508 lines
59 KiB
XML
508 lines
59 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="ACC3E27B48742430B258928AB9DDD852">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="83204BB7ACB65C57EE5E457F078E32F3">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2B4E8710E9BE331C556FA54E8B7D598B" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6DAD2DE65EF6A1AF46344FC3D19B17FB">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="79D308B0E13571AA350BB85B030281C7" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="833104F7C55EFA44380205BE36A968EB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C81E6D425D98BC4CDDB829FDEB7B9B4C">
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<mods:date id="C491EE67AFF995684C4AA41E6CDDB397">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F6F9CCDA8F6C5A3DAAF7692FDA4BB29C">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064289" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064289" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA440A20FF54FCF6FD4D5976" box="[151,732,857,884]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA440A20FF54FCF6FD4D5976" blockId="119.[151,732,857,884]" box="[151,732,857,884]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA440A20FF54FCF6FD4D5976" bold="true" box="[151,732,857,884]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FF54FCF6FD4D5976" ID-CoL="8FGQZ" ID-ENA="53553" authority="(Coquillett)" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[151,732,857,884]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus" subGenus="Lynchiella">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FF54FCF6FD4D5976" bold="true" box="[151,732,857,884]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FF54FCF6FEC05971" bold="true" box="[151,337,857,884]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FEA0FCF6FE725971" bold="true" box="[355,483,857,884]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Lynchiella</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FE30FCF6FDD25971" bold="true" box="[499,579,857,884]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">rutilus</emphasis>
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(Coquillett)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA440A20FF54FC31FAA65E4A" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA440A20FF54FC31FE3959F6" blockId="119.[151,1436,925,1103]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FECBFC32FD9559B3" ID-CoL="8FGQZ" authority="(Coquillett, 1896)" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[264,516,925,950]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FECBFC32FEDC59B0" bold="true" box="[264,333,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">rutilus</emphasis>
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(Coquillett, 1896)
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FD3DFC31FC2459B3" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1896" box="[766,949,926,950]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutila">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FD3DFC31FC2459B3" box="[766,949,926,950]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Megarhinus rutila</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FC00FC31FC4E59B0" box="[963,991,926,949]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">sic</emphasis>
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]. Distribution: Extreme southeastern
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA440A20FA94FC31FA0D59B3" box="[1367,1436,926,950]" name="United States of America" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">United</collectingCountry>
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States—
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FEDDFC13FEF859D1" box="[286,361,956,980]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Florida</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FEB7FC13FE5459D1" box="[372,453,956,980]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Georgia</collectingRegion>
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(mainly coastal),
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FDBEFC13FC8659D1" box="[637,791,956,980]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FCE6FC13FC6759D1" author="Harrison, B. A. & Byrd, B. D. & Sither, C. B. & Whitt, P. B." box="[805,1014,956,980]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refId="ref159337" refString="Harrison, B. A., Byrd, B. D., Sither, C. B. & Whitt, P. B. (2016) The Mosquitoes of the Mid-Atlantic Region: An Identification Guide. Mosquito and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory Publication 2016 - 1. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, v + (1) + 201 pp." type="book" year="2016">
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Harrison
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FC45FC12FC2259D1" box="[902,947,956,980]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">et al</emphasis>
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. 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FBCAFC13FB3359D1" box="[1033,1186,956,980]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
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(coastal) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FACDFC13FA0859D0" author="Jenkins, D. W." box="[1294,1433,956,981]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="225 - 229" refId="ref161568" refString="Jenkins, D. W. (1949) Toxorhynchites mosquitoes of the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 51 (5), 225 - 229." type="journal article" year="1949">Jenkins 1949</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FF04FC74FE0C59F6" author="Darsie Jr., R. F. & Ward, R. A." box="[199,413,987,1011]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refId="ref150735" refString="Darsie Jr., R. F. & Ward, R. A. (2005) Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 383 pp." type="book" year="2005">Darsie & Ward 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA440A20FF54FC55FAA65E4A" blockId="119.[151,1436,925,1103]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FECFFC56FE345E14" baseAuthorityName="Dyar & Knab" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[268,421,1017,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FECFFC56FE345E14" bold="true" box="[268,421,1017,1041]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">septentrionalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FE76FC55FD035E17" author="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[437,658,1018,1042]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="241 - 258" refId="ref152580" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1906 a) The species of mosquitoes in the genus Megarhinus. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 48 (3), 241 - 258." type="journal article" year="1906">Dyar & Knab, 1906a</bibRefCitation>
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)—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FC58FC55FB245E17" authorityName="Dyar & Knab" authorityYear="1906" box="[923,1205,1018,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FC58FC55FB245E17" box="[923,1205,1018,1042]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Megarhinus septentrionalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FF04FBB7FE405E35" author="Jenkins, D. W. & Carpenter, S. J." box="[199,465,1048,1073]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="31 - 47" refId="ref161601" refString="Jenkins, D. W. & Carpenter, S. J. (1946) Ecology of the tree hole breeding mosquitoes of nearctic North America. Ecological Monographs, 16 (1), 31 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1943573" type="journal article" year="1946">Jenkins & Carpenter 1946</bibRefCitation>
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). Distribution: Eastern North America, northward from northern Florida to
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA440A20FB7EFBB7FA985E35" box="[1213,1289,1048,1072]" name="Canada" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(southwestern
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FF04FB98FE875E4A" box="[199,278,1079,1103]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Ontario</collectingRegion>
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) and westward to
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FE13FB97FD8D5E4A" box="[464,540,1080,1103]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Kansas</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FDE5FB98FD015E4A" box="[550,656,1079,1103]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FD03FB97FD6A5E4A" box="[704,763,1080,1103]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Texas</collectingRegion>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FCCBFB98FC035E4A" author="Jenkins, D. W." box="[776,914,1079,1103]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="225 - 229" refId="ref161568" refString="Jenkins, D. W. (1949) Toxorhynchites mosquitoes of the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 51 (5), 225 - 229." type="journal article" year="1949">Jenkins 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FC58FB98FBDD5E4A" author="Wood, D. M. & Dang, P. T. & Ellis, R. A." box="[923,1100,1079,1103]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refId="ref185265" refString="Wood, D. M., Dang, P. T. & Ellis, R. A. (1979) The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 6. The mosquitoes of Canada. (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec, 390 pp." type="book" year="1979">
|
||
Wood
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FC1EFB97FB9B5E4A" box="[989,1034,1079,1103]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FB95FB98FABD5E4A" author="Darsie Jr., R. F. & Ward, R. A." box="[1110,1324,1079,1103]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refId="ref150735" refString="Darsie Jr., R. F. & Ward, R. A. (2005) Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 383 pp." type="book" year="2005">Darsie & Ward 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA440A2FFF54FBD7FCA15D22" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA440A20FF54FBD7FBD65F27" blockId="119.[151,1437,1144,1567]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FF54FBD7FE965E97" box="[151,263,1144,1170]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Coquillett</collectorName>
|
||
(1896) indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FDC7FBD6FDE95E97" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[516,632,1144,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FDC7FBD6FDE95E97" box="[516,632,1144,1170]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Tx. rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FD64FBD7FCE55E97" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1896" box="[679,884,1144,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutila">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FD64FBD7FCE55E97" box="[679,884,1144,1170]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Megarhinus rutila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was described and named based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA440A20FAD8FBD7FA0D5E97" box="[1307,1436,1144,1170]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="male">three males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA440A20FF0BFB33FEC35EB3" box="[200,338,1180,1206]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="female">five females</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FE5AFB33FDD35EB3" box="[409,578,1180,1206]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FDB8FB33FD635EB3" box="[635,754,1180,1206]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Georgiana</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FD3CFB33FCC55EB3" box="[767,852,1180,1206]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FC9EFB33FC425EB3" box="[861,979,1180,1206]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">According</collectorName>
|
||
to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FC3AFB33FA9F5EB2" author="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L." box="[1017,1294,1180,1207]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="196 - 202" refId="ref179951" refString="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L. (1957 c) Type specimens of mosquitoes in the United States National Museum: VI, Miscellaneous genera, addenda, and summary. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47 (6), 196 - 202." type="journal article" year="1957">Stone & Knight (1957c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the original collection included
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA440A20FEBBFB6EFDB15EDF" box="[376,544,1216,1243]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA440A20FDA4FB6FFD4F5EDF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22:9B6D6000BA440A20FDA4FB6FFD4F5EDF" box="[615,734,1216,1242]" name="Georgiana" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="Florida">Georgiana</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FD28FB6FFCAD5EDF" box="[747,828,1216,1242]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
and seven from undisclosed localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FADBFB6FFAFD5EDF" box="[1304,1388,1216,1242]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but none from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FED2FB4BFE2C5EFB" box="[273,445,1252,1278]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FE05FB4BFD915EFB" box="[454,512,1252,1278]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">They</collectorName>
|
||
selected a male from
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FD30FB4BFCF65EFB" box="[755,871,1252,1278]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Georgiana</collectorName>
|
||
bearing a type label to be the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA440A20FB77FB4BFA8F5EFB" box="[1204,1310,1252,1278]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA440A20FAEBFB4BFA0D5EFB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22:9B6D6000BA440A20FAEBFB4BFA0D5EFB" box="[1320,1436,1252,1278]" county="Merritt Island of Brevard County" name="Georgiana" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="Florida">Georgiana</location>
|
||
is located on
|
||
<collectingCounty id="776C4E57BA440A20FEEFFAA7FD0E5F27" box="[300,671,1288,1314]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Merritt Island of Brevard County</collectingCounty>
|
||
on the eastern side of central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FC2CFAA7FBD55F27" box="[1007,1092,1288,1314]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA440A20FF04FA82FC225FB7" blockId="119.[151,1437,1144,1567]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FF04FA82FE575F43" author="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[199,454,1324,1351]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="241 - 258" refId="ref152580" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1906 a) The species of mosquitoes in the genus Megarhinus. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 48 (3), 241 - 258." type="journal article" year="1906">Dyar & Knab (1906a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FD09FA82FC0C5F43" box="[714,925,1324,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FD09FA82FC0C5F43" box="[714,925,1324,1350]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Tx. septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also as a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FB54FA83FED85F6F" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1827" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FB54FA83FA8F5F43" box="[1175,1310,1324,1350]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Megarhinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FAEBFA83FED85F6F" author="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B." pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="390 - 413" refId="ref176001" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. (1827) Essai sur la tribu des culicides. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 3, 390 - 413, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1827">Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from a collection of
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA440A20FDF0FAFFFD075F6F" box="[563,662,1360,1386]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="male">13 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA440A20FD08FAFFFCD25F6F" box="[715,835,1360,1386]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
|
||
from localities in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FBF7FAFFFA8D5F6F" box="[1076,1308,1360,1386]" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">District of Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FAE4FAFFFA095F6F" box="[1319,1432,1360,1386]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FF54FADBFE965F8B" box="[151,263,1396,1422]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FED1FADBFE055F8B" box="[274,404,1396,1422]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FE5CFADBFD945F8B" box="[415,517,1396,1422]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FDD3FADBFD2A5F8B" box="[528,699,1396,1422]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FD06FADBFCB15F8B" box="[709,800,1396,1422]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FC96FADAFC635F8B" box="[853,1010,1396,1423]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FC38FADBFA985F8A" author="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L." box="[1019,1289,1396,1423]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="196 - 202" refId="ref179951" refString="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L. (1957 c) Type specimens of mosquitoes in the United States National Museum: VI, Miscellaneous genera, addenda, and summary. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47 (6), 196 - 202." type="journal article" year="1957">Stone & Knight (1957c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered a male from Woodstock,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FE5FFA37FE665FB7" box="[412,503,1432,1458]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
bearing a type label to be the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA440A20FC8AFA37FC3E5FB7" box="[841,943,1432,1458]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA440A20FF04FA13FB715C1B" blockId="119.[151,1437,1144,1567]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
The subspecific status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FE2CFA13FD045FD3" box="[495,661,1468,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FE2CFA13FD045FD3" box="[495,661,1468,1494]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FC43FA13FB525FD3" author="Jenkins, D. W. & Carpenter, S. J." box="[896,1219,1468,1494]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="31 - 47" refId="ref161601" refString="Jenkins, D. W. & Carpenter, S. J. (1946) Ecology of the tree hole breeding mosquitoes of nearctic North America. Ecological Monographs, 16 (1), 31 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1943573" type="journal article" year="1946">Jenkins & Carpenter (1946)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and reinforced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA440A20FF54FA4FFEAA5FFF" author="Jenkins, D. W." box="[151,315,1504,1530]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="225 - 229" refId="ref161568" refString="Jenkins, D. W. (1949) Toxorhynchites mosquitoes of the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 51 (5), 225 - 229." type="journal article" year="1949">Jenkins (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on conclusions drawn from a study that included specimens form a narrow zone of overlap and apparent integration with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA440A20FE22F9AAFD805C1A" box="[481,529,1541,1567]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form. Jenkins described the evidence for integration as follows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA440A20FF34F9E1FEEF5DAF" blockId="119.[199,1384,1614,2034]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FF34F9E1FE9D5C60" box="[247,268,1614,1637]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">In</collectorName>
|
||
the zone of overlap of ranges of the two subspecies, all
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA440A20FC9DF9E1FC025C63" box="[862,915,1614,1638]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of integrations occur.
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA440A20FBBCF9E1FB055C60" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22:9B6D6000BA440A20FBBCF9E1FB055C60" box="[1151,1172,1614,1637]" name="In" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="Georgia and South Carolina">In</location>
|
||
the northern part of the zone in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FE81F9DDFDF75C8F" box="[322,614,1650,1674]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Georgia and South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the male intergrades have segments [tarsomeres] 2 and 3 of the fore tarsi with white areas or with isolated white scales surrounded by purple.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E69ACA1BA440A20FC5FF939FC585CA8" box="[924,969,1686,1709]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Two</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
typical intergrades from
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA440A20FB17F939FAF55CAB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22:9B6D6000BA440A20FB17F939FAF55CAB" box="[1236,1380,1686,1710]" municipality="Two" name="Myrtle Beach" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="South Carolina">Myrtle Beach</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FF04F915FEF55CD7" box="[199,356,1722,1746]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FEB3F915FE455CD7" box="[368,468,1722,1746]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Carpenter</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FDCBF915FDC55CD7" box="[520,596,1722,1746]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Jenkins</collectorName>
|
||
(1945) [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FD73F915FD5E5CD4" box="[688,719,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
1946], have the following markings on the fore tarsi:
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA440A20FAC0F915FAF65CD7" box="[1283,1383,1722,1746]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Specimen</collectorName>
|
||
1.-2nd segment [foretarsomere 2] with basal three-fourths silvery white; 3rd segment [foretarsomere 3] with three white scales. Specimen 2.- 2nd segment, (left) with six white scales, (right) with 4 white scales; 3rd segment, (left) with 3 white scales, (right) entirely purple.
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA440A20FD43F889FD045D38" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22:9B6D6000BA440A20FD43F889FD045D38" box="[640,661,1830,1853]" name="In" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="Florida">In</location>
|
||
the southern part of the zone of overlap in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FB8CF889FB0A5D3B" box="[1103,1179,1830,1854]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the fore tarsi of the intergrade males are usually typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FDECF8E4FD0A5D67" box="[559,667,1866,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FDECF8E4FD0A5D67" box="[559,667,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">T. r. rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the second and basal two-thirds of the third segment silvery white, but interspersed with several dark purple scales.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="776C4E57BA440A20FD78F8C1FD735D83" box="[699,738,1902,1926]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">The</collectingCounty>
|
||
intergrades were observed from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E69ACA1BA440A20FBF5F8C1FB275D83" box="[1078,1206,1902,1926]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Jacksonville</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA440A20FB03F8C1FAA65D83" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22:9B6D6000BA440A20FB03F8C1FAA65D83" box="[1216,1335,1902,1926]" county="The" municipality="Jacksonville" name="Tallahassee" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="Florida">Tallahassee</location>
|
||
, and
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA440A20FF04F83DFEB55DAF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA440A2FFF54FCF6FCA15D22:9B6D6000BA440A20FF04F83DFEB55DAF" box="[199,292,1938,1962]" county="The" municipality="Jacksonville" name="Bushnell" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="Florida">Bushnell</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FEEDF83DFEEA5DAF" box="[302,379,1938,1962]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA440A2FFF34F819FB1A5B3A" blockId="119.[199,1384,1614,2034]" lastBlockId="120.[199,1383,151,319]" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
The amount of white on the fifth segment [tarsomere 5] of the hind tarsi of the males is variable. There is a decided tendency for this segment to be mostly white in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA440A20FD64F875FD615DF7" box="[679,752,2010,2034]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA440A20FD36F874FCF35DF7" box="[757,866,2010,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA440A20FD36F874FCF35DF7" box="[757,866,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">T. r. rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, and mostly dark purple in the main part of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFE9DFF38FDB15AAA" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1934" box="[350,544,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="theileri" subSpecies="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFE9DFF38FDB15AAA" box="[350,544,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">T. r. septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is quite variable and a specimen of the subspecies from Falls Church,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA4B0A2FFAD6FF38FAF65AAA" box="[1301,1383,151,175]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
has this segment almost entirely white. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4B0A2FFDBEFF14FD385AD6" box="[637,681,187,211]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of intergradation described for the fore tarsi and often observed on the fifth hind tarsal segment [hindtarsomere 5]. An unusual amount of white was observed on the fore tarsi of males from Duval Co.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA4B0A2FFEF9FEACFEFF5B1F" box="[314,366,259,282]" country="Nicaragua" name="Leon" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Leon</collectingRegion>
|
||
Co., and Orange Co.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA4B0A2FFD8FFEACFD045B1E" box="[588,661,259,283]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
that had the 2nd, 3rd and about half of the 4th segments [foretarsomeres 2, 3 and 4] silvery white. A few specimens exhibited white scales on the apical tip of the tibiae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF04FEC2FEB55BAE" blockId="120.[151,1436,365,427]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Jenkins summarized his findings and previous observations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFC5EFEC2FB495B82" author="Jenkins, D. W. & Carpenter, S. J." box="[925,1240,365,391]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="31 - 47" refId="ref161601" refString="Jenkins, D. W. & Carpenter, S. J. (1946) Ecology of the tree hole breeding mosquitoes of nearctic North America. Ecological Monographs, 16 (1), 31 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1943573" type="journal article" year="1946">Jenkins & Carpenter 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in the form of conclusions:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF34FE74FD7D5813" blockId="120.[199,1383,475,787]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
The tropical genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFE02FE74FDCB5BF6" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[449,602,475,499]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFE02FE74FDCB5BF6" box="[449,602,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is represented in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4B0A2FFCFEFE74FC595BF6" box="[829,968,475,499]" name="United States of America" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
by two closely related forms which are considered to be subspecies for the following reasons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF34FD8CFC34583E" blockId="120.[199,1383,475,787]" box="[247,933,547,571]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">1. The distributions of the two forms overlap in part of their ranges.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF34FDE8FAA5585A" blockId="120.[199,1383,475,787]" box="[247,1332,583,607]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">2. A complete series of intergrades between the two forms occurs throughout the zone of overlap in ranges.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF34FDC4FEB858A2" blockId="120.[199,1383,475,787]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">3. The only known character separating the two forms is a color difference of the males which is subject to variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF34FD1CFE8C58EA" blockId="120.[199,1383,475,787]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">4. No significant differences have been found to separate the two forms in the male genitalia, larvae, pupae, or females.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF34FD55FB405916" blockId="120.[199,1383,475,787]" box="[247,1233,762,787]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">5. The life histories, habitats, and breeding habits of the two forms have been found to be similar.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF04FCEEFBB259A6" blockId="120.[151,1437,833,1831]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
It is important to note that conclusions 3 and 4 have been repeated, apparently without further detailed morphological study, by later authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFDA1FCCAFC365985" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[610,935,869,896]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFC74FCCAFB1A597A" author="Wood, D. M. & Dang, P. T. & Ellis, R. A." box="[951,1163,869,895]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refId="ref185265" refString="Wood, D. M., Dang, P. T. & Ellis, R. A. (1979) The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 6. The mosquitoes of Canada. (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec, 390 pp." type="book" year="1979">
|
||
Wood
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFBC5FCC9FBAC597A" box="[1030,1085,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFB5FFCCAFA00597A" author="Harrison, B. A. & Byrd, B. D. & Sither, C. B. & Whitt, P. B." box="[1180,1425,869,895]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refId="ref159337" refString="Harrison, B. A., Byrd, B. D., Sither, C. B. & Whitt, P. B. (2016) The Mosquitoes of the Mid-Atlantic Region: An Identification Guide. Mosquito and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory Publication 2016 - 1. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, v + (1) + 201 pp." type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Harrison
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFAC9FCC9FAD0597A" box="[1290,1345,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Conclusion 5 is meaningless as it applies to species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFD3FFC26FC3759A6" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[764,934,905,931]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFD3FFC26FC3759A6" box="[764,934,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in general.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF04FC02FD5E5F72" blockId="120.[151,1437,833,1831]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
It is surprising to find that the subspecific status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFCD3FC02FC2759C2" box="[784,950,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFCD3FC02FC2759C2" box="[784,950,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been accepted by taxonomists without question since the studies of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFE1CFC7EFC8B59EE" author="Jenkins, D. W. & Carpenter, S. J." box="[479,794,977,1003]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="31 - 47" refId="ref161601" refString="Jenkins, D. W. & Carpenter, S. J. (1946) Ecology of the tree hole breeding mosquitoes of nearctic North America. Ecological Monographs, 16 (1), 31 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1943573" type="journal article" year="1946">Jenkins & Carpenter (1946)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFC90FC7EFC6A59EE" author="Jenkins, D. W." box="[851,1019,977,1003]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="225 - 229" refId="ref161568" refString="Jenkins, D. W. (1949) Toxorhynchites mosquitoes of the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 51 (5), 225 - 229." type="journal article" year="1949">Jenkins (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and has not since been re-examined using genetic and molecular tools. There are four records of DNA sequences in GenBank: 28S rRNA,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFACFFC5AFAFC5E0A" box="[1292,1389,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">MT-CYB</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFF54FBB6FF6B5E36" box="[151,250,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">MT-ND5</emphasis>
|
||
, Colony, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, recorded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFC0BFBB5FBAD5E36" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[968,1084,1049,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFC0BFBB5FBAD5E36" box="[968,1084,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Tx. rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFB88FBB6FAC55E36" author="Krzywinski, J. & Wilkerson, R. C. & Besansky, N." box="[1099,1364,1049,1075]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="479 - 487" refId="ref163307" refString="Krzywinski, J., Wilkerson, R. C. & Besansky, N. (2001) Evolution of mitochondrial and ribosomal gene sequences in Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for phylogeny reconstruction. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18 (3), 479 - 487. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0894" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Krzywinski
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFB1BFBB5FA9B5E36" box="[1240,1290,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a); mt
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFA50FBB5FF565E52" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">- COI</emphasis>
|
||
(partial), mt
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFE94FB92FE0B5E52" box="[343,410,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">-COII</emphasis>
|
||
and tRNA
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFDD6FB91FDD85E52" box="[533,585,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">-Leu</emphasis>
|
||
, York County, Pennsylvania, recorded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFBE7FB91FA095E52" authority="(Mitchell et al. 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Mitchell" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1060,1432,1085,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFBE7FB91FB085E52" box="[1060,1177,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Tx. rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFB6AFB92FA015E52" author="Mitchell, A. & Sperling, F. A. H. & Hickey, D. A." box="[1193,1424,1085,1111]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref170409" refString="Mitchell, A., Sperling, F. A. H. & Hickey, D. A. (2002) Higher-level phylogeny of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): mtDNA data support a derived placement for Toxorhynchites. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33 (2), 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631202 X 00118" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Mitchell
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFAD1FB91FAD55E52" box="[1298,1348,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; mt
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFF76FBCEFF7F5E7E" box="[181,238,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">-COI</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA4B0A2FFF3FFBCEFEC55E7E" box="[252,340,1121,1147]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4B0A2FFE9CFBCEFE275E7E" box="[351,438,1121,1147]" name="Canada" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, recorded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFD8BFBCDFC545E7E" authority="(Cywinska et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Cywinska" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[584,965,1121,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFD8BFBCDFD2A5E7E" box="[584,699,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Tx. rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFD0AFBCEFC2C5E7E" author="Cywinska, A. & Hunter, F. F." box="[713,957,1121,1147]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="413 - 424" refId="ref149665" refString="Cywinska, A., Hunter, F. F. & Hebert. P. D. N. (2006) Identifying Canadian mosquito species through DNA barcodes. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 20 (4), 413 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.2006.00653. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Cywinska
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFC81FBCDFCE25E7E" box="[834,883,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and 18S rDNA, Stonington, Connecticut, recorded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFEE6FB29FC845E9A" authority="(Shepard et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Shepard" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[293,789,1157,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="theileri" subSpecies="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFEE6FB29FD805E9A" box="[293,529,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Tx. r. septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFDE0FB2AFC9C5E9A" author="Shepard, J. J. & Andreadis, T. G. & Vossbrinck, C. R." box="[547,781,1157,1183]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="443 - 454" refId="ref178156" refString="Shepard, J. J., Andreadis, T. G. & Vossbrinck, C. R. (2006) Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships among mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the northeastern United States based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (18 S rDNA) sequences. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (3), 443 - 454. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.3.443" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Shepard
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFD48FB29FD2E5E9A" box="[651,703,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unfortunately, because the researchers did not produce the same molecular sequences, it is not possible to conduct a meaningful analysis of relationships. That aside, the identity of the records attributable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFDF8FB61FD3F5EE2" box="[571,686,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFDF8FB61FD3F5EE2" box="[571,686,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Tx. rutilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are problematic. The records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4B0A2FFBFDFB62FB035EE2" box="[1086,1170,1229,1255]" name="Canada" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Pennsylvania must certainly be based on specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFDE8FB5EFD405F0E" box="[555,721,1265,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFDE8FB5EFD405F0E" box="[555,721,1265,1291]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is not possible to know whether the Florida colony was derived from specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFE13FABAFD205F2A" box="[464,689,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFE13FABAFD885F2A" box="[464,537,1301,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="rutilus">rutilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA4B0A2FFDE1FAB9FD205F2A" box="[546,689,1302,1327]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or intergrades. It should be noted, however, that researchers who conducted ecological studies of treehole mosquitoes in eastern North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFBCFFA96FAC35F51" author="Bradshaw, W. E. & Holzapfel, C. M." box="[1036,1362,1337,1364]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="889 - 893" refId="ref146280" refString="Bradshaw, W. E. & Holzapfel, C. M. (1975) Biology of tree-hole mosquitoes: photoperiodic control of development in northern Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coq.). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53 (7), 889 - 893. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 75 - 102" type="journal article" year="1975">Bradshaw & Holzapfel 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1977;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFF54FAF2FED85F7D" author="Chambers, R. C." box="[151,329,1373,1400]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="25 - 53" refId="ref147668" refString="Chambers, R. C. (1985) Competition and predation among larvae of three species of treehole-breeding mosquitoes. In: Lounibos, L. P., Rey, J. R. & Frank, J. H. (Eds.), Ecology of mosquitoes: proceedings of a workshop. Florida Mededical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, pp. 25 - 53." type="book chapter" year="1985">Chambers 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) did not recognize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFDE2FAF2FD565F72" box="[545,711,1373,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFDE2FAF2FD565F72" box="[545,711,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF04FA2EFDB85C76" blockId="120.[151,1437,833,1831]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
As there is no indication of intermediates in the geographically separated populations, there is little doubt that specific traits are being maintained outside the zone of introgression. This is evidence for independent species cohesion, and we believe that molecular systematic studies will reveal that the two forms are separate species that hybridize in a narrow zone where the two species overlap. This supports the taxonomic conclusion that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4B0A2FFAAFFA42FA0D5C02" box="[1388,1436,1517,1543]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFEC1F9BEFE395C2E" box="[258,424,1553,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFEC1F9BEFE395C2E" box="[258,424,1553,1579]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct species; therefore, we hereby formally return
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFBE5F9BEFB5D5C2E" box="[1062,1228,1553,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFBE5F9BEFB5D5C2E" box="[1062,1228,1553,1579]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to its original rank as a species:
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFEECF99BFBD25C4B" bold="true" box="[303,1091,1588,1615]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFEECF99BFCB85C4A" baseAuthorityName="Dyar & Knab" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[303,809,1588,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis" subGenus="Lynchiella">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFEECF99BFE705C4A" bold="true" box="[303,481,1588,1615]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFE30F99BFDFC5C4A" bold="true" box="[499,621,1588,1615]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Lynchiella</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFDBCF99BFCB85C4A" bold="true" box="[639,809,1588,1615]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFCFAF99BFBAA5C4B" author="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[825,1083,1588,1615]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="241 - 258" refId="ref152580" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1906 a) The species of mosquitoes in the genus Megarhinus. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 48 (3), 241 - 258." type="journal article" year="1906">Dyar & Knab, 1906a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, which is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF04F9D2FCA15D22" blockId="120.[151,1437,833,1831]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFF04F9D2FDB35C92" baseAuthorityName="Dyar & Knab" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[199,546,1661,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFF04F9D2FDB35C92" box="[199,546,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Toxorhynchites septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a single synonym,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFCFDF9D2FB615C92" authority="Theobald, 1906" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1906" box="[830,1264,1661,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="herrickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFCFDF9D2FBA15C92" box="[830,1072,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Megarhinus herrickii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFBFFF9D2FB615C92" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1084,1264,1661,1687]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="241" refId="ref181985" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1906) A new Megarhinus. Entomologist, 39 (522), 241." type="journal article" year="1906">Theobald, 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4B0A2FFAC0F9D2FAA45C92" box="[1283,1333,1661,1687]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA4B0A2FFF54F90EFECC5CBE" box="[151,349,1697,1723]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Mississippi State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4B0A2FFEAFF90EFE395CBE" box="[364,424,1697,1723]" name="United States of America" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
), synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFDA5F90EFCF15CBE" author="Howard, L. O. & Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[614,864,1697,1723]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="525 - 1064" refId="ref160521" refString="Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1917) The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Vol. 4. Systematic description (in two parts). Part II. Publication No. 159. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., pp. 525 - 1064." type="book chapter" year="1917">
|
||
Howard
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFD08F90DFC905CBE" box="[715,769,1697,1723]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1917)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. As noted by Belkin (1968), Theobald based the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFEFEF96AFE0C5CDA" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1906" box="[317,413,1733,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="herrickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFEFEF96AFE0C5CDA" box="[317,413,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">herrickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFE08F96AFD175CE5" author="Herrick, G. W." box="[459,646,1733,1760]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="281 - 283" refId="ref159972" refString="Herrick, G. W. (1905) Notes on some Mississippi mosquitoes. Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16 (9), 281 - 283, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1905">Herrick’s (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFCF7F96AFBF25CDA" authorityName="Röder" authorityYear="1885" box="[820,1123,1733,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portoricensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFCF7F96AFBF25CDA" box="[820,1123,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Megarrhinus portoricensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, apparently without having seen any specimens—probably the ultimate reason for naming the species after Herrick.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFB69F946FA0D5D06" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1906" box="[1194,1436,1769,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="herrickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFB69F946FA0D5D06" box="[1194,1436,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Megarhinus herrickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFD9AF8A1FCB85D22" baseAuthorityName="Dyar & Knab" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[601,809,1805,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFD9AF8A1FCB85D22" box="[601,809,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Tx. septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |