608 lines
73 KiB
XML
608 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document id="C601FC958CA430909FD7D95FCB5F1E20" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA710A13FF54FCEDFD3A5AD0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Anopheles (Cellia) ludlowae" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="ED582395CB9915574E8484E6DFCACB2C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="48E4E9A26476D473F02F3BF0078F4FD6">
|
||
<mods:title id="ADA7C98B1BC01F5847E929C6296499CF">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="0E7AAFAC402C2307D5AB79659CF7F113" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1F9B23FAAE4991A0E77006634C7C9AAF">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="6B96A19288B7A19794350A70FB79D94F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1B3B676A315708B8FCCFF2D036854A68">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="68B426FF5071D45008A6F62273EAEDFC" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1384-6972</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F3E7F718BEC10346B6CCD85139591E53" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F4C2D9F9F7CBF1F105FE8794AF205C1D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9613F7985207FADC6884E2B4E5A41ADC">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="9A0C65C59ABA2AF6B301062B35F7A893">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="C7A1F93CDB828AB577A0F2B692D4E306">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="864B241EFFF54934C93A3D6B5365AC1D" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6366-1357</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7BEA5754C9DF096B7461BE84FD8AF625" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="F6DAB5BE02ECACE4D65DE15CD98FD00B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="6C60294822DB3AA49C9C4D4EA58D10CC" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5A10133EB184EC29E1131C8792DA20AB">
|
||
<mods:title id="66D7E27B8444FDAB4A95BAE8D446E5F4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="B6B7D34896A09A081225D489680E0A5E">
|
||
<mods:date id="0274FE0BA63B1E0610BA708974BEA54A">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="2AB1A31EEA61F9D3430C72328470D670" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="AC43536337C3AAF5834C3F97261C03C3">2023-06-15</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="91BB2E78A136A40692EC3A3F00E93C97" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="3C67F09D2E857AF2F0DF0B8531B0BB51">5303</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A551F3AC92A6619D62E583A8DF2B9E2C" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="84F797BAE2E7C0198ACDEFD14D77B6DC">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="26C1C13830E5C2D95AD6587B5DE0C01A" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="8B7D3BB4915DD28CBE7F0F05542D5F65">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="E455D9948A2A3680577B4E55EED6187B">184</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="5E151A5B1A0495C9C0A077DB5BDCBF61">
|
||
<mods:url id="AAAAFA5F8CCCA68562F4A364583304F1">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="B5375007177E1DF08B3ACD6DD3F1714A">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7328C3DEC71BDF3118ACED09C9B07EA7" type="CLB-Dataset">53758</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D31E0228A6117A04CFAB9F7993D98E5B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="609E3DCB1C0845B915A8E504EECF2113" type="GBIF-Dataset">55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="51D87D9E740DC81B9D869FBE031B128E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5AFF76832588A3485637223947219868" type="Zenodo-Dep">8043342</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D0F5E5E9F474F882BF582165C3FC6ABF" type="ZooBank">DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="161B87CDBA710A13FF54FCEDFD3A5AD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064209" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700392" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064209" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA710A13FF54FCEDFD3A5AD0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA710A13FF54FCEDFD3A5AD0" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA710A15FF54FCEDFDEE5959" box="[151,639,834,861]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA710A15FF54FCEDFDEE5959" blockId="66.[151,639,834,861]" box="[151,639,834,861]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<heading id="C54581B7BA710A15FF54FCEDFDEE5959" bold="true" box="[151,639,834,861]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" reason="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FF54FCEDFDEE5959" authority="(Theobald)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[151,639,834,861]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae" subGenus="Cellia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FF54FCEDFDEE5959" bold="true" box="[151,639,834,861]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FF54FCEDFE875958" bold="true" box="[151,278,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FEE4FCEDFEFE5958" bold="true" box="[295,367,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Cellia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FE43FCEDFE7C5958" bold="true" box="[384,493,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
(Theobald)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA710A15FF54FC28FE7B5E1F" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA710A15FF54FC28FB0959BB" blockId="66.[151,1436,903,1050]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FECEFC28FDBE599A" authority="(Theobald, 1903a)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[269,559,903,927]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FECEFC28FEFA599A" bold="true" box="[269,363,903,927]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FEB8FC28FDB9599A" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[379,552,903,927]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FCF1FC27FC66599A" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[818,1015,903,927]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Myzomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FCF1FC27FC66599A" box="[818,1015,903,927]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Myzomyia ludlowii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FB52FC28FB59599A" box="[1169,1224,903,927]" name="India" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FB17FC28FAA8599A" box="[1236,1337,903,927]" name="Indonesia" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FA85FC28FA0D599A" box="[1350,1436,903,927]" name="China" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">People’s</collectingCountry>
|
||
Republic of China,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FE4DFC09FD9259BB" box="[398,515,934,958]" name="Philippines" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FDCFFC09FDE459BB" box="[524,629,934,958]" name="Singapore" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FD43FC09FD7759BB" box="[640,742,934,958]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FD2CFC09FCAD59BB" box="[751,828,934,958]" name="Taiwan" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FC86FC09FC0E59BB" box="[837,927,934,958]" name="Thailand" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FC6FFC09FB1C59BB" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[940,1165,934,958]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FBDEFC08FBDB59BB" box="[1053,1098,934,958]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA710A15FF54FC6BFE7B5E1F" blockId="66.[151,1436,903,1050]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FECEFC6BFCC859D9" authority="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, 1949" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[269,857,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FECEFC6BFEF559D9" bold="true" box="[269,356,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FEAEFC6BFCC859D9" author="Stoker, W. J. & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." box="[365,857,964,989]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref179495" refString="Stoker, W. J. & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1949) Illustrated map of the anopheline imagines of Indonesia (English translation). Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Djakarta, 69 pp." type="book" year="1949">Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FB98FC6BFEDD59FE" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ludlowi" subGenus="Myzomyia" variety="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FB98FC6BFB5459D9" box="[1115,1221,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FB15FC6AFAAF59D9" box="[1238,1342,965,988]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Myzomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FA93FC6BFA0D59D9" box="[1360,1436,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowi</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FF35FC4CFEDD59FE" box="[246,332,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FDFDFC4CFCDD59FE" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." box="[574,844,995,1019]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FC29FC4CFBDD59FE" box="[1002,1100,995,1019]" name="Indonesia" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA710A15FB9EFC4CFB2A59FE" box="[1117,1211,995,1019]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FB11FC4CFA0D59FE" author="Stoker, W. J. & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." box="[1234,1436,995,1019]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref179495" refString="Stoker, W. J. & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1949) Illustrated map of the anopheline imagines of Indonesia (English translation). Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Djakarta, 69 pp." type="book" year="1949">Stoker & Waktoedi</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Koesoemawinangoen 1949).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA710A15FF54FBE7FBD15EF7" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA710A15FF54FBE7FBD15EF7" blockId="66.[151,1437,1096,2023]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FF54FBE7FEF15E67" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[151,352,1096,1122]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald (1903a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FE1FFBE7FDA95E67" box="[476,568,1096,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Myzomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FE1FFBE7FDA95E67" box="[476,568,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(also spelled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FD14FBE7FCBA5E67" baseAuthorityName="sensu Walch & Soesilo" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[727,811,1096,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FD14FBE7FCBA5E67" box="[727,811,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; emendation to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FC27FBE7FBDA5E67" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[996,1099,1096,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FC27FBE7FBDA5E67" box="[996,1099,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Stone 1957) from a series of
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA710A15FF74FBC3FEBA5E83" box="[183,299,1132,1158]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="female">six female</specimenCount>
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA710A15FEF7FBC2FE075E82" box="[308,406,1133,1159]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
from “Luzon,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FD83FBC3FC9B5E83" box="[576,778,1132,1158]" name="Philippines" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Miss Ludlow).” Later authors debated whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FAF5FBC3FA0C5E83" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1334,1437,1132,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FAF5FBC3FA0C5E83" box="[1334,1437,1132,1158]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a fresh water, blackish water or salt water species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FCC7FB3FFC3C5EAF" author="Ludlow, C. S." box="[772,941,1168,1194]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="32 - 33" refId="ref166633" refString="Ludlow, C. S. (1914) Anopheles (Myzomyia) ludlowii Theobald. Psyche, 21 (1), 32 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1914 / 70413" type="journal article" year="1914">Ludlow (1914)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further clarified the type locality: “taken by Dr. Graves in the Province of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA710A15FE20FB1BFD8F5ECB" box="[483,542,1204,1230]" country="Philippines" name="Abra" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Abra</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Island of Luzon, on the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA710A15FCF0FB1AFC015ECA" box="[819,912,1205,1231]" country="Philippines" name="Benguet" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Benguet</collectingRegion>
|
||
Road during the construction of that road. The location is definitely inland… there is no sea or blackish water within many miles.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA710A15FF04FB53FD565CC3" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA710A15FF04FB53FD565CC3" blockId="66.[151,1437,1096,2023]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FEB4FB53FE4F5F13" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[375,478,1276,1302]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FEB4FB53FE4F5F13" box="[375,478,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be recognized in the adult female by the following: Maxillary palpus with three white bands, two apparently at the apices of palpomeres 2 and 3 and third at the apex of palpomere 4 continuing onto palpomere 5; wing with four main dark spots (presector, sector, preapical, apical), with an apical pale spot, an accessory sector pale spot on R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA710A15FDE3FAD5FDB95F8D" attach="left" box="[544,552,1402,1416]" fontSize="6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">1</subScript>
|
||
(sometimes continuing onto subcosta but not costa), with pale spots and pale fringe at apices of all veins, pale fringe not evident between any of the veins, vein CuA with three dark spots and 1A with two dark spots; legs with distinct speckling, speckles on the hindlegs often extending onto hindtarsomeres 2 and 3, tarsomeres usually banded apically and sometimes basally (specifically described as basal and apical by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FF54FA57FEDF5C17" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[151,334,1528,1554]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); abdomen without obvious scales; aedeagal leaflets about five or six per side with the longest leaflet somewhat serrate and sinuous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FE34F9B3FD6D5C33" author="Russell, P. F. & Baisas, E." box="[503,764,1564,1590]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 64" refId="ref176868" refString="Russell, P. F. & Baisas, E. (1936) A practical illustrated key to adults of Philippine Anopheles. Philippine Journal of Science, 59 (1), 15 - 64, 34 pls." type="journal article" year="1936">Russell & Baisas 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Characteristics of the larva and pupa of the nominal taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FF54F9EFFF6F5C5F" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[151,254,1600,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FF54F9EFFF6F5C5F" box="[151,254,1600,1626]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FEA8F9EFFE785C5F" box="[363,489,1600,1626]" name="Philippines" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FD02F9EFFCDB5C5F" author="King, W. V." box="[705,842,1600,1626]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="305 - 342" refId="ref162103" refString="King, W. V. (1932) The Philippine Anopheles of the rossi-ludlowi group. Philippine Journal of Science, 47 (3), 305 - 342, 4 pls." type="journal article" year="1932">King (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FC43F9EFFB8C5C5F" author="Baisas, F. E." box="[896,1053,1600,1626]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="205 - 220" refId="ref143666" refString="Baisas, F. E. (1936) Notes of Philippine mosquitoes, VI. The pupal characters on anophelines of the subgenus Myzomyia. Philippine Journal of Science, 61 (2), 205 - 220, 25 pls." type="journal article" year="1936">Baisas (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, respectively, but observations are not available for comparison to subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FDB6F9CBFD455C7B" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[629,724,1636,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FDB6F9CBFD455C7B" box="[629,724,1636,1662]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FCB4F9CBFB885C7B" author="Urbino, C. M." box="[887,1049,1636,1662]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="261 - 275" refId="ref183049" refString="Urbino, C. M. (1936) The eggs of some Philippine Anopheles. Monthly Bulletin of the Bureau of Health, 16, 261 - 275." type="journal article" year="1936">Urbino (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the egg of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FB5BF9CBFB6E5C7B" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1176,1279,1636,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FB5BF9CBFB6E5C7B" box="[1176,1279,1636,1662]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have floats; the egg of subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FE1CF927FDAF5CA7" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[479,574,1672,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FE1CF927FDAF5CA7" box="[479,574,1672,1698]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been documented. Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FC3AF927FBF15CA7" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1017,1120,1672,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FC3AF927FBF15CA7" box="[1017,1120,1672,1698]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not known as a vector of malarial parasites in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FE6AF903FDB65CC3" box="[425,551,1708,1734]" name="Philippines" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FDF5F903FD2B5CC3" author="Basio, R. G." box="[566,698,1708,1734]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref144497" refString="Basio, R. G. (1971) The mosquito fauna of the Philippines (Diptera Culicidae). Monograph No. 4. National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, v + 198 pp." type="book" year="1971">Basio 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA710A13FF04F97FFD3A5AD0" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA710A14FF04F97FFB585B44" blockId="66.[151,1437,1096,2023]" lastBlockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Since there are many species with the overall appearance of the adult female of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FBE3F97FFB1C5CEF" box="[1056,1165,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FBE3F97FFB185CEF" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1056,1161,1744,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">ludlowae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the name was associated with other taxa as a variety or subspecies. There was initial recognition of a “salt water
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FB99F95BFB505D0B" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1114,1217,1780,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FB99F95BFB505D0B" box="[1114,1217,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FAD4F95BFA085D0B" box="[1303,1433,1780,1806]" name="Philippines" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FF54F8B7FEB05D37" author="King, W. V." box="[151,289,1816,1842]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="305 - 342" refId="ref162103" refString="King, W. V. (1932) The Philippine Anopheles of the rossi-ludlowi group. Philippine Journal of Science, 47 (3), 305 - 342, 4 pls." type="journal article" year="1932">King (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
determined this to be a separate species (currently
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FCA7F8B7FC125D37" box="[868,899,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">An</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FC58F8B7FC535D37" box="[923,962,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Cel</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FC19F8B7FBA25D37" box="[986,1075,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">litoralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FBF8F8B7FB2C5D37" author="King, W. V." box="[1083,1213,1816,1842]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="305 - 342" refId="ref162103" refString="King, W. V. (1932) The Philippine Anopheles of the rossi-ludlowi group. Philippine Journal of Science, 47 (3), 305 - 342, 4 pls." type="journal article" year="1932">King, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FB12F8B6FE1D5D52" author="Bonne-Wepster, J. & Swellengrebel, N. H." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref145932" refString="Bonne-Wepster, J. & Swellengrebel, N. H. (1953) The anopheline mosquitoes of the Indo-Australian Region. J. H. de Bussy, Amsterdam, 504 pp." type="book" year="1953">Bonne-Wepster & Swellengrebel (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote: “Early writers used the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FC86F893FC085D53" baseAuthorityName="sensu Walch & Soesilo" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[837,921,1852,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FC86F893FC085D53" box="[837,921,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the common speckled-legged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FAEBF893FF795D7F" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FAEBF893FA0C5D53" box="[1320,1437,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which occurs all over the Sunda Islands,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FD75F8CFFC9B5D7F" box="[694,778,1888,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Malaya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Malaya</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Andamans and which in later years was also found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FF70F82BFF7E5D9B" box="[179,239,1924,1950]" name="India" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, along the coast in brackish and fresh water.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FD18F82BFC225D9A" author="Rodenwaldt, E." box="[731,947,1924,1951]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="173 - 201" refId="ref176036" refString="Rodenwaldt, E. (1925) Entomologische notities. III. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 65, 173 - 201, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1925">Rodenwaldt (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted several important characters in which the species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FE98F807FE595DC7" box="[347,456,1960,1986]" name="Indonesia" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
differs from that on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FD20F807FC3F5DC7" box="[739,942,1960,1986]" name="Philippines" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
and described it as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FB56F807FA185DC7" box="[1173,1417,1960,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ludlowi" variety="sundaica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FB56F807FB785DC7" box="[1173,1257,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ludlowi</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FAE7F807FA185DC7" box="[1316,1417,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">sundaica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” This
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FF12F863FEC25DE2" box="[209,339,1996,2023]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" rank="variety" variety="was">variety was</taxonomicName>
|
||
later elevated to species rank by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FD12F863FC265DE3" author="Christophers, S. R." box="[721,951,1996,2022]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref148077" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1933) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. IV. Family Culicidae. Tribe Anophelini. Taylor and Francis, London, vi + (iii) + 371 pp., 3 pls." type="book" year="1933">Christophers (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FC01F863FB285DE3" author="Harrison, B. A. & Rattanarithikul, R. & Peyton, E. L. & Mongkolpanya, K." box="[962,1209,1996,2023]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="196 - 227" refId="ref159407" refString="Harrison, B. A., Rattanarithikul, R., Peyton, E. L. & Mongkolpanya, K. (1991) Taxonomic changes, revised occurrence records and notes on the Culicidae of Thailand and neighboring countries. Mosquito Systematics, 22 (3), 196 - 227. [for 1990]" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Harrison
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FBEEF862FBCE5DE3" box="[1069,1119,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reinforced this idea in a rationale for a list of mosquitoes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA700A14FDADFF38FD435AB4" box="[622,722,151,177]" name="Thailand" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and nearby countries: “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FC24FF38FB375AB4" authority="(Cel.)" baseAuthorityName="Cel." box="[999,1190,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FC24FF38FBCD5AB4" box="[999,1116,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FBACFF38FB075AB4" box="[1135,1174,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Cel</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FB73FF38FA0C5AB4" authority="(Theobald)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1200,1437,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB73FF38FA865AB4" box="[1200,1303,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
(Theobald)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was listed as doubtful and needing further confirmation. Additional confirmation is not necessary. The old records of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FF7CFF70FE825AFC" baseAuthorityName="sensu Walch & Soesilo" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[191,275,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FF7CFF70FE825AFC" box="[191,275,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ by Barnes (1923),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FE36FF70FCF65AFC" author="Christophers, S. R. & Barraud, P. J." box="[501,871,223,249]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="161 - 192" refId="ref148128" refString="Christophers, S. R. & Barraud, P. J. (1931) The eggs of Indian Anopheles, with descriptions of the hitherto undescribed eggs of a number of species. Records of the Malaria Survey of India, 2 (1), 161 - 192, 5 pls." type="journal article" year="1931">Barraud and Christophers (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Thurman (1959) were based on misidentified specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FEFBFEACFDEC5B18" authority="(Rodenwaldt)" baseAuthorityName="Rodenwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[312,637,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sundaicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FEFBFEACFEC65B18" box="[312,343,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FEABFEACFE495B18" box="[360,472,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">sundaicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Rodenwaldt)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as noted by Scanlon
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FCBFFEACFC205B18" box="[892,945,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1968).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FBDDFEACFA955B18" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1054,1284,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FBDDFEACFA955B18" box="[1054,1284,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an insular species, not found on mainland Southeast Asia, and should not be included in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA700A14FBEAFE88FB1C5B44" box="[1065,1165,295,321]" name="Thailand" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
list.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA700A14FF04FEE4FE3E59E8" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FF04FEE4FE655B60" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." box="[199,500,331,357]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FD2DFEE4FCDC5B60" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[750,845,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD2DFEE4FCDC5B60" box="[750,845,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first published in
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA700A14FB8BFEE4FB0C5B60" box="[1096,1181,331,357]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.92252" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="in" value="1938.0">1938 in</quantity>
|
||
Dutch but neither they nor we have been able to obtain a copy of the publication. Therefore: “it is not known whether or not the name was originally introduced in 1938” or at what rank/status. Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FCBFFE3CFC4A5BA8" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[892,987,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FCBFFE3CFC4A5BA8" box="[892,987,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recognized as an important vector of human malarial parasites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FE7FFE18FDCC5BD4" author="van Hell, J. C." box="[444,605,438,465]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="45 - 56" refId="ref183119" refString="van Hell, J. C. (1952) The anopheline fauna and malaria vectors in South Celebes. Documenta de Medicina Geographica et Tropica, 4, 45 - 56." type="journal article" year="1952">van Hell 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FDABFE18FD7B5BD4" author="Basio, R. G." box="[616,746,439,465]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref144497" refString="Basio, R. G. (1971) The mosquito fauna of the Philippines (Diptera Culicidae). Monograph No. 4. National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, v + 198 pp." type="book" year="1971">Basio 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A brief description, with illustrations of the maxillary palpus of both sexes, a wing and a hindleg, was later published in English by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FC04FE74FF73581C" author="Stoker, W. J. & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref179495" refString="Stoker, W. J. & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1949) Illustrated map of the anopheline imagines of Indonesia (English translation). Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Djakarta, 69 pp." type="book" year="1949">Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FE5AFE50FE7C581C" baseAuthorityName="sensu Walch & Soesilo" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[409,493,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FE5AFE50FE7C581C" box="[409,493,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA700A14FDF2FE50FDF0581C" box="[561,609,511,537]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FCA4FE50FBA1581C" author="Kitzmiller, J. B." box="[871,1072,511,537]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref162332" refString="Kitzmiller, J. B. (1982) Anopheline names: their derivations and histories. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VIII. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 639 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4182 / UTTN 3411" type="book" year="1982">Kitzmiller (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA700A14FBBAFE50FA08581C" box="[1145,1433,511,537]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Selatan" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">South Sulawesi Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA700A14FF02FD8CFF605838" box="[193,241,547,573]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens are known. Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen briefly described and illustrated, not only
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FF54FDE8FF6C5864" box="[151,253,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FF54FDE8FF685864" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,249,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">torakala</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FE9CFDE8FB9F5864" authority="(sensu Walch & Soesilo 1929)" baseAuthorityName="sensu Walch & Soesilo" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[351,1038,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowi" subGenus="Myzomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FE9CFDE8FE455864" box="[351,468,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FE20FDE8FDC75865" box="[483,598,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Myzomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDA6FDE8FD285864" box="[613,697,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD0AFDE8FC965865" box="[713,775,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FCCFFDE8FB975864" author="Walch, E. W. & Soesilo, R." box="[780,1030,583,609]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="453 - 468" refId="ref184008" refString="Walch, E. W. & Soesilo, R. (1929) A comparative study of the pecten of the Netherlands Indies Anopheles larvae, preceded by some other morphological observations. Mededelingen van den Dienst der Volksgezondheid in Nederlandsch-Indie, 18, 453 - 468." type="journal article" year="1929">Walch & Soesilo 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FB81FDE8FA0D5864" baseAuthorityName="sensu Walch & Soesilo" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[1090,1436,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowi" subGenus="Myzomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB81FDE8FB265864" box="[1090,1207,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB05FDE8FAA85865" box="[1222,1337,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Myzomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FA8BFDE8FA0D5864" box="[1352,1436,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FF67FDC4FF625881" box="[164,243,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">typicus</emphasis>
|
||
” (=
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FEEAFDC4FEF65881" box="[297,359,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FEB3FDC4FDB85880" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[368,553,619,645]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDF5FDC4FDC85881" box="[566,601,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
the nominotypical form). The descriptions are brief and do not provide a differential diagnosis or an explanation about specimens or literature examined, but we surmise the following:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FF54FD1CFF6758C8" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,246,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FF54FD1CFF6758C8" box="[151,246,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have an accessory sector pale spot on the subcosta and the accessory sector pale spot on vein R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA700A14FA57FD6AFA0D58D6" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,709,723]" fontSize="6" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">1</subScript>
|
||
is not demarcated by the additional dark mark between it and the sector pale spot (“
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FBF5FD78FB1458F5" box="[1078,1157,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">typicus</emphasis>
|
||
” has a distinct accessory sector pale spot on the subcosta and R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA700A14FD86FCA2FDDC591E" attach="left" box="[581,589,781,795]" fontSize="6" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">1</subScript>
|
||
, with three pale spots on R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA700A14FC42FCA2FC18591E" attach="left" box="[897,905,781,795]" fontSize="6" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">1</subScript>
|
||
below the sector dark);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FB58FD54FB6B5910" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[1179,1274,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB58FD54FB6B5910" box="[1179,1274,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have a pale fringe spot between CuA and 1A (“
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDABFCB0FD26593D" box="[616,695,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">typicus</emphasis>
|
||
” has a continuous pale fringe spot from CuA to 1A); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FAE4FCB0FA17593C" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[1319,1414,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FAE4FCB0FA17593C" box="[1319,1414,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is difficult to interpret but it appears that vein R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA700A14FD6FFCFAFD255966" attach="left" box="[684,692,853,867]" fontSize="6" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">3</subScript>
|
||
does not end in a pale fringe spot (“
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB89FCECFB085959" box="[1098,1177,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">typicus</emphasis>
|
||
” has a continuous pale fringe spot between the ends of veins R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA700A14FD96FCD6FDCC5982" attach="left" box="[597,605,889,903]" fontSize="6" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">3</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA700A14FD64FCD6FD505982" attach="left" box="[679,705,889,903]" fontSize="6" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">4+5</subScript>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FD14FCC8FCA75984" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[727,822,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD14FCC8FCA75984" box="[727,822,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has CuA with two dark spots (“
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB5CFCC8FB7F5985" box="[1183,1262,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">typicus</emphasis>
|
||
” has CuA with three dark spots);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FEA1FC24FE5059A0" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[354,449,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FEA1FC24FE5059A0" box="[354,449,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has three dark spots on the subcosta (“
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FCBBFC24FC5659A1" box="[888,967,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">typicus</emphasis>
|
||
” with two dark spots on the subcosta). In addition, judging from the illustrations, we do not see significant differences in banding on the maxillary palpi or the speckling of the legs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA700A14FF04FC58FCE05F50" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
From the above, a likely significant character is the pale fringe between CuA and 1A, the presence of which is used in keys to distinguish Indonesian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FD8AFBB4FD215E30" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[585,688,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD8AFBB4FD215E30" box="[585,688,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FD37FBB4FCC25E30" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[756,851,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD37FBB4FCC25E30" box="[756,851,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which does not have the spot. In contradiction, this fringe spot is not present on the wing of Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FD27FB90FCDA5E5C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[740,843,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD27FB90FCDA5E5C" box="[740,843,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FC9FFB90FC7B5E5D" box="[860,1002,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
). Lee
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FBF6FB90FBF65E5C" box="[1077,1127,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1987) did not distinguish between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FF38FBCCFEF35E78" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[251,354,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FF38FBCCFEF35E78" box="[251,354,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FE5AFBCCFD045E78" box="[409,661,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ludlowae" variety="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FE5AFBCCFD915E78" box="[409,512,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDF5FBCCFD045E78" box="[566,661,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Australasian
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA700A14FCB7FBCCFC545E78" box="[884,965,1123,1149]" country="Iraq" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
and combined them in their key, in which they state that there is usually a pale fringe spot between CuA and 1A. Since only the nominotypical form has been characterized in all life stages, no certain comparisons can be made with Indonesian forms, except for one character of the male genitalia.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FE47FB60FCD35EEC" author="Bonne-Wepster, J. & Swellengrebel, N. H." box="[388,834,1230,1257]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref145932" refString="Bonne-Wepster, J. & Swellengrebel, N. H. (1953) The anopheline mosquitoes of the Indo-Australian Region. J. H. de Bussy, Amsterdam, 504 pp." type="book" year="1953">Bonne-Wepster & Swellengrebel (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared the aedeagal leaflets of Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FAF5FB60FA0C5EEC" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1334,1437,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FAF5FB60FA0C5EEC" box="[1334,1437,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the aedeagal leaflets of males from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA700A14FDA1FB5CFD565F08" box="[610,711,1267,1293]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
(the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA700A14FCC2FB5CFCCE5F08" box="[769,863,1267,1293]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Celebes</collectingRegion>
|
||
). Their figure 51 shows that the leaflets of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA700A14FA87FB5CFA0C5F08" box="[1348,1437,1267,1293]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Celebes</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens are long and numerous whereas the leaflets of Philippine specimens, as discussed above, have only five or six leaflets on each side, with the longest sinuous or S-shaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA700A14FF04FAF0FF5C5C70" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
In summary, because of commonly shared characters in this group of species, we think that the concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FF54FA2CFF6F5F98" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[151,254,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FF54FA2CFF6F5F98" box="[151,254,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA700A14FEAFFA2CFE7B5F98" box="[364,490,1411,1437]" name="Philippines" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
has been mixed and confused with what probably is a species complex in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA700A14FAF3FA2CFA095F98" box="[1328,1432,1411,1437]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and elsewhere in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA700A14FE95FA08FE565FC4" box="[342,455,1447,1473]" name="Indonesia" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. How to adequately characterize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FCF2FA08FC015FC4" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[817,912,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FCF2FA08FC015FC4" box="[817,912,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not possible without further study, especially utilizing molecular methods. Because of noted differences in the transmission of malarial parasites, the presence of pale fringe between CuA and 1A in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FD88FA40FD3B5C0C" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[587,682,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD88FA40FD3B5C0C" box="[587,682,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and differences in the form of aedeagal leaflets, we think these are probably separate species, and therefore elevate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FD79F9BCFC885C28" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[698,793,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD79F9BCFC885C28" box="[698,793,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to species status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FC25F9BDFDC45C55" authority="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, 1949" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala" subGenus="Cellia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FC25F9BDFDC45C55" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FC25F9BDFBCE5C28" bold="true" box="[998,1119,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FBB3F9BDFB255C28" bold="true" box="[1136,1204,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Cellia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB05F9BDFAB75C28" bold="true" box="[1222,1318,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FAEDF9BDFDC45C55" author="Stoker, W. J. & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref179495" refString="Stoker, W. J. & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1949) Illustrated map of the anopheline imagines of Indonesia (English translation). Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Djakarta, 69 pp." type="book" year="1949">Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FDA0F998FCAE5C54" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[611,831,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDA0F998FCAE5C54" box="[611,831,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA700A13FF04F9D0FD3A5AD0" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="68.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Three names (
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FEABF9D0FE6D5C9C" box="[360,508,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">formosaensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FDC8F9D0FDC65C9C" authorityName="Koidzumi" authorityYear="1920" box="[523,599,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hatorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDC8F9D0FDC65C9C" box="[523,599,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">hatorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDA5F9D0FD545C9C" box="[614,709,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">cabrerai</emphasis>
|
||
) are currently in synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FBFCF9D0FB375C9C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1087,1190,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FBFCF9D0FB375C9C" box="[1087,1190,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FB6DF9D0FA9C5C9C" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[1198,1293,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB6DF9D0FA9C5C9C" box="[1198,1293,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Since those nominal species do not occur in the geographical range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FCF2F90CFC2F5CB8" authorityName="Stoker & Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1949" box="[817,958,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torakala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FCF2F90CFCC15CB8" box="[817,848,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FC9CF90CFC2F5CB8" box="[863,958,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">torakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we believe all three are synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FAB5F90CFF6F5CE4" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FAB5F90CFA045CB8" box="[1398,1429,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FF54F968FF6F5CE4" box="[151,254,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FED3F968FC155CE4" authority="Koidzumi, 1917" authorityName="Koidzumi" authorityYear="1917" box="[272,900,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ludlowii" variety="formosaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FED3F968FE7D5CE4" box="[272,492,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles ludlowii</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDE8F968FD2E5CE4" box="[555,703,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">formosaensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FD09F968FC155CE4" author="Koidzumi, M." box="[714,900,1735,1761]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="351 - 355" refId="ref163044" refString="Koidzumi, M. (1917) On the anopheline mosquitoes from Formosa. Dobutsugaku Zassi [Zoological Magazine], 29, 131 - 142, 351 - 355. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1917">Koidzumi, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was preoccupied and replaced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FADCF968FEC25D00" authority="Koidzumi, 1920" authorityName="Koidzumi" authorityYear="1920" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hatorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FADCF968FAAF5CE4" box="[1311,1342,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FA93F968FA0D5CE4" box="[1360,1436,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">hatorii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FF54F944FEC25D00" author="Koidzumi, M." box="[151,339,1771,1797]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref163079" refString="Koidzumi, M. (1920) Preventive medical study of mosquitoes in Formosa. Daiwan Kenkyujo Hokoku [Report of the Formosa Government], 8, 1 - 158. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1920">Koidzumi, 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as explained by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FDDCF944FD425D00" author="Yamada, S." box="[543,723,1770,1797]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="447 - 493" refId="ref185502" refString="Yamada, S. (1925) A revision of the adult anopheline mosquitoes of Japan: systematic descriptions, their habits and their relations to human diseases. (Part II). Scientific Reports from the Government Institute for Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Imperial University, 4, 447 - 493." type="journal article" year="1925">Yamada (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: “
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FD29F944FC205D00" author="Koidzumi, M." box="[746,945,1771,1797]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="351 - 355" refId="ref163044" refString="Koidzumi, M. (1917) On the anopheline mosquitoes from Formosa. Dobutsugaku Zassi [Zoological Magazine], 29, 131 - 142, 351 - 355. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1917">Koidzumi (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
pointed out, however, the Formosan form differs slightly from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FE41F8A0FE4F5D2C" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[386,478,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FE41F8A0FE4F5D2C" box="[386,478,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and placed the former as a variety of the latter, giving it a name,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FB07F8A0FEDF5D48" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ludlowii" variety="formosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FB07F8A0FA0D5D2C" box="[1220,1436,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles ludlowii</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FF0BF89CFEDF5D48" box="[200,334,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">formosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. After that,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FE17F89CFD075D48" author="Koidzumi, M." box="[468,662,1843,1869]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref163079" refString="Koidzumi, M. (1920) Preventive medical study of mosquitoes in Formosa. Daiwan Kenkyujo Hokoku [Report of the Formosa Government], 8, 1 - 158. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1920">Koidzumi (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
leaned to separate the Formosan form specifically from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FAD2F89CFAFC5D48" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1297,1389,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FAD2F89CFAFC5D48" box="[1297,1389,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and gave it provisionally another name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FDEFF8F8FD085D74" authority="Harbach & Wilkerson, 2023" authorityName="Harbach & Wilkerson" authorityYear="2023" box="[556,665,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hatorii" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDEFF8F8FDAC5D74" box="[556,573,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FD8EF8F8FD085D74" box="[589,665,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">hatorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA700A14FD61F8F8FD6B5D74" box="[674,762,1879,1905]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(?) replacing
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FC58F8F8FBB05D74" box="[923,1057,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">formosensis</emphasis>
|
||
preoccupied. But the provisional name was lately made valid by the author (1924). It was, however, placed again as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FAD9F8D4FAE75D90" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1306,1398,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FAD9F8D4FAE75D90" box="[1306,1398,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FF54F830FEEF5DBC" author="Christophers, S. R." box="[151,382,1951,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref148005" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1924) Provisional list and reference catalogue of the Anophelini. Indian Medical Research Memoirs, 3, 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1924">Christophers (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FE57F830FA995DBC" authority="Cagampang-Ramos & Darsie, 1969" authorityName="Cagampang-Ramos & Darsie" authorityYear="1969" box="[404,1288,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ludlowae" subGenus="Cellia" subSpecies="cabrerai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FE57F830FD985DBC" box="[404,521,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDDAF830FDCC5DBC" box="[537,605,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Cellia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FDADF830FD445DBC" box="[622,725,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FCCCF830FCFF5DBC" box="[783,878,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">cabrerai</emphasis>
|
||
Cagampang-Ramos &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FBBBF830FA995DBC" author="Darsie, R. F., Jr. & Cagampang-Ramos, A." box="[1144,1288,1951,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref150513" refString="Darsie, R. F., Jr. & Cagampang-Ramos, A. (1969) Manual of malaria entomology. A handbook of laboratory and field training exercises. 2 nd Edition. Malaria Eradication Training Center, Manila, vi + 142 pp." type="book" year="1969">Darsie, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA700A14FAF5F830FE225DD8" author="Darsie, R. F., Jr. & Cagampang-Ramos, A." pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref150513" refString="Darsie, R. F., Jr. & Cagampang-Ramos, A. (1969) Manual of malaria entomology. A handbook of laboratory and field training exercises. 2 nd Edition. Malaria Eradication Training Center, Manila, vi + 142 pp." type="book" year="1969">Darsie & Cagampang-Ramos 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was described in comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA700A14FCFCF86CFC375DD8" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[831,934,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA700A14FCFCF86CFC375DD8" box="[831,934,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ludlowae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having three dark spots on vein 1A instead of two. The authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA770A13FEBFFF38FC945AB4" author="Darsie, R. F., Jr. & Cagampang-Ramos, A." box="[380,773,151,177]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="123 - 127" refId="ref150560" refString="Darsie, R. F., Jr. & Cagampang-Ramos, A. (1977) A study of Anopheles ludlowae Theobald siblings, leading to new synonymy (Diptera, Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 9 (2), 123 - 127." type="journal article" year="1977">Darsie & Cagampang-Ramos 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) later determined that this single character was variable and recognized
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA770A13FEDAFF14FEE95AD0" box="[281,376,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">cabrerai</emphasis>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA770A13FDFEFF14FD3A5AD0" box="[573,683,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA770A13FDFEFF14FD365AD0" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[573,679,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludlowae">ludlowae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |