519 lines
60 KiB
XML
519 lines
60 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A0EFF8875F4C029D97846F522F1C0CF0">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BE07C985CD6A8814C4FB6D4393311BE6">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="314DBA27AEBC93EB3DA57F1846A31B75">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="36FDF0F081541C0994F22FD124492F74">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA6C0A36FF54FA1AFDB85880" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064261" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700482" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064261" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA6C0A36FF54FA1AFDB85880" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA6C0A36FF54FA1AFDB85880" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF54FA1AFD085FD5" blockId="95.[151,665,1461,1488]" box="[151,665,1461,1488]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA6C0A08FF54FA1AFD085FD5" bold="true" box="[151,665,1461,1488]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FF54FA1AFD085FD5" ID-CoL="8BMSV" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" box="[151,665,1461,1488]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus" subGenus="Eumelanomyia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF54FA1AFD085FD5" bold="true" box="[151,665,1461,1488]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF54FA1AFF4E5FD5" bold="true" box="[151,223,1461,1488]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF33FA1AFE395FD5" bold="true" box="[240,424,1461,1488]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Eumelanomyia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE7AFA1AFDB05FD5" bold="true" box="[441,545,1461,1488]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">horridus</emphasis>
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Edwards
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6C0A08FF54FA55FDBF5D0D" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF54FA55FBFB5C6B" blockId="95.[151,1437,1530,1800]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FED3FA55FD825C17" ID-CoL="8BMSV" authority="Edwards, 1922" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1922" box="[272,531,1530,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FED3FA55FEFB5C17" bold="true" box="[272,362,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">horridus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FEB4FA55FD825C17" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[375,531,1530,1554]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="75 - 102" refId="ref153688" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1922) Mosquito notes. - III. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (1), 75 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300045259" type="journal article" year="1922">Edwards, 1922</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FCDFFA55FC2A5C17" ID-CoL="8BMSV" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1922" box="[796,955,1530,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FCDFFA55FC2A5C17" box="[796,955,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culex horridus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FB98FA55FB395C17" box="[1115,1192,1530,1554]" name="Angola" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Angola</collectingCountry>
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,
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FACBFA55FA095C17" box="[1288,1432,1530,1554]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FF04F9B6FEA25C34" box="[199,307,1561,1585]" name="Cameroon" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FEFEF9B6FDAC5C34" box="[317,573,1561,1585]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FD84F9B6FD365C34" box="[583,679,1561,1585]" name="Comoros" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Comoros</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FD73F9B6FCAB5C34" box="[688,826,1561,1585]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FC80F9B6FB375C34" box="[835,1190,1561,1585]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FB73F9B6FB645C34" box="[1200,1269,1561,1585]" name="Ghana" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FB3DF9B6FAD25C34" box="[1278,1347,1561,1585]" name="Kenya" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FA8EF9B6FA085C34" box="[1357,1433,1561,1585]" name="Liberia" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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,
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FE8DF998FE115C4A" box="[334,384,1591,1615]" name="Serbia" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Mali</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FE48F998FD825C4A" box="[395,531,1591,1615]" name="Mozambique" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FDDCF998FDFF5C4A" box="[543,622,1591,1615]" name="Nigeria" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FDBBF998FCF25C55" box="[632,867,1591,1616]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FCADF998FBE05C4A" box="[878,1137,1591,1615]" name="South Africa" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FBBFF998FB6F5C4A" box="[1148,1278,1591,1615]" name="South Sudan" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
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[but not
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FA9EF998FA0D5C4A" box="[1373,1436,1591,1615]" name="Sudan" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FF0DF9F9FE015C6B" author="Simsaa, M. A. A. & Harbach, R. E. & Almalik, A. M. A. & Ahmed, E. M. & Esia, A. A. & Mohamed, A. H. & Azrag, R. S." box="[206,400,1622,1646]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="401 - 411" refId="ref178377" refString="Simsaa, M. A. A., Harbach, R. E., Almalik, A. M. A., Ahmed, E. M., Esia, A. A., Mohamed, A. H. & Azrag, R. S. (2021) Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) recorded along the Nile River in northern Sudan, with a key for the identification of all species of the genus known to occur in the country. Zootaxa, 4963 (3), 401 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4963.3.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
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||
Simsaa
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FEDCF9F8FEDD5C6B" box="[287,332,1622,1646]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
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. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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)],
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FE6BF9F9FD975C6B" box="[424,518,1622,1646]" name="Tanzania" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FDCCF9F8FDD45C6A" box="[527,581,1623,1647]" name="Togo" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Togo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FD8CF9F9FD315C6B" box="[591,672,1622,1646]" name="Uganda" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
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,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FD68F9F9FD6A5C6B" box="[683,763,1622,1646]" name="Zambia" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FCC6F9F9FCE05C6B" box="[773,881,1622,1646]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FCBDF9F9FBCE5C6B" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[894,1119,1622,1646]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC2CF9F8FB8D5C6B" box="[1007,1052,1622,1646]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A08FF54F9DAFDBF5D0D" blockId="95.[151,1437,1530,1800]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FEC8F9DAFD065C88" authority="(Hamon & Rickenbach, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[267,663,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FEC8F9DAFECA5C88" bold="true" box="[267,347,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FEA9F9DAFD015C88" author="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A." box="[362,656,1653,1677]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="848 - 859" refId="ref158313" refString="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A. (1955) Contribution a l'etude des Neoculex (Dipteres: Culicides) de la Region Ethiopienne. 1. - Corrections de quelques descriptions de terminalia males donnees par Edwards, avec etude d'une nouvelle variete. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 48 (6), 848 - 859." type="journal article" year="1955">Hamon & Rickenbach, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FC5BF9DAFB485C88" authorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" authorityYear="1955" box="[920,1241,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="horridus" variety="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC5BF9DAFBC45C88" box="[920,1109,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Neoculex horridus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FB49F9D9FB485C88" box="[1162,1241,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FF24F93CFE7A5CA9" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." box="[231,491,1683,1708]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FD47F93BFD7F5CA9" box="[644,750,1684,1708]" name="Cameroon" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FD39F93BFB8B5CAE" author="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A." box="[762,1050,1683,1708]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="848 - 859" refId="ref158313" refString="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A. (1955) Contribution a l'etude des Neoculex (Dipteres: Culicides) de la Region Ethiopienne. 1. - Corrections de quelques descriptions de terminalia males donnees par Edwards, avec etude d'une nouvelle variete. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 48 (6), 848 - 859." type="journal article" year="1955">Hamon & Rickenbach 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These authors considered specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FF3CF91DFEAD5CCF" box="[255,316,1714,1738]" name="Benin" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FEAFF91DFE655CCF" box="[364,500,1714,1738]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
that they compared with subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FCA4F91CFC275CCF" baseAuthorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[871,950,1715,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FCA4F91CFC275CCF" box="[871,950,1715,1738]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be specimens of the nominotypical form (see below); thus, those two countries were erroneously included in the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FC39F97DFBD85CEC" baseAuthorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1018,1097,1746,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC39F97DFBD85CEC" box="[1018,1097,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the catalogs of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FB3DF97EFE9B5D0D" author="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A." pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref162868" refString="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2 nd Edition. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight & Stone (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FEFFF940FDBB5D0D" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[316,554,1775,1800]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE69F95FFE465D02" box="[426,471,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6C0A36FF54F899FDB85880" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6C0A37FF54F899FB1A5880" blockId="95.[151,1437,1846,2016]" lastBlockId="96.[151,1437,151,1473]" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FF54F899FEDE5D55" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[151,335,1846,1872]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="75 - 102" refId="ref153688" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1922) Mosquito notes. - III. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (1), 75 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300045259" type="journal article" year="1922">Edwards (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FE0FF899FDBD5D55" box="[460,556,1846,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE0FF899FDBD5D55" box="[460,556,1846,1872]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FCBBF899FACC5D55" authority="Theobald, 1909" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[888,1373,1846,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Protomelanoconion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FCBBF899FB0D5D55" box="[888,1180,1846,1872]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Protomelanoconion fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FB65F899FACC5D55" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1190,1373,1846,1872]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref182128" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1909) Descriptions of the new mosquitoes collected by Dr. Graham in Ashanti. Gold Coast Miscellaneous Publication No. 237. Great Britain Colonial Office. London, 31 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1909">Theobald, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, type locality Accra in present-day
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FE19F8F5FDB75D71" box="[474,550,1882,1908]" name="Ghana" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which was preoccupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FC99F8F5FA8B5D70" authority="Theobald, 1905 d" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1905" box="[858,1306,1882,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Taeniorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FC99F8F5FBC65D71" box="[858,1111,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Taeniorhynchus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FB98F8F5FA8B5D70" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1115,1306,1882,1909]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="237 - 250" refId="ref181900" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1905 d) Some new mosquitoes from Ceylon. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16 (2), 237 - 250, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Theobald, 1905d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FF74F8D1FD315D9D" authority="Ludlow, 1903" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1903" box="[183,672,1918,1944]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis" subGenus="Culiciomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FF74F8D1FF695D9D" box="[183,248,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FEC8F8D1FE055D9D" box="[267,404,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Culiciomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FE65F8D1FE665D9D" box="[422,503,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">fragilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FDC3F8D1FD315D9D" author="Ludlow, C. S." box="[512,672,1918,1944]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref166361" refString="Ludlow, C. S. (1903) Some Philippine mosquitoes. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 11 (3), 137 - 144." type="journal article" year="1903">Ludlow, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unfortunately,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FC9BF8D1FB965D9D" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[856,1031,1918,1944]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="75 - 102" refId="ref153688" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1922) Mosquito notes. - III. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (1), 75 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300045259" type="journal article" year="1922">Edwards (1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FBD7F8D1FBDC5D9D" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1044,1101,1918,1944]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) only briefly described (with lack of detail) and did not illustrate the male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6C0A08FCEDF80DFC1F5DB9" box="[814,910,1954,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6C0A08FCEDF80DFC1F5DB9" box="[814,910,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6C0A08FC5CF80DFB635DB8" author="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A." box="[927,1266,1954,1981]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="848 - 859" refId="ref158313" refString="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A. (1955) Contribution a l'etude des Neoculex (Dipteres: Culicides) de la Region Ethiopienne. 1. - Corrections de quelques descriptions de terminalia males donnees par Edwards, avec etude d'une nouvelle variete. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 48 (6), 848 - 859." type="journal article" year="1955">Hamon & Rickenbach (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined two series of specimens, one consisting of
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA6C0A08FD99F869FD715DE5" box="[602,736,1990,2016]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="male">three males</specimenCount>
|
||
, one from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FCA0F869FC375DE5" box="[867,934,1990,2016]" name="Benin" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
and two from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6C0A08FB9BF869FB645DE5" box="[1112,1269,1990,2016]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the other consisting of
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA530A37FEF1FF38FE0D5AB4" box="[306,412,151,177]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="male">six males</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FE27FF38FDCD5AB4" box="[484,604,151,177]" name="Cameroon" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They provided two illustrations of the subapical lobe of the gonocoxite, one drawn from a male from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FE27FF14FDEA5AD0" box="[484,635,187,213]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
labelled as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FCC1FF14FCF35AD0" box="[770,866,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FCC1FF14FCF35AD0" box="[770,866,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other drawn from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA530A37FB7FFF14FA8F5AD0" box="[1212,1310,187,213]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FA86FF14FA0D5AD1" baseAuthorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1349,1436,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FA86FF14FA0D5AD1" box="[1349,1436,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FF16FF70FEDC5AFC" box="[213,333,223,249]" name="Cameroon" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The two illustrations are similar except in the former there is only one seemingly flexible simple seta (
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FF17FEACFF735B18" box="[212,226,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FECAFEACFE845B19" box="[265,277,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">e</emphasis>
|
||
) in group
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE4EFEACFE205B18" box="[397,433,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d–f</emphasis>
|
||
and the three rod-like setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FD37FEACFC8D5B19" box="[756,796,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
are closely aligned parallel to each other with
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FAECFEACFAAA5B19" box="[1327,1339,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">c</emphasis>
|
||
inserted slightly distal to
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE92FE88FECE5B45" box="[337,351,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE56FE88FE325B44" box="[405,419,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">b</emphasis>
|
||
. Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FDF0FE88FD1B5B45" baseAuthorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[563,650,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FDF0FE88FD1B5B45" box="[563,650,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two straight (stiff?) setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FC21FE88FC615B44" box="[994,1008,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FBE6FE88FBA05B45" box="[1061,1073,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">e</emphasis>
|
||
) in group
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FB66FE88FB585B44" box="[1189,1225,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d–f</emphasis>
|
||
and seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FAF2FE88FAAC5B45" box="[1329,1341,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">c</emphasis>
|
||
projects at a 90-degree angle from setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE3BFEE4FD975B61" box="[504,518,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FDF8FEE4FDD85B60" box="[571,585,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">b</emphasis>
|
||
, which is very unusual and could be due to distortion. Except for setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FAA3FEE4FAFF5B60" box="[1376,1390,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FF54FEC0FF325B8D" box="[151,163,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">e</emphasis>
|
||
, the characteristics (shapes) of the other setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FD7CFEC0FD795B8D" box="[703,744,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FCE3FEC0FCD55B8C" box="[800,836,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">f–h</emphasis>
|
||
) are otherwise the same.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA530A37FBA4FEC0FB7E5B8C" author="Jupp, P. G." box="[1127,1263,367,393]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref161745" refString="Jupp, P. G. (1996) Mosquitoes of southern Africa: Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, 156 pp." type="book" year="1996">Jupp (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also illustrated the subapical lobe of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FE51FE3CFE635BA8" box="[402,498,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE51FE3CFE635BA8" box="[402,498,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FDB1FE3CFD0D5BA8" box="[626,668,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d–g</emphasis>
|
||
are very different than those illustrated by Hamon & Rickenbach. Whereas group
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE8FFE18FEE15BD4" box="[332,368,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d–f</emphasis>
|
||
of the males from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FD8EFE18FD745BD4" box="[589,741,439,465]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FCDDFE18FC025BD4" box="[798,915,439,465]" name="Cameroon" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
consists of one or two simple setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FAFCFE18FADC5BD4" box="[1343,1357,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FA45FE18FA035BD5" box="[1414,1426,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">e</emphasis>
|
||
) and four blades (
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE94FE74FECE5BF0" box="[343,351,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">f</emphasis>
|
||
) with rounded tips and three or four apical barbs, group
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FC27FE74FB995BF0" box="[996,1032,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d–f</emphasis>
|
||
of the specimen illustrated by Jupp consists of setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE98FE50FEF8581C" box="[347,361,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE67FE50FE21581D" box="[420,432,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">e</emphasis>
|
||
and a single seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FD42FE50FD18581C" box="[641,649,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">f</emphasis>
|
||
with a bifid tip (which Jupp indicated may be an artefact). Whereas seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FF09FD8CFF495839" box="[202,216,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">g</emphasis>
|
||
is distinctly asymmetrical and as long as or slightly longer than seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FC1DFD8CFC775838" box="[990,998,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">f</emphasis>
|
||
in the specimens illustrated by Hamon & Rickenbach, it is symmetrical and shorter than seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FD3EFDE8FC945864" box="[765,773,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">f</emphasis>
|
||
in the specimen illustrated by Jupp. Obviously the species illustrated by Jupp is not conspecific with the species examined by Hamon & Rickenbach.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA530A37FF04FD20FB515FC4" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Hamon & Rickenbach stated that the genitalia of their two series of specimens are identical, and noted that they differed from Edwards’s description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FD91FD1CFD2358C8" box="[594,690,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FD91FD1CFD2358C8" box="[594,690,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as follows: “the three rods (rods or blades) [setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FB25FD1CFA9E58C9" box="[1254,1295,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">a–c</emphasis>
|
||
] are pointed at their apex, and at least two are curved into a hook; the four strong setae (blunt tipped setae) [seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FAD3FD78FA8958F4" box="[1296,1304,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">f</emphasis>
|
||
] are in fact narrow blades, rounded at their apex, and each bearing 3 to 4 subapical barbs; they are accompanied by one or two setae [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FF23FCB0FF7F593C" box="[224,238,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FEE6FCB0FEA0593D" box="[293,305,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">e</emphasis>
|
||
] thinner and shorter than themselves; the leaf [seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FCB5FCB0FC15593D" box="[886,900,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">g</emphasis>
|
||
], apparently unstriated, is very asymmetrical in shape and is accompanied by a strong seta [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FD44FCECFD045958" box="[647,661,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">h</emphasis>
|
||
] as long or longer than it…” (translated from the French). However, whereas the scutal scales are dark brown in the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FCFBFCC8FC095984" box="[824,920,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FCFBFCC8FC095984" box="[824,920,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FC19FCC8FB8C5984" box="[986,1053,871,897]" name="Benin" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FB92FCC8FB785984" box="[1105,1257,871,897]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as described by Edwards for the typical form, the scutum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FD47FC24FD4A59A1" baseAuthorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[644,731,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FD47FC24FD4A59A1" box="[644,731,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is “uniformly covered with yellowish-white scales” (translated from the French), whence the characteristic that distinguishes subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FC14FC00FBBF59CD" baseAuthorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[983,1070,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FC14FC00FBBF59CD" box="[983,1070,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the description of the type form provided by Edwards. The nature of the differences, especially the major difference in the color of the scutal scaling, prompted one of us (REH) to examine the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA530A37FD12FC58FCB95E14" box="[721,808,1015,1041]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FC55FC58FAFA5E14" authority="Theobald, 1909" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[918,1387,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Protomelanoconion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FC55FC58FB245E14" box="[918,1205,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Protomelanoconion fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA530A37FB7FFC58FAFA5E14" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1212,1387,1015,1041]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref182128" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1909) Descriptions of the new mosquitoes collected by Dr. Graham in Ashanti. Gold Coast Miscellaneous Publication No. 237. Great Britain Colonial Office. London, 31 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1909">Theobald, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for which Edwards replaced with the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FDA3FBB4FD515E30" box="[608,704,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FDA3FBB4FD515E30" box="[608,704,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the Natural History Museum (NHM), London. This resulted in an unexpected discovery. The subapical lobe shown in the two drawings of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA530A37FC3CFB90FADB5E5C" author="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A." box="[1023,1354,1086,1113]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="848 - 859" refId="ref158313" refString="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A. (1955) Contribution a l'etude des Neoculex (Dipteres: Culicides) de la Region Ethiopienne. 1. - Corrections de quelques descriptions de terminalia males donnees par Edwards, avec etude d'une nouvelle variete. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 48 (6), 848 - 859." type="journal article" year="1955">Hamon & Rickenbach (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is very different than the subapical lobe of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA530A37FD86FBCCFD3B5E78" box="[581,682,1123,1149]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, and also different than the drawing of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA530A37FB95FBCCFB4E5E78" author="Jupp, P. G." box="[1110,1247,1123,1149]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref161745" refString="Jupp, P. G. (1996) Mosquitoes of southern Africa: Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, 156 pp." type="book" year="1996">Jupp (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Out of curiosity, drawings of subapical lobes in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA530A37FE2DFB28FD315EA4" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[494,672,1159,1185]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were scanned to see if any of the other species he treated was similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA530A37FF22FB04FED25EC0" box="[225,323,1195,1221]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FEAFFB04FE365EC0" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[364,423,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Protomelanoconion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FEAFFB04FE365EC0" box="[364,423,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">fusca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FE11FB04FDA35EC0" box="[466,562,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE11FB04FDA35EC0" box="[466,562,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Edwards classified most species currently in the subgenera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FB37FB04FA0D5EC0" box="[1268,1436,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eumelanomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FB37FB04FA0D5EC0" box="[1268,1436,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Eumelanomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FF05FB60FEBF5EEC" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1907" box="[198,302,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Maillotia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FF05FB60FEBF5EEC" box="[198,302,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Maillotia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FDA1FB60FD5B5EEC" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1905" box="[610,714,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FDA1FB60FD5B5EEC" box="[610,714,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Neoculex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Astonishingly, the illustration of the subapical lobe he provided for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FF03FB5CFDDE5F08" authority="Theobald, 1901 c" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[192,591,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salisburiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FF03FB5CFE195F08" box="[192,392,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Cx. salisburiensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA530A37FE4CFB5CFDDE5F08" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[399,591,1267,1293]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FC42FB5CFC785F08" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1907" box="[897,1001,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Maillotia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FC42FB5CFC785F08" box="[897,1001,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Maillotia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, agrees with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FB12FB5CFA9D5F08" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[1233,1292,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Protomelanoconion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FB12FB5CFA9D5F08" box="[1233,1292,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">fusca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly the shape of setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FEA5FAB8FE1B5F34" box="[358,394,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">d–f</emphasis>
|
||
and the distinctive foliform seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FD3EFAB8FC9A5F35" box="[765,779,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">g</emphasis>
|
||
with an elongate stem. Consequently, it seemed necessary to look at other treatments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FE27FA94FDEF5F50" box="[484,638,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salisburiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FE27FA94FDEF5F50" box="[484,638,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">salisburiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which resulted in another unexpected discovery. Knight (1953), in his paper on the mosquitoes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FE15FAF0FDB65F7C" box="[470,551,1375,1401]" name="Yemen" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
, consulted Peter Mattingly at the British Museum (Natural History) (now the NHM), concerning differences between the male genitalia of specimens they identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FB66FA2CFAAE5F98" box="[1189,1343,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salisburiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FB66FA2CFAAE5F98" box="[1189,1343,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">salisburiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the genitalia of the species illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA530A37FDFBFA08FD7E5FC4" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[568,751,1447,1473]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Mattingly responded with the following.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA530A37FF04FA5EFB685D75" blockId="96.[199,1384,1520,1904]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
I am afraid almost all of the differences you noted are due to errors in Edwards’ description. The only difference of any significance is that, while the Nairobi males have terminalia [genitalia] identical with the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FBB1F9BAFB285C29" box="[1138,1209,1557,1580]" name="Yemen" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
form, those from further south lack the longest of three accessory bristles [seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FCFEF996FCD55C54" box="[829,836,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">f</emphasis>
|
||
] on the subapical lobe and one of the two small setae on the dististyle [gonostylus]. It is clear therefore that we have a northern and a southern form but it is impossible to say which is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA530A37FEAEF92EFE085C9C" box="[365,409,1665,1689]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form since I have no males from
|
||
<collectingCounty id="776C4E57BA530A37FD2AF92FFCD85C9D" box="[745,841,1664,1688]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Salisbury</collectingCounty>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA530A37FC97F92EFC0F5C9D" box="[852,926,1665,1688]" country="Zimbabwe" name="Harare" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Harare</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FC64F92FFB8C5C9D" box="[935,1053,1664,1688]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
]….
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E69ACA1BA530A37FB82F92EFBC15C9D" box="[1089,1104,1665,1688]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">It</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
may be possible eventually to distinguish two subspecies.
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA530A37FE39F90BFDB05CB9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA6C0A36FF54FA1AFDB85880:9B6D6000BA530A37FE39F90BFDB05CB9" box="[506,545,1700,1724]" country="Yemen" county="Salisbury" municipality="It" name="The" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" stateProvince="Harare">The</location>
|
||
southern forms are certainly much darker than yours, especially with respect to the scutal scaling but the
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA530A37FE58F967FE795CE5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA6C0A36FF54FA1AFDB85880:9B6D6000BA530A37FE58F967FE795CE5" box="[411,488,1736,1760]" country="Yemen" county="Salisbury" municipality="It" name="Nairobi" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" stateProvince="Harare">Nairobi</location>
|
||
specimens are intermediate and, I should think, would probably intergrade in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FB2AF967FAA05CE5" box="[1257,1329,1736,1760]" name="Eritrea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA530A37FAF4F967FAF65CE5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA6C0A36FF54FA1AFDB85880:9B6D6000BA530A37FAF4F967FAF65CE5" box="[1335,1383,1736,1760]" country="Yemen" county="Salisbury" municipality="It" name="Also" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" stateProvince="Harare">Also</location>
|
||
the
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA530A37FF2EF942FE155D01" box="[237,388,1772,1796]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from Chilanga [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA530A37FDE9F943FDEC5D01" box="[554,637,1772,1796]" name="Zambia" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
] suggest that there is considerable seasonal variation since one, collected in January, is very dark, while the other collected in November, is as pale as the Nairobi form. Edwards’ figure for the length of the female palps [maxillary palpi] seems to have been based on a single aberrant or shrunken specimen; and the tergal bands are variable, even in the same locality. The other differences are just errors in description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA530A36FF04F830FDB85880" blockId="96.[151,1437,1951,2013]" lastBlockId="97.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
It appears that the figure of the subapical lobe that Edwards’s attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FBF2F830FB6A5DBC" box="[1073,1275,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salisburiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FBF2F830FB6A5DBC" box="[1073,1275,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Cx. salisburiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FAB5F830FF665DD8" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FAB5F830FF665DD8" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Cx. horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA530A37FEC8F86CFE005DD8" box="[267,401,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
|
||
i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA530A37FEFBF86CFE005DD8" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[312,401,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Protomelanoconion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">P. fusca</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). His descriptions of the genitalia of both species are brief, but the description given for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA520A36FF54FF38FEB75AB4" box="[151,294,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FF54FF38FEB75AB4" box="[151,294,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cx. horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the illustration attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA520A36FD63FF38FCF85AB4" box="[672,873,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salisburiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FD63FF38FCF85AB4" box="[672,873,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cx. salisburiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly correspond with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA520A36FB71FF38FA855AB4" box="[1202,1300,151,177]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA520A36FAFEFF38FA045AB4" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[1341,1429,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Protomelanoconion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FAFEFF38FA045AB4" box="[1341,1429,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">P. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, there is little doubt that the species illustrated by Hamon & Rickenbach, and also Jupp, are not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA520A36FAB5FF14FF665AFC" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FAB5FF14FF665AFC" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cx. horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and are separate species. The only problem that remains is the question about the color of the scutal scaling. Hamon & Rickenbach cite Edwards’s description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA520A36FD25FEACFCE25B18" box="[742,883,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Neoculex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FD25FEACFCE25B18" box="[742,883,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cx. horridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which says the scutal scales are dark. The scutal scales of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA520A36FEEAFE88FE1A5B44" box="[297,395,295,321]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA520A36FE73FE88FD965B44" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[432,519,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Protomelanoconion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FE73FE88FD965B44" box="[432,519,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">P. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
definitely are not dark, but are golden and those on the anterior margin are white. Examination of specimens in the NHM from several East African countries all have golden scutal scales with white scales on the anterior margin. This would suggest an error in the description, or perhaps Edwards’s interpretation of dark scutal scaling due the optics and light sources that were available at the time. However, as the genitalia of the males with dark and yellowish white scutal scales are the same, it would seem possible that this is due to seasonal or geographical variation within a single species, or they may be two different closely related species. In any case, the subspecific form described by Hamon & Rickenbach must be considered to be a distinct species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA520A36FF54FD8DFCF55839" authority="Hamon & Rickenbach, 1955" authorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,868,546,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui" subGenus="Eumelanomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FF54FD8DFCF55839" bold="true" box="[151,868,546,573]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FF54FD8DFF4A5838" bold="true" box="[151,219,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FF2EFD8DFE0C5838" bold="true" box="[237,413,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Eumelanomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FE6DFD8CFD965838" bold="true" box="[430,519,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA520A36FDCCFD8CFCF55839" author="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A." box="[527,868,546,573]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="848 - 859" refId="ref158313" refString="Hamon, J. & Rickenbach, A. (1955) Contribution a l'etude des Neoculex (Dipteres: Culicides) de la Region Ethiopienne. 1. - Corrections de quelques descriptions de terminalia males donnees par Edwards, avec etude d'une nouvelle variete. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 48 (6), 848 - 859." type="journal article" year="1955">Hamon & Rickenbach, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the question of whether or not the form with dark scutal scaling is the same or a different species must await further study.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA520A36FBC2FDE8FB315865" authorityName="Hamon & Rickenbach" authorityYear="1955" box="[1025,1184,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rageaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA520A36FBC2FDE8FB315865" box="[1025,1184,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Culex rageaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |