290 lines
34 KiB
XML
290 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D4EBF1F2F270D386B214EFCE927052DF">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CC58960115118CB08AFC9E2B55D82403">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6F14BFD8808EBFF4A6574E80E3E2FCDC">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="73F54E9844F9BC83DF9A48F0B0BB28F6" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="18887E2602F5276700761BEE868EC8B5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0AD7C820AC0A636C1B7EAB153435656A">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA640A0FFF54F8F7FD9B5F04" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064243" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700480" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064243" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA640A0FFF54F8F7FD9B5F04" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA640A0FFF54F8F7FD9B5F04" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA640A00FF54F8F7FD895D76" box="[151,536,1880,1907]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A00FF54F8F7FD895D76" blockId="87.[151,536,1880,1907]" box="[151,536,1880,1907]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA640A00FF54F8F7FD895D76" bold="true" box="[151,536,1880,1907]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FF54F8F7FD895D76" ID-CoL="8BMMH" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[151,536,1880,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruina" subGenus="Culex">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF54F8F7FD895D76" bold="true" box="[151,536,1880,1907]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF54F8F7FF4E5D76" bold="true" box="[151,223,1880,1907]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF33F8F7FEA95D76" bold="true" box="[240,312,1880,1907]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE8AF8F7FE0A5D77" bold="true" box="[329,411,1880,1906]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pruina</emphasis>
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Theobald
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA640A0FFF54F832FBB55AE9" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A0FFF54F832FBB55AE9" blockId="87.[151,1437,1948,2034]" lastBlockId="88.[151,1437,151,236]" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FECDF833FD9B5DB0" authority="Galliard, 1931" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[270,522,1948,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FECDF833FEFA5DB1" bold="true" box="[270,363,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">eschirasi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FEB5F832FD9B5DB0" author="Galliard, H." box="[374,522,1949,1973]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="225 - 232" refId="ref156247" refString="Galliard, H. (1931) Culicides du Gabon. I. - Culicines, avec la description d'une espece et de deux varietes nouvelles. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 9 (3), 225 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1931093225" type="journal article" year="1931">Galliard, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FCD3F832FBBE5DB0" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[784,1071,1949,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="pruina" variety="eschirasi">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FCD3F832FC0B5DB0" box="[784,922,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex pruina</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC17F832FBBE5DB0" box="[980,1071,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">eschirasi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FAEBF832FEC75DD1" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Distribution:
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FE2DF813FDE95DD6" box="[494,632,1980,2004]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FD40F813FD7E5DD1" box="[643,751,1980,2004]" name="Cameroon" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FD3AF813FC6B5DD1" box="[761,1018,1980,2004]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FBC7F813FBDB5DD1" box="[1028,1098,1980,2004]" name="Gabon" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FB97F813FB4F5DD1" box="[1108,1246,1980,2004]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FB2BF813FAA65DD1" box="[1256,1335,1980,2004]" name="Nigeria" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FA82F813FEDF5DF7" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FE9BF875FE365DF7" box="[344,423,2010,2034]" name="Uganda" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE77F875FD045DF7" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[436,661,2010,2034]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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||
Wilkerson
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FDE6F874FDC05DF7" box="[549,593,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFEC8FF38FD905AAA" ID-CoL="8BMMH" authority="Theobald, 1901 d" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[267,513,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruina">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFEC8FF38FEC05AAA" bold="true" box="[267,337,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">pruina</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFE9BFF38FD905AAA" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[344,513,151,175]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="i - xiv" refId="ref181554" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 d) Notes on a collection of mosquitoes from West Africa, and descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 4 (Appendix), i - xiv, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1901">Theobald, 1901d</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFCC2FF38FC195AAB" ID-CoL="8BMMH" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[769,904,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruina">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFCC2FF38FC195AAB" box="[769,904,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Culex pruina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFBDDFF38FB1B5AAA" box="[1054,1162,151,175]" name="Cameroon" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFB56FF38FA095AAA" box="[1173,1432,151,175]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFF04FF1AFEC35AC8" box="[199,338,181,205]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFE9EFF1AFD555AC8" box="[349,708,181,205]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFD0CFF1AFC845AC8" box="[719,789,181,205]" name="Gabon" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFCDCFF1AFCF55AC8" box="[799,868,181,205]" name="Ghana" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFCACFF1AFC2A5AC8" box="[879,955,181,205]" name="Liberia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFC06FF1AFB855AC8" box="[965,1044,181,205]" name="Nigeria" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFBDDFF1AFA995AC8" box="[1054,1288,181,205]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFAD0FF1AFA085AC8" box="[1299,1433,181,205]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFF04FF7BFEDA5AE9" box="[199,331,212,236]" name="South Sudan" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFE96FF7BFE355AE9" box="[341,420,212,236]" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFE73FF7BFD1E5AE9" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[432,655,212,236]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFDE2FF7AFDDF5AE9" box="[545,590,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but not
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFD24FF7BFCB85AE9" box="[743,809,212,236]" name="Sudan" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFC9AFF7BFB885AE9" author="Simsaa, M. A. A. & Harbach, R. E. & Almalik, A. M. A. & Ahmed, E. M. & Esia, A. A. & Mohamed, A. H. & Azrag, R. S." box="[857,1049,212,236]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="401 - 411" refId="ref178377" refString="Simsaa, M. A. A., Harbach, R. E., Almalik, A. M. A., Ahmed, E. M., Esia, A. A., Mohamed, A. H. & Azrag, R. S. (2021) Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) recorded along the Nile River in northern Sudan, with a key for the identification of all species of the genus known to occur in the country. Zootaxa, 4963 (3), 401 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4963.3.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Simsaa
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFC6AFF7AFC475AE9" box="[937,982,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6B0A0FFF54FEB5FD9B5F04" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6B0A0FFF54FEB5FB8E5E91" blockId="88.[151,1437,282,1281]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
With the exception of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFE63FEB5FDAC5B30" box="[416,573,282,309]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
, subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFD0DFEB5FCA25B31" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[718,819,282,308]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFD0DFEB5FCA25B31" box="[718,819,282,308]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from eight of the 12 countries in which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFED7FE90FED55B5C" box="[276,324,319,345]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form has been recorded. The larvae of the two forms, which are apparently sympatric, exhibit significant differences. The larva of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFD95FECCFD175B78" box="[598,646,355,381]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFC50FECDFB3B5B79" author="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A." box="[915,1194,354,381]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref167055" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A. (1916) New culicine larvae from the Gold Coast. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 7 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530001703 X" type="journal article" year="1916">Macfie & Ingram (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and their description and illustrations of the head and terminal abdominal segments were utilized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFBE6FE29FB405BA5" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[1061,1233,390,416]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFB1EFE29FA885BA4" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[1245,1305,390,417]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with little additional information.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFE64FE05FDC95BC1" author="Galliard, H." box="[423,600,426,452]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="225 - 232" refId="ref156247" refString="Galliard, H. (1931) Culicides du Gabon. I. - Culicines, avec la description d'une espece et de deux varietes nouvelles. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 9 (3), 225 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1931093225" type="journal article" year="1931">Galliard (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated the terminal abdominal segments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFB44FE05FB7D5BC1" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[1159,1260,426,452]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFB44FE05FB7D5BC1" box="[1159,1260,426,452]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and noted two major distinctions from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFE0DFE60FE6F5BEC" box="[462,510,463,489]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFD8AFE61FD625BED" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[585,755,462,488]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFD3DFE61FCA65BEC" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[766,823,462,489]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) illustrated a longer siphon for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFB54FE61FB6D5BED" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[1175,1276,462,488]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFB54FE61FB6D5BED" box="[1175,1276,462,488]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and reiterated the differences between the two forms noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFD69FE5DFCCB5809" author="Galliard, H." box="[682,858,498,524]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="225 - 232" refId="ref156247" refString="Galliard, H. (1931) Culicides du Gabon. I. - Culicines, avec la description d'une espece et de deux varietes nouvelles. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 9 (3), 225 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1931093225" type="journal article" year="1931">Galliard (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFC69FE5CFC4B5808" box="[938,986,499,525]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form, the posterior surface of the siphon between the pecten of either side is covered with microtrichium-like spicules (aculeae) whereas in subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFF54FD95FF6D5851" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,252,570,596]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFF54FD95FF6D5851" box="[151,252,570,596]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the entire surface of the siphon, except narrowly at the base, is covered with aculeae. Both authors indicate that the integument of the thorax and abdominal segments I–VII and part of VIII bears a dense covering of aculeae. Harbach
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFEC3FD2CFEA45899" box="[256,309,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017) recorded the presence of thoracic and abdominal aculeae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFB95FD2CFB405899" box="[1110,1233,643,669]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruina">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFB95FD2CFB405899" box="[1110,1233,643,669]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Cx. pruina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they did not indicate which subspecific form was examined. Other differences noted in the descriptions and illustrations of the two forms include the following: Comb scales evenly fringed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFCB3FD65FC4458E1" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[880,981,714,740]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFCB3FD65FC4458E1" box="[880,981,714,740]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
whereas some scales are only fringed at the apex and on one side in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFE3EFD40FDBC590C" box="[509,557,751,777]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form; the siphonal setae (seta 1-S) are about 0.6 the diameter of the siphon in the former and about 0.5 the diameter in the latter; seta 1-X is short and single in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFBFFFCBDFB305929" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[1084,1185,786,812]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFBFFFCBDFB305929" box="[1084,1185,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and longer with three branches in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFE8AFC98FEE85954" box="[329,377,823,849]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form; and the anal papillae are equally long in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFC4CFC99FC655955" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[911,1012,822,848]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFC4CFC99FC655955" box="[911,1012,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, slightly longer than the length of the saddle, whereas the dorsal and ventral papillae are unequal and the dorsal pair is slightly shorter than the length of the saddle in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFEBDFCD0FE3F599C" box="[382,430,895,921]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form. The male genitalia of the typical form were partially described and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFF54FC0DFED759B9" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[151,326,930,956]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="63 - 81" refId="ref153338" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1914) New species of Culicidae in the British Museum, with notes on the genitalia of some African Culex. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 5 (1), 63 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300034568" type="journal article" year="1914">Edwards (1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFE91FC0DFE0A59B9" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[338,411,930,956]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="321 - 343" refId="ref154047" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1929 b) Mosquito notes. - VIII. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 20 (3), 321 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300021283" type="journal article" year="1929">
|
||
1929
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFE4FFC0DFE0A59B9" author="de Meillon, B. & Rebelo, A." box="[396,411,930,956]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="69 - 77" refId="ref151271" refString="de Meillon, B. & Rebelo, A. (1941) Culicini (Diptera, Nematocera) from the Colony of Mocambique. Mocambique Documentario trimestral, 27, 69 - 77." type="journal article" year="1941">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1941). The genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFD76FC0DFC8B59B9" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[693,794,930,956]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFD76FC0DFC8B59B9" box="[693,794,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have not been illustrated, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFBB7FC0DFAB259B9" author="Galliard, H." box="[1140,1315,930,956]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="225 - 232" refId="ref156247" refString="Galliard, H. (1931) Culicides du Gabon. I. - Culicines, avec la description d'une espece et de deux varietes nouvelles. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 9 (3), 225 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1931093225" type="journal article" year="1931">Galliard (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that they look a little different than those of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFD59FC68FD5B59E4" box="[666,714,967,993]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form: “appendices chitineux du tube génital (mésosome) sont profondément divisés en deux” [lateral plates of the genital tube (aedeagus + lateral plates) are deeply split in two]. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFEC9FBA1FE2C5E2D" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[266,445,1038,1064]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that he could not find any differences between the genitalia of the two forms. That aside, in view of the morphological distinctions of the larvae and the sympatry of the two forms, it is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFF54FBF9FF6D5E75" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,252,1110,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFF54FBF9FF6D5E75" box="[151,252,1110,1136]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is genetically distinct and should therefore be afforded specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFBDAFBF9FF5E5E91" authority="Galliard, 1931" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi" subGenus="Culex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFBDAFBF9FF5E5E91" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFBDAFBF9FBCC5E74" bold="true" box="[1049,1117,1110,1137]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFBADFBF9FB235E74" bold="true" box="[1134,1202,1110,1137]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFB01FBF9FAB85E74" bold="true" box="[1218,1321,1110,1137]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFAF3FBF9FF5E5E91" author="Galliard, H." pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="225 - 232" refId="ref156247" refString="Galliard, H. (1931) Culicides du Gabon. I. - Culicines, avec la description d'une espece et de deux varietes nouvelles. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 9 (3), 225 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1931093225" type="journal article" year="1931">Galliard, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFF1EFBD5FE1B5E91" authorityName="Galliard" authorityYear="1931" box="[221,394,1146,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eschirasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFF1EFBD5FE1B5E91" box="[221,394,1146,1172]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Culex eschirasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6B0A0FFF04FB31FD9B5F04" blockId="88.[151,1437,282,1281]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFF04FB31FEC85EBD" box="[199,345,1182,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruina">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFF04FB31FEC85EBD" box="[199,345,1182,1208]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Culex pruina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a single synonym,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFD9AFB30FC745EBD" authority="Theobald, 1909" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[601,997,1182,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidothoracis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFD9AFB30FCA15EBD" box="[601,816,1182,1209]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Cx. pallidothoracis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6B0A0FFCF4FB31FC745EBD" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[823,997,1182,1208]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref182128" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1909) Descriptions of the new mosquitoes collected by Dr. Graham in Ashanti. Gold Coast Miscellaneous Publication No. 237. Great Britain Colonial Office. London, 31 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1909">Theobald, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6B0A0FFC30FB31FBB45EBD" box="[1011,1061,1182,1208]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Obuasi,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA6B0A0FFB24FB31FA095EBD" box="[1255,1432,1182,1208]" country="Ghana" name="Ashanti" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Ashanti Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6B0A0FFF54FB6DFF745ED9" box="[151,229,1218,1244]" name="Ghana" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Until topotypic larvae of this nominal species are available for examination,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFBADFB6CFAD95ED9" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[1134,1352,1218,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidothoracis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFBADFB6CFAD95ED9" box="[1134,1352,1218,1245]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Cx. pallidothoracis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should remain a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6B0A0FFE48FB48FD925F05" box="[395,515,1255,1281]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruina">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6B0A0FFE48FB48FD925F05" box="[395,515,1255,1281]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Cx. pruina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |