,1032,1994,2020]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">California</collectingRegion>
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and the latter from an adult female collected at Mission,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB00AD4FE44FF38FE5D5AB4" box="[391,460,151,177]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Texas</collectingRegion>
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. The authors of the latter species (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FC88FF38FBDF5AB4" author="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C." box="[843,1102,151,177]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="187 - 192" refId="ref152840" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C. (1924) The American species of Uranotaenia (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12 (10 - 12), 187 - 192." type="journal article" year="1924">Dyar & Shannon 1924</bibRefCitation>
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), prior to describing
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FAFBFF38FA045AB4" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[1336,1429,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FAFBFF38FA045AB4" box="[1336,1429,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, noted that
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|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FED2FF14FEFF5AD0" box="[273,366,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FED2FF14FEFF5AD0" box="[273,366,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was “not yet known outside of southern
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB00AD4FC8BFF14FC515AD0" box="[840,960,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">California</collectingRegion>
|
|
”. The two nominal forms continued to be recognized as separate species by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FDE6FF70FD255AFC" author="Dyar, H. G." box="[549,692,223,249]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" refId="ref152545" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1928) The mosquitoes of the Americas. Publication No. 387. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., 616 pp." type="book" year="1928">Dyar (1928)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FD07FF70FC185AFC" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[708,905,223,249]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" refId="ref154128" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1932 a) Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles [Brussels], 258 pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1932">Edwards (1932a)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FC5BFF70FBAC5AFC" author="Dampf, A." box="[920,1085,223,249]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="147 - 169" refId="ref150046" refString="Dampf, A. (1943) Distribucion y ciclo anual de Uranotaenia syntheta Dyar & Shannon en Mexico y descripcion del hipopigio masculino (Insecta, Diptera). Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 4 (3 - 4), 147 - 169, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1943">Dampf (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FB88FF70FA095AFC" author="Yamaguti, S. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[1099,1432,222,249]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref185613" refString="Yamaguti, S. & LaCasse, W. J. (1951) Mosquito fauna of North America. Part II - Genera Megarhinus, Wyeomyia, Uranotaenia and Culiseta. Office of the Surgeon, HQ, APO Japan Logistical Command, 343, i + 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1951">Yamaguti & LaCasse (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FF54FEACFE435B18" author="Brookman, B. & Reeves, W. C." box="[151,466,258,285]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="225 - 236" refId="ref146644" refString="Brookman, B. & Reeves, W. C. (1953) New records of mosquitoes from lower California, Mexico, with notes and descriptions (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 46 (2), 225 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 46.2.225" type="journal article" year="1953">Brookman & Reeves (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FE1EFEACFD555B18" author="Galindo, P. & Blanton, F. S. & Peyton, E. L." box="[477,708,258,285]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="107 - 177" refId="ref156175" refString="Galindo, P., Blanton, F. S. & Peyton, E. L. (1954) A revision of the Uranotaenia of Panama with notes on other American species of the genus (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 47 (1), 107 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 47.1.107" type="journal article" year="1954">
|
|
Galindo
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FDFEFEACFDFC5B18" box="[573,621,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (1954)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FD3BFEACFBAB5B18" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[760,1082,258,285]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; however, the authors of the last three articles observed that the two forms are so similar morphologically that they may constitute two subspecies or a single species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB00AD4FF04FEC0FE3C5984" blockId="131.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
|
|
The two forms remained as separate species until
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FCC6FEC0FBD35B8C" author="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A." box="[773,1090,366,393]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref144996" refString="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A. (1956) A population of Uranotaenia anhydor from Death Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49 (2), 105 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 49.2.105" type="journal article" year="1956">
|
|
Belkin &
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB00AD4FCB4FEC0FC7E5B8C" box="[887,1007,367,393]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
|
(1956)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
formally treated
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FACAFEC0FAF75B8C" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[1289,1382,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FACAFEC0FAF75B8C" box="[1289,1382,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a subspecies of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FEF7FE3CFE005BA8" box="[308,401,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FEF7FE3CFE005BA8" box="[308,401,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
based on comparisons of all life stages of specimens from a population sampled at Saratoga Springs in Death Valley (San Bernardino County,
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB00AD4FD7CFE18FCA25BD4" box="[703,819,439,465]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">California</collectingRegion>
|
|
) with populations of “
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FBE9FE18FB165BD4" box="[1066,1159,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FBE9FE18FB165BD4" box="[1066,1159,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from San Diego County, Baja
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB00AD4FF13FE74FED35BF0" box="[208,322,475,501]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">California</collectingRegion>
|
|
and
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB00AD4FEB7FE74FE405BF0" box="[372,465,475,501]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FDCAFE74FDF75BF0" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[521,614,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FDCAFE74FDF75BF0" box="[521,614,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from several localities in
|
|
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB00AD4FC40FE74FC5B5BF0" box="[899,970,475,501]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
|
.” They noted “…that the Saratoga Springs population is distinct from both
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FDD2FE50FDFF581C" box="[529,622,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FDD2FE50FDFF581C" box="[529,622,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FD6FFE50FC98581C" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[684,777,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FD6FFE50FC98581C" box="[684,777,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and that it is in no way intermediate between the two.” Despite these findings, they concluded “that all these populations are so close morphologically that they should be considered to form one species…. The populations in the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB00AD4FCE8FDE8FC525864" box="[811,963,583,609]" name="United States of America" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">United States</collectingCountry>
|
|
east of the Continental Divide, and in all probability those in eastern and central
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB00AD4FD96FDC4FD3C5880" box="[597,685,619,645]" name="Mexico" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
|
, constitute the subspecies
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FC14FDC4FBA55880" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[983,1076,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FC14FDC4FBA55880" box="[983,1076,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, easily recognizable only in the adult stage by the thoracic ornamentation. The Saratoga Springs population cannot be considered to be in any way intermediate between the typical
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FDD5FD1CFDE258C8" box="[534,627,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FDD5FD1CFDE258C8" box="[534,627,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from San Diego Co. and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FC60FD1CFB9158C8" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[931,1024,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FC60FD1CFB9158C8" box="[931,1024,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
but rather an extreme development of the former. It is suggested that the Saratoga Springs population, which is quite distinct morphologically and ecologically from the other western populations, has been isolated in the Amargosa drainage of the Death Valley System since late Pleistocene times… and that it may represent a third subspecies in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FB4AFCB0FB77593C" box="[1161,1254,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FB4AFCB0FB77593C" box="[1161,1254,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
complex.” This concept subsequently has been accepted in all later works (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FCF9FCECFBC25958" author="Bohart, R. M. & Washino, R. K." box="[826,1107,835,861]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" refId="ref145831" refString="Bohart, R. M. & Washino, R. K. (1978) Mosquitoes of California. 3 rd Edition. Agricultural Sciences Publications, Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, viii + 153 pp." type="book" year="1978">Bohart & Washino 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FBA2FCECFADE5958" author="Darsie Jr., R. F. & Ward, R. A." box="[1121,1359,835,861]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 313" refId="ref150692" refString="Darsie Jr., R. F. & Ward, R. A. (1981) Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. Mosquito Systematics Supplement, 1, 1 - 313." type="journal article" year="1981">Darsie & Ward 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FA9FFCEDFA065958" author="Darsie Jr., R. F. & Ward, R. A." box="[1372,1431,834,861]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" refId="ref150735" refString="Darsie Jr., R. F. & Ward, R. A. (2005) Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 383 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FF54FCC8FE305984" author="Nava, M. R. & Debboun, M." box="[151,417,871,897]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="6 - 11" refId="ref171552" refString="Nava, M. R. & Debboun, M. (2016) A taxonomic checklist of the mosquitoes of Harris County, Texas. Journal of Vector Ecology, 41 (1), 6 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jvec. 12212" type="journal article" year="2016">Nava & Debboun 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB00AD4FF04FC24FE4F5F50" blockId="131.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
|
|
All published treatments of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FE3BFC24FDC459A0" box="[504,597,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FE3BFC24FDC459A0" box="[504,597,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FD4AFC24FD7759A0" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[649,742,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FD4AFC24FD7759A0" box="[649,742,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
agree that the adults of the two forms are reliably distinguished by the development of a line (single row) of iridescent blue scales along the lateral margins of the scutum. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FAFBFC00FA0459CC" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[1336,1429,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FAFBFC00FA0459CC" box="[1336,1429,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, this line is distinct (conspicuous) from the scutal fossa to the base of the wing, with a narrow gap at mid-length, whereas in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FEDBFC58FEE45E14" box="[280,373,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FEDBFC58FEE45E14" box="[280,373,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the line is faint or obsolete (indistinct) with a wide gap in the middle (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FB57FC58FA065E14" author="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C." box="[1172,1431,1015,1041]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="187 - 192" refId="ref152840" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C. (1924) The American species of Uranotaenia (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12 (10 - 12), 187 - 192." type="journal article" year="1924">Dyar & Shannon 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FF54FBB4FE815E30" author="Dyar, H. G." box="[151,272,1051,1077]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" refId="ref152545" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1928) The mosquitoes of the Americas. Publication No. 387. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., 616 pp." type="book" year="1928">Dyar 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FED9FBB4FE605E30" author="Galindo, P. & Blanton, F. S. & Peyton, E. L." box="[282,497,1050,1077]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="107 - 177" refId="ref156175" refString="Galindo, P., Blanton, F. S. & Peyton, E. L. (1954) A revision of the Uranotaenia of Panama with notes on other American species of the genus (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 47 (1), 107 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 47.1.107" type="journal article" year="1954">
|
|
Galindo
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FEB9FBB4FE3B5E30" box="[378,426,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 1954
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FE38FBB4FCB65E30" author="Yamaguti, S. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[507,807,1050,1077]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref185613" refString="Yamaguti, S. & LaCasse, W. J. (1951) Mosquito fauna of North America. Part II - Genera Megarhinus, Wyeomyia, Uranotaenia and Culiseta. Office of the Surgeon, HQ, APO Japan Logistical Command, 343, i + 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1951">Yamaguti & LaCasse 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FCF2FBB4FBF15E30" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[817,1120,1050,1077]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FBA8FBB4FA015E30" author="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A." box="[1131,1424,1050,1077]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref144996" refString="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A. (1956) A population of Uranotaenia anhydor from Death Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49 (2), 105 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 49.2.105" type="journal article" year="1956">
|
|
Belkin &
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB00AD4FB15FBB4FADF5E30" box="[1238,1358,1051,1077]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
|
1956
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In contrast, the Saratoga Springs form has an elongate patch of several rows of iridescent light blue scales on each side of the scutum (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FEBAFBCCFD3B5E78" author="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A." box="[377,682,1122,1149]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref144996" refString="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A. (1956) A population of Uranotaenia anhydor from Death Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49 (2), 105 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 49.2.105" type="journal article" year="1956">
|
|
Belkin &
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB00AD4FE2EFBCCFDF45E78" box="[493,613,1123,1149]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
|
1956
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Based on the morphological distinction and lack of evidence for gene flow across the Continental Divide, we believe molecular data will show that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FBE6FB28FB135EA4" box="[1061,1154,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anhydor">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FBE6FB28FB135EA4" box="[1061,1154,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">anhydor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FB75FB28FA825EA4" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[1206,1299,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FB75FB28FA825EA4" box="[1206,1299,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are separate species, and for that reason we hereby restore
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FD62FB04FD6F5EC0" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[673,766,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FD62FB04FD6F5EC0" box="[673,766,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to its original specific rank:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FB86FB04FD9F5EED" authority="Dyar & Shannon, 1924" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta" subGenus="Pseudoficalbia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FB86FB04FD9F5EED" bold="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FB86FB04FB465EC0" bold="true" box="[1093,1239,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FB2BFB05FA025EC0" bold="true" box="[1256,1427,1194,1221]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Pseudoficalbia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FF54FB61FF665EEC" bold="true" box="[151,247,1230,1257]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">syntheta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FF3DFB60FD9F5EED" author="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C." box="[254,526,1230,1257]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="187 - 192" refId="ref152840" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C. (1924) The American species of Uranotaenia (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12 (10 - 12), 187 - 192." type="journal article" year="1924">Dyar & Shannon, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
.
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|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB00AD4FDD8FB60FC9F5EEC" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[539,782,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheta">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FDD8FB60FC9F5EEC" box="[539,782,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Uranotaenia syntheta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life. Contrary to
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB00AD4FEE3FB5CFDCD5F08" author="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A." box="[288,604,1266,1293]" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref144996" refString="Belkin, J. N. & McDonald, W. A. (1956) A population of Uranotaenia anhydor from Death Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49 (2), 105 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 49.2.105" type="journal article" year="1956">
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Belkin &
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB00AD4FE53FB5CFD995F08" box="[400,520,1267,1293]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">McDonald</collectingCountry>
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|
(1956)
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|
</bibRefCitation>
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|
, we believe the morphological and ecological distinctions of the Saratoga Springs form are a clear indication that it is a genetically distinct species,
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB00AD4FC31FAB8FB845F35" box="[1010,1045,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">i.e.</emphasis>
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|
it is an unnamed species pending formal taxonomic validation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |