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<document id="1339B9D4981012F36B411F64E91A6124" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. &amp; Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA2E0A76FF54F8F9FD9E59D0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="04D3F831D31E9F3E70B61546BFA60AFB">
<mods:title id="1F9E36488150BD280A5875D99EB69429">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="BA69BB26138758328560DFE6117AF1F4">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E514C369FAB3285460BB66BFAFF5555A" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1384-6972</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5828B1A0EDF84A8F965CA731C3400D3B" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4238D671B2AC08733AECFED45425C533">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F95F647E34368D5CC775F892534D3905" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6366-1357</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4826E125361DF8B07E5AF5E531D60C9E" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="373A4966D27C5446B498664047A3C780">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="2C61C5B150DD1F6C7526AEF806712BA8">
<mods:date id="028A311BBD36F54E39425198390EAD89">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CDBB39A1D73AB447BCA500A6B0383F3A">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3189067FBC2ACFCB2E79E3A9CD29A079" type="volume">
<mods:number id="0668EC42AF7FDE870961E89CCFC46BF8">5303</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8D0E6AC42F8BAD8DCD0217CFEE75720E">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="0BE16BF5002D708481295C76C661712F">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="032C1FED6CA31E085D99FC5FD15DD3F4">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="4AA454289A3209B9EA55567070993741" type="CLB-Dataset">53758</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E47608B2C45BEAFB74B3770F765836FE" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F2A630BDFE177D9C0DDDB93BB7B690A3" type="GBIF-Dataset">55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA2E0A76FF54F8F9FD9E59D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8061414" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700437" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8061414" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA2E0A76FF54F8F9FD9E59D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA2E0A76FF54F8F9FD9E59D0" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA2E0A4AFF54F8F9FDCC5D75" box="[151,605,1878,1905]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2E0A4AFF54F8F9FDCC5D75" blockId="29.[151,605,1878,1905]" box="[151,605,1878,1905]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<heading id="C54581B7BA2E0A4AFF54F8F9FDCC5D75" bold="true" box="[151,605,1878,1905]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFF54F8F9FDCC5D75" ID-CoL="89VTT" authority="(Pallas)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[151,605,1878,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFF54F8F9FDCC5D75" bold="true" box="[151,605,1878,1905]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFF54F8F9FF4E5D74" bold="true" box="[151,223,1878,1905]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Aedes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFF33F8F9FE1D5D74" bold="true" box="[240,396,1878,1905]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFE5DF8F8FE695D74" bold="true" box="[414,504,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">caspius</emphasis>
(Pallas)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA2E0A49FF54F834FE0859DA" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2E0A49FF54F834FDA85B4D" blockId="29.[151,1437,1947,2033]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,451]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFEC9F834FE775DB6" ID-CoL="89VTT" authority="(Pallas, 1771)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[266,486,1947,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFEC9F834FEC65DB6" bold="true" box="[266,343,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">caspius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2E0A4AFEA7F834FE4E5DB6" author="Pallas, P. S." box="[356,479,1947,1971]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref172558" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1771) Reise durch versehiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. Vol. 1. Kayserliche Academie der Wissenschaften, St Petersburg, [12] + 504 pp., tabs. I - XI, tabs. A - L." type="book" year="1771">Pallas, 1771</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2E0A4AFD27F834FCE05DB6" ID-CoL="8BNDR" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1771" box="[740,881,1947,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2E0A4AFD27F834FCE05DB6" box="[740,881,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Culex caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFBC7F834FB125DB6" box="[1028,1155,1947,1971]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFB48F834FB4F5DB6" box="[1163,1246,1947,1971]" name="Albania" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Albania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFB25F834FAA45DB6" box="[1254,1333,1947,1971]" name="Algeria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Algeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFAFEF834FA095DB6" box="[1341,1432,1947,1971]" name="Armenia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Armenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFF04F815FE855DD7" box="[199,276,1978,2002]" name="Austria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Austria</collectingCountry>
, Azerbaijan,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFE63F815FE625DD7" box="[416,499,1978,2002]" name="Bahrain" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Bahrain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFDC3F815FDC15DD7" box="[512,592,1978,2002]" name="Belarus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Belarus</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFD9DF815FD295DD7" box="[606,696,1978,2002]" name="Belgium" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Belgium</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFD06F815FC595DD7" box="[709,968,1978,2002]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Bosnia and Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFC15F815FBA15DD7" box="[982,1072,1978,2002]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFBFEF815FB1B5DD7" box="[1085,1162,1978,2002]" name="Croatia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Croatia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFB5BF815FB755DD7" box="[1176,1252,1978,2002]" name="Cyprus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFB32F815FA095DD7" box="[1265,1432,1978,2002]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFF04F877FEB95DF5" box="[199,296,2008,2032]" name="Denmark" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Denmark</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFEF0F877FE1B5DF5" box="[307,394,2008,2032]" name="Djibouti" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Djibouti</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFE55F876FE445DF4" box="[406,469,2009,2033]" name="Egypt" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Egypt</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFE23F877FDBE5DF5" box="[480,559,2008,2032]" name="Estonia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Estonia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFDF9F877FD1B5DF5" box="[570,650,2008,2032]" name="Finland" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Finland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFD55F876FD4F5DF5" box="[662,734,2009,2032]" name="France" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">France</collectingCountry>
, FYRO Macedonia, Georgia,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFBD2F876FBE15DF4" box="[1041,1136,2009,2033]" name="Germany" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFBBFF876FB575DF4" box="[1148,1222,2009,2033]" name="Greece" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFB12F876FABA5DF4" box="[1233,1323,2009,2033]" name="Hungary" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFAF5F876FAF05DF5" box="[1334,1377,2009,2032]" name="Iran" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2E0A4AFAAEF876FA095DF5" box="[1389,1432,2009,2032]" name="Iraq" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Iraq</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF04FF38FE805AAA" box="[199,273,151,175]" name="Ireland" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ireland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FEDFFF38FEC55AAA" box="[284,340,151,175]" name="Israel" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Israel</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FEA1FF38FE415AAA" box="[354,464,151,175]" name="Gaza Strip" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Gaza Strip</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FDC1FF38FDE55AAA" box="[514,628,151,175]" name="West Bank" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">West Bank</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD44FF38FD275AAA" box="[647,694,151,175]" name="Italy" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD02FF38FC835AAB" box="[705,786,151,174]" name="Kosovo" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kosovo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FCDEFF38FCC85AAB" box="[797,857,151,174]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FCA7FF38FC3B5AAA" box="[868,938,151,175]" name="Jordan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Jordan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FC76FF38FBBF5AAA" box="[949,1070,151,175]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FBFBFF38FBEA5AAA" box="[1080,1147,151,175]" name="Latvia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Latvia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FB45FF38FB705AAA" box="[1158,1249,151,175]" name="Lebanon" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FB2FFF38FABB5AAA" box="[1260,1322,151,175]" name="Libya" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Libya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FAF6FF38FA085AAA" box="[1333,1433,151,175]" name="Lithuania" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF04FF1AFE945AC8" box="[199,261,181,205]" name="Malta" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Malta</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FECFFF1AFEEF5AC8" box="[268,382,181,205]" name="Mauritania" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE45FF1AFE755AC8" box="[390,484,181,205]" name="Moldova" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Moldova</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE28FF1AFDC15AC8" box="[491,592,181,205]" name="Mongolia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD9BFF19FD475ACB" box="[600,726,182,206]" name="Serbia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD1DFF19FCAD5AC8" box="[734,828,182,205]" name="Morocco" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FC80FF1AFC515AC8" box="[835,960,181,205]" name="Netherlands" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FC0BFF19FB8A5ACB" box="[968,1051,182,206]" name="Norway" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Norway</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FBE1FF1AFBEA5AC8" box="[1058,1147,181,205]" name="Pakistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FB41FF1AFB715AC8" box="[1154,1248,181,205]" name="Palestine" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Palestine</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FB24FF1AFEB35AE9" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">People’s Republic of China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FEEFFF7BFEE45AE9" box="[300,373,212,236]" name="Poland" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Poland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE43FF7BFE495AE9" box="[384,472,212,236]" name="Portugal" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE20FF7BFD8C5AE9" box="[483,541,212,236]" name="Qatar" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Qatar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FDE4FF7BFD145AE9" box="[551,645,212,236]" name="Romania" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Romania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD4CFF7BFD445AE9" box="[655,725,212,236]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD23FF7BFCF65AE9" box="[736,871,212,236]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FCB2FF7BFC255AE9" box="[881,948,212,236]" name="Serbia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Serbia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FC7DFF7BFB885AE9" box="[958,1049,212,236]" name="Slovakia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FBE7FF7BFBEE5AE9" box="[1060,1151,212,236]" name="Slovenia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FB49FF7BFB555AE9" box="[1162,1220,212,236]" name="Spain" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spain</collectingCountry>
(includes Balearic &amp;
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2D0A49FF04FF5CFEF05B0E" box="[199,353,243,267]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FEB1FF5CFE475B0E" box="[370,470,243,267]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE1CFF5CFDF35B0E" box="[479,610,243,267]" name="South Sudan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FDA8FF5CFD3C5B0E" box="[619,685,243,267]" name="Sudan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sudan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD75FF5CFC985B0E" box="[694,777,243,267]" name="Sweden" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sweden</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FCD1FF5CFC1F5B0E" box="[786,910,243,267]" name="Switzerland" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FC55FF5CFC6D5B0E" box="[918,1020,243,267]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FBC6FF5CFBC25B0E" box="[1029,1107,243,267]" name="Tunisia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FB98FF5CFB355B0E" box="[1115,1188,243,267]" name="Turkey" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FB6EFF5CFAAD5B0E" box="[1197,1340,243,267]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FA87FF5CFA095B0E" box="[1348,1432,243,267]" name="Ukraine" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF04FEBEFE395B2C" box="[199,424,273,297]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE70FEBEFDF05B2C" box="[435,609,273,297]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FDAFFEBEFD705B2C" box="[620,737,273,297]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD29FEBDFCA05B2C" box="[746,817,274,297]" name="Yemen" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Yemen</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FCFDFEBEFC6C5B2C" author="Robert, V. &amp; Gunay, F. &amp; Le Goff, G. &amp; Bousses, P. &amp; Sulesco, T. &amp; Khalin, A. &amp; Medlock, J. M. &amp; Kampen, H. &amp; Petric, D. &amp; Schaffner, F." box="[830,1021,273,297]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref175921" refString="Robert, V., Gunay, F., Le Goff, G., Bousses, P., Sulesco, T., Khalin, A., Medlock, J. M., Kampen, H., Petric, D. &amp; Schaffner, F. (2019) Distribution chart for Euro-Mediterranean mosquitoes (western Palaearctic region). Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association, 37, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2019">
Robert
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FC4FFEBDFC285B2C" box="[908,953,273,297]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FBC4FEBEFB775B2C" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[1031,1254,273,297]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FBB5FEBDFB3B5B2C" box="[1142,1194,273,297]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
, incorrectly listed from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF3CFE9FFEDA5B4D" box="[255,331,304,328]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Canada</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE62FE9FFDBF5B4D" box="[417,558,304,328]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">United States</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF54FEE0FBAA5B80" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,451]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FEC8FEE1FDA45B62" ID-CoL="87MY2" authority="(Edwards, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[267,565,334,359]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FEC8FEE1FE145B63" bold="true" box="[267,389,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">hargreavesi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FE57FEE0FDBF5B62" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[404,558,335,359]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref153476" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043923" type="journal article" year="1920">Edwards, 1920</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FCF6FEE0FB295B62" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1920" box="[821,1208,335,359]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="caspius" variety="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FCF6FEE0FB9D5B63" box="[821,1036,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ochlerotatus caspius</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FB82FEE0FB295B62" box="[1089,1208,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">hargreavesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(subspecific status by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FF04FEC2FE5D5B80" author="Harbach, R. E. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[199,460,365,389]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. &amp; Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach &amp; Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Distribution: Taranto,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD7DFEC2FD7D5B80" box="[702,748,365,389]" name="Italy" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Italy</collectingCountry>
[
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2D0A49FD3AFEC2FC145B80" box="[761,901,365,389]" country="Italy" name="Puglia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Puglia region</collectingRegion>
] (
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FC5AFEC2FBA15B80" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[921,1072,365,389]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref153476" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043923" type="journal article" year="1920">Edwards 1920</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF54FE23FBA85BC6" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,451]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FECBFE23FCA15BA1" authority="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires, 1980" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[264,816,396,420]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FECBFE23FEDD5BA1" bold="true" box="[264,332,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">meirai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FE92FE23FCA15BA1" author="Ribeiro, H. &amp; da Cunha Ramos, H. &amp; Capela, R. A. &amp; Pires, C. A." box="[337,816,396,420]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref175329" refString="Ribeiro, H., da Cunha Ramos, H., Capela, R. A. &amp; Pires, C. A. (1980) Os mosquitos de Cabo Verde (Diptera: Culicidae), sistematica, distribuicao, bioecologia e importancia medica. Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos. No. 135. Junta de Investigac ¸ o t es Cienti´ficas do Ultramar, Liboa, 141 pp., map, 80 figs." type="book" year="1980">Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FBEAFE23FA075BA1" authorityName="Ribeiro, Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[1065,1430,396,420]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caspius" subGenus="Ochlerotatus" subSpecies="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FBEAFE23FBF45BA1" box="[1065,1125,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Aedes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FBB1FE23FB645BA1" box="[1138,1269,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FAC0FE22FA075BA1" box="[1283,1430,397,420]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">caspius meirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE8CFE04FE545BC6" box="[335,453,427,451]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
[
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE11FE04FDDD5BC6" box="[466,588,427,451]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
] (
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD9CFE04FCC75BC6" box="[607,854,427,451]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Republic of Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
) (Ribeiro
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FC7DFE04FC7B5BC6" box="[958,1002,427,451]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 1980).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF54FE5EFAC6589E" blockId="30.[151,1437,497,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
The nominotypical subspecies was described from specimens collected in marshes near the Caspian Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FA9BFE5EFF42582A" author="Pallas, P. S." pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref172558" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1771) Reise durch versehiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. Vol. 1. Kayserliche Academie der Wissenschaften, St Petersburg, [12] + 504 pp., tabs. I - XI, tabs. A - L." type="book" year="1771">Pallas 1771</bibRefCitation>
). No type specimens are known but
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FDA3FDBAFC83582A" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[608,786,533,559]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref153476" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043923" type="journal article" year="1920">Edwards (1920)</bibRefCitation>
wrote that the species was first collected from the northern Caspian Sea in the marshes near the city of Guriev [Guryev], present day
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2D0A49FC33FD96FBD05856" box="[1008,1089,569,595]" country="Kazakhstan" name="Atyrau Oblysy" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Atyrau</collectingRegion>
, capital of the
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2D0A49FB2EFD96FA095856" box="[1261,1432,569,595]" country="Kazakhstan" name="Atyrau Oblysy" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Atyrau Region</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF54FDF2FE8C5872" box="[151,285,605,631]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
. However, Edwards did not give a source for his information. Given that
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FB85FDF1FB0B5872" ID-CoL="89VTT" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1094,1178,606,631]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FB85FDF1FB0B5872" box="[1094,1178,606,631]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a complex of at least two species (see below), a
<typeStatus id="41098879BA2D0A49FE00FD2EFD8D589E" box="[451,540,641,667]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
and complete description from topotypic specimens are certainly needed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF04FD0AFB155992" blockId="30.[151,1437,497,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Nominal
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FEF2FD09FE1458BA" ID-CoL="89VTT" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[305,389,678,703]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FEF2FD09FE1458BA" box="[305,389,678,703]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be a very abundant pest. It is distributed throughout Europe, around the Mediterranean, the Middle East,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE9DFD66FE5A58E6" box="[350,459,713,739]" name="Mongolia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FE1FFD66FDF958E6" author="Minar, J." box="[476,616,713,739]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="335 - 350" refId="ref170266" refString="Minar, J. (1976) Culiciden aus der Mongolei (Diptera). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 22 (3 - 4), 335 - 350." type="journal article" year="1976">Minàř 1976</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FDBEFD66FD5158E6" box="[637,704,713,739]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FD12FD66FC3B58E6" author="Becker, N. &amp; Petric, D. &amp; Zgomba, M. &amp; Boase, C. &amp; Madon, M. &amp; Dahl, C. &amp; Kaiser, A." box="[721,938,713,739]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. &amp; Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
Becker
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FCEFFD65FCF158E6" box="[812,864,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
) and the northern sub-Saharan countries of
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF54FD42FF435902" box="[151,210,749,775]" name="Chad" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Chad</collectingCountry>
(Ndiaye
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FEFAFD41FEFB5902" box="[313,362,749,775]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2021),
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE05FD42FDD05902" box="[454,577,749,775]" name="Mauritania" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FD8DFD42FCE7590D" author="Mint Lekweiry, K. &amp; Salem, M. S. O. A. &amp; Brahim, K. O. &amp; Lemrabott, M. A. O. &amp; Brengues, C. &amp; Faye, O. &amp; Simard, F. &amp; Boukhary, A. O. M. S." box="[590,886,749,776]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="730 - 733" refId="ref170298" refString="Mint Lekweiry, K., Salem, M. S. O. A., Brahim, K. O., Lemrabott, M. A. O., Brengues, C., Faye, O., Simard, F. &amp; Boukhary, A. O. M. S. (2015) Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: first report on the presence of the arbovirus mosquito vector in Nouakchott. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52 (4), 730 - 733. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjv 051" type="journal article" year="2015">
Mint Lekweiry
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FD3CFD41FCBE5902" box="[767,815,749,775]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FC70FD42FBA45902" box="[947,1077,749,775]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
(subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FB00FD41FA9D5902" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[1219,1292,750,775]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FB00FD41FA9D5902" box="[1219,1292,750,775]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">meirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Specimens from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF1AFCBEFEC5592E" box="[217,340,785,811]" name="Mauritania" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
“showed 100% homology [rDNA ITS2] with published
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FC2DFCBEFB9D592E" box="[1006,1036,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ae</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FBDEFCBEFAB1592E" ID-CoL="89VTT" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1053,1312,785,811]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FBE5FCBEFB26592E" box="[1062,1207,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FB0FFCBDFAB1592E" box="[1228,1312,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sequences from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF14FC9AFE9F594A" box="[215,270,821,847]" name="Italy" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Italy</collectingCountry>
.” Nominal
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FE53FC99FE75594A" ID-CoL="89VTT" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[400,484,822,847]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FE53FC99FE75594A" box="[400,484,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is halophytic, found in dryer climates, but it is also adapted to freshwater habitats. Predictive spatial modelling by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FE34FCF6FD2F5976" author="Wint, W. &amp; Van Bortel, W. &amp; Schaffner, F." box="[503,702,857,883]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref185149" refString="Wint, W., Van Bortel, W. &amp; Schaffner, F. (2020) RVF vector spatial distribution models: Probability of presence. EFSA Supporting Publications, 17 (2), 1 - 30. [EN- 1800] https: // doi. org / 10.2903 / sp. efsa. 2020. EN- 1800" type="journal article" year="2020">
Wint
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FDF7FCF5FDF55976" box="[564,612,857,883]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (2020)
</bibRefCitation>
, based on specimens and literature, reflects the above distribution, which would be expected since it is based on combined data that includes cryptic species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF04FC0EFE0859DA" blockId="30.[151,1437,497,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
The following are characters commonly used to identify the nominotypical form (after
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FB5EFC0EFAFD59BE" author="Becker, N. &amp; Petric, D. &amp; Zgomba, M. &amp; Boase, C. &amp; Madon, M. &amp; Dahl, C. &amp; Kaiser, A." box="[1181,1388,929,955]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. &amp; Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
Becker
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FB37FC0DFABC59BE" box="[1268,1325,929,955]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FF54FC6AFE1C59DA" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[151,397,965,991]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FED1FC69FEDB59DA" box="[274,330,965,991]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA2D0A76FF04FC46FD9E59D0" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF04FC46FCF45EB2" blockId="30.[151,1437,497,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Adult female. Hindtarsomeres 1–4 with basal and apical pale bands, hindtarsomere 5 entirely pale-scaled; wing speckled with more or less evenly mixed dark and pale scales, costa predominantly dark-scaled; abdominal coloration highly variable, terga usually with median longitudinal pale stripe, tergum VII sometimes nearly all pale, or entire abdomen pale-scaled (variability documented in
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FCB4FBFAFBD05E6A" author="Toma, L. &amp; Severini, F. &amp; Romi, R. &amp; Di Luca, M." box="[887,1089,1109,1135]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="167 - 170" refId="ref182605" refString="Toma, L., Severini, F., Romi, R. &amp; Di Luca, M. (2017) Preliminary study on 2 colour patterns in Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas, 1771) (Diptera, Culicidae). Veterinaria Italiana, 53 (2), 167 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.12834 / VetIt. 598.2877.3" type="journal article" year="2017">
Toma
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FC02FBF9FC645E6A" box="[961,1013,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
) [associated with hotter, drier areas]; scutum fawn-colored [light yellowish tan], with a pair of narrow dorsocentral pale yellowish stripes [usually referred to as white] reaching to posterior margin of the scutum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF04FB6EFC705F26" blockId="30.[151,1437,497,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2D0A49FF04FB6EFE905EDE" box="[199,257,1217,1243]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Male</collectingRegion>
genitalia. Gonocoxite with undivided basal mesal lobe (BML) [basal lobe of authors] gradually arising from the gonocoxite, bearing two closely approximated spine-like setae, larger seta hook-shaped and strongly curved apically (tip usually extending backwards to almost the middle of the seta).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF04FA82FD245FFE" blockId="30.[151,1437,497,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Larva. Body surface without spicules; antenna uniformly spiculate, seta 1-A 3–12-branched; 18–28 comb scales in triangular patch, scales pointed (median apical spine distinctly longer than the others, at least on some scales); siphon index 1.8–2.6, elements of seta 1-S with 5–10 branches, inserted beyond middle of the siphon, with about 20 evenly spaced pecten spines reaching to about mid-length of the siphon, base of siphon with acus; segment X (anal segment) with incomplete saddle, and ventral brush (seta 4-X) with 12–17 cratal and 2 or 3 precratal setae; anal papillae lanceolate, 0.3–0.9 length of the saddle.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2D0A49FF04F9AAFBCA5DF1" blockId="30.[151,1437,497,2036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FF04F9AAFEED5C1A" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[199,380,1541,1567]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref153476" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043923" type="journal article" year="1920">Edwards (1920)</bibRefCitation>
sought to define the nominate subspecies to separate it from closely related species, such as
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FF54F986FF245C46" box="[151,181,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ae</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FF0EF986FF6D5C46" box="[205,252,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Och</emphasis>
.)
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FED0F986FDB55C46" authority="(Meigen, 1830)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[275,548,1577,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FED0F986FEFC5C46" box="[275,365,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">dorsalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FEBFF986FD8A5C46" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[380,539,1577,1603]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref169848" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweifl ¸ geligen Insekten. Vol. 6. Schulzische Buchhandlung, Hamm, iv + 401 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12464" type="book" year="1830">Meigen, 1830</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FD98F986FD115C46" box="[603,640,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ae.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FD53F986FD2E5C46" box="[656,703,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Och</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FD14F986FCC45C46" box="[727,853,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">leucomelas</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FCA7F986FB935C46" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[868,1026,1577,1603]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref169741" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1804) Klassifikazion und Beschreibung der europaischen Zweifl ¸ geligen Insekten. (Diptera Linn.). Erster Band, ester Abtheilung, mit VIII Kupfertafeln. Karl Reichard, Braunschweig, xxviii + 152 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1804">Meigen, 1804</bibRefCitation>
) [as
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FBF9F986FB345C46" box="[1082,1189,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">salinellus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FB6EF986FAFB5C46" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1197,1386,1577,1603]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="46 - 52" refId="ref153560" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1921 b) A synonymic list of the mosquitoes hitherto recorded from Sweden, with keys for determining the genera and species. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 42 (1), 46 - 52." type="journal article" year="1921">Edwards, 1921b</bibRefCitation>
]. He described variation in a “Large series of this species [
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FD1CF9E1FCA25C62" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[735,819,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FD1CF9E1FCA25C62" box="[735,819,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]... recently... received at the British Museum from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FAA7F9E2FA095C62" box="[1380,1432,1613,1639]" name="Italy" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FF54F9DEFE875C8E" box="[151,278,1649,1675]" name="Macedonia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FEE0F9DEFE1A5C8E" box="[291,395,1649,1675]" name="Palestine" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Palestine</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FE5AF9DEFE4D5C8E" box="[409,476,1649,1675]" name="Egypt" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Egypt</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FDD5F9DEFD205C8E" box="[534,689,1649,1675]" name="Iraq" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
, which show every gradation in the variation in the colour of the abdominal scales.... The thoracic coloration varies less; the two white longitudinal lines are nearly always present, though sometimes very narrow in
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA2D0A49FDD7F916FD2B5CD6" box="[532,698,1721,1747]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FD3EF916FCA05CD6" box="[765,817,1721,1747]" name="Italy" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Italy</collectingCountry>
, and in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA2D0A49FC73F916FC715CD6" box="[944,992,1721,1747]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FBC6F916FB415CD6" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1905" box="[1029,1232,1721,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Grabhamia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longisquamosa">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FBC6F916FB415CD6" box="[1029,1232,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G. longisquamosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[current synonym of the nominate subspecies], they are absent, the mesonotum then being uniformly fawn-coloured.”
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FB29F972FA0D5CF2" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1258,1436,1757,1783]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref153476" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043923" type="journal article" year="1920">Edwards (1920)</bibRefCitation>
then named subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FE60F8AEFDB65D1E" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[419,551,1793,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FE60F8AEFDB65D1E" box="[419,551,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">hargreavesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[as a variety of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FD21F8ADFCA75D1E" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[738,822,1794,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FD21F8ADFCA75D1E" box="[738,822,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] stating: “Among a series sent from Taranto,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2D0A49FAFCF8AEFAE35D1E" box="[1343,1394,1793,1819]" name="Italy" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FA47F8ADFA045D1E" box="[1412,1429,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FF54F889FE885D3A" box="[151,281,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hargreaves</emphasis>
), are
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA2D0A49FEA3F88AFE735D3A" box="[352,482,1829,1855]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="female">six females</specimenCount>
which have the whole of the central area of the mesonotum covered with whitish scales though in regard to abdominal markings they agree with moderately dark specimens of the species [
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FAFBF8E5FA1D5D66" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1336,1420,1866,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FAFBF8E5FA1D5D66" box="[1336,1420,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. Nothing approaching this variation has been seen from elsewhere and it therefore seems justifiable to distinguish them under a separate name.” However, it is a bit puzzling that he also mentioned the pale lines as being absent in the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA2D0A49FF03F81AFF615DCA" box="[192,240,1973,1999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FED6F81AFE705DCA" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1905" box="[277,481,1973,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Grabhamia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longisquamosa">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FED6F81AFEB85DCA" box="[277,297,1973,1999]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FEF4F81AFE705DCA" box="[311,481,1973,1999]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">longisquamosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2D0A49FE2CF81AFC8C5DCA" author="Harbach, R. E. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[495,797,1973,1999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. &amp; Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach &amp; Howard (2007)</bibRefCitation>
later elevated
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2D0A49FC03F81AFB095DCA" box="[960,1176,1973,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="caspius" variety="hargreavesi">
variety
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FBD7F81AFB095DCA" box="[1044,1176,1973,1999]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">hargreavesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to subspecific status in accordance with Article 45.6.4 of the
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2D0A49FDFEF876FBC45DF6" box="[573,1109,2009,2035]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A48FF04FF38FDDF5B46" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The type locality of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FE72FF38FD0D5AB4" authority=", Taranto" authorityName="Taranto" box="[433,668,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FE72FF38FDA45AB4" box="[433,565,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">hargreavesi</emphasis>
, Taranto
</taxonomicName>
, is a coastal city in southern
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2C0A48FC29FF38FB8C5AB4" box="[1002,1053,151,177]" name="Italy" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Italy</collectingCountry>
in the region forming the heel of Italy’s “boot”. We are not aware of further collections in that part of
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2C0A48FC4FFF14FC2E5AD0" box="[908,959,187,213]" name="Italy" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Italy</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FC37FF14FBE95AD0" box="[1012,1144,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FC37FF14FBE95AD0" box="[1012,1144,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">hargreavesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually only mentioned in lists. This leaves us without confirmation/refutation of its validity using other life stages and DNA.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FAEAFF4FFF735B1B" author="Townsend, B. C." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="35 - 152" refId="ref182830" refString="Townsend, B. C. (1990) Culicidae. In: Townsend, B. C., Chainey, J. E., Crosskey, R. W., Pont, A. C., Lane, R. P., Boorman, J. P. T. &amp; Crouch, C. A. (Eds.), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History), Natural History Museum, London, pp. 35 - 152." type="book chapter" year="1990">Townsend (1990)</bibRefCitation>
reported the presence of
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA2C0A48FDCFFEABFD375B1A" box="[524,678,260,287]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">four syntypes</specimenCount>
in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, which allows the possibility of DNA analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A48FF04FEE2FE525BB5" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FF04FEE2FE1C5B62" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[199,397,333,359]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="263 - 351" refId="ref153643" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1921 d) A revision of the mosquitos of the Palaearctic Region. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12 (3), 263 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300040207" type="journal article" year="1921">Edwards (1921d)</bibRefCitation>
, in a revision of Palearctic mosquitoes, wrote that the basal lobe in the closely related
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FABBFEE1FF605B89" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Ae.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FF54FEDDFF605B89" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[151,241,370,396]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">dorsalis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
was “very prominent”, as opposed to “much less prominent” in
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FC15FEDCFBBB5B89" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[982,1066,371,396]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FC15FEDCFBBB5B89" box="[982,1066,371,396]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The distinction is evident in an accompanying illustration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A48FF04FE14FC4E58B5" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
In
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2C0A48FF26FE14FEBA5BD0" box="[229,299,443,469]" name="Egypt" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Egypt</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FEF6FE14FD975BD3" author="Kirkpatrick, T. W." box="[309,518,443,470]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref162294" refString="Kirkpatrick, T. W. (1925) The mosquitoes of Egypt. Egyptian Government. Anti-Malaria Commission. Government Press, Cairo, xi + 224 pp., XXIV pls., 2 maps." type="book" year="1925">Kirkpatrick (1925)</bibRefCitation>
noted in a key that the basal lobe of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FC5AFE13FC7C5BD0" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[921,1005,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FC5AFE13FC7C5BD0" box="[921,1005,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had two spines and that the appendage of the claspette was not keeled. This is in contrast to
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FD28FE4FFCFC5BFC" box="[747,877,479,506]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ae. detritus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FCB8FE70FB8C5BFF" author="Haliday, A. H." box="[891,1053,479,506]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="147 - 180" refId="ref157955" refString="Haliday, A. H. (1833) Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in Downshire. Entomological Magazine, 1, 147 - 180." type="journal article" year="1833">Haliday, 1833</bibRefCitation>
), which has a single spine and the claspette is keeled in the middle. Among specimens that Kirkpatrick otherwise considered to be
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FB15FDAAFABB581B" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1238,1322,517,542]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FB15FDAAFABB581B" box="[1238,1322,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he found two larval varieties. One with “Siphon about 2.3–2.6 times as long as broad; anal gills [anal papillae] longer than broad, two or three hair tufts [setae] outside barred area [grid] of ventral brush [precratal setae].
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FB73FDE2FF7A588E" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FB73FDE2FB625862" box="[1200,1267,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Aedes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FAC1FDE2FA025862" box="[1282,1427,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FF54FDDDFF7A588E" box="[151,235,626,651]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.” The other with “Siphon about 1.9–2.0 times as long as broad; anal gills very small and round; ventral brush with four or five tufts outside barred area.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FD74FD39FCBA58B5" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[695,811,662,689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FD74FD39FD5958B5" box="[695,712,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FD14FD38FCBA58B5" box="[727,811,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, larval variety.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A48FF04FD14FF635962" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FF04FD14FE0D58D0" author="Kirkpatrick, T. W." box="[199,412,698,725]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref162294" refString="Kirkpatrick, T. W. (1925) The mosquitoes of Egypt. Egyptian Government. Anti-Malaria Commission. Government Press, Cairo, xi + 224 pp., XXIV pls., 2 maps." type="book" year="1925">Kirkpatrick (1925)</bibRefCitation>
described and illustrated the basal mesal lobe of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FC16FD14FBB858D1" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[981,1065,699,724]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FC16FD14FBB858D1" box="[981,1065,699,724]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
thusly: “Basal lobe rather large, triangular, with an almost straight spine [seta] rising from near its apex, and a longer stouter spine with a strongly curved tip rising at about one third of the distance from the apex; the basal lobe also bears a row of short straight bristles [setae].” A large triangular lobe and the row of short “bristles” are unlike what others had observed for
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FF54FCE1FF7A5962" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[151,235,846,871]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FF54FCE1FF7A5962" box="[151,235,846,871]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A48FF04FCDEFE9559FC" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FF04FCDEFEE3598E" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[199,370,881,907]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud (1934)</bibRefCitation>
likewise described and illustrated an apparently different basal mesal lobe: “coxite [gonocoxite] with pronounced basal [mesal] lobe carrying a strong bristly spine [seta] with hooked tip, one short spine, and a small number of flattened straight, bristles [setae]”. Flattened straight setae are not mentioned elsewhere in the literature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A48FF04FBACFDC05F18" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FF04FBACFEEE5E1B" author="Marshall, J. F." box="[199,383,1027,1054]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref168004" refString="Marshall, J. F. (1938) The British mosquitoes. Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, xi + 341 pp., 20 pls." type="book" year="1938">Marshall (1938)</bibRefCitation>
, in
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FE69FBACFD235E18" box="[426,690,1027,1053]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">The British Mosquitoes</emphasis>
, described and illustrated all life stages (except the egg) in detail, seemingly in agreement with the general concept of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FD18FB86FCBE5E47" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[731,815,1065,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FD18FB86FCBE5E47" box="[731,815,1065,1090]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given above. Regarding the basal mesal lobe, he stated: “The basal [mesal] lobe of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FE7CFBE2FDA05E63" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[447,561,1101,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FE7CFBE2FDA05E63" box="[447,561,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carries a dense mass of bristles [setae], as well as two stout, conspicuous spines [setae]; the spine lying nearer to the base of the coxite [gonocoxite] being considerably longer than its companion, and having a markedly recurved extremity.As will be noted later, the hypopygium [genitalia] of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FB7DFB39FAA15EAA" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1214,1328,1174,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FB7DFB39FAA15EAA" box="[1214,1328,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be practically indistinguishable from that of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FDA9FB15FD725ED1" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[618,739,1210,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FDA9FB15FD725ED1" box="[618,739,1210,1236]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were it not for the fact that the basal lobe of the latter species is noticeably constricted at the base”.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FD88FB70FD665EFC" author="Clavero, G." box="[587,759,1247,1273]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref148348" refString="Clavero, G. (1946) Aedinos de Espana. Revista de Sanidad e Higiene Publica, 20, 1 - 28, key, 5 pls." type="journal article" year="1946">Clavero (1946)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FCF1FB70FC405EFC" author="Natvig, L. R." box="[818,977,1247,1273]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="i - xxi" refId="ref171509" refString="Natvig, L. R. (1948) Contributions to the knowledge of the Danish and Fennoscandian mosquitoes: Culicini. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift Supplement, 1, i - xxi + 567 pp., 12 pls., map." type="book chapter" year="1948">Natvig (1948)</bibRefCitation>
also described similar characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FF54FAABFF7A5F18" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[151,235,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FF54FAABFF7A5F18" box="[151,235,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other European countries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A48FF04FA87FE175D63" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FF04FA87FE295F47" author="Senevet, G. &amp; Mandoul, R. &amp; Jacquemin, P." box="[199,440,1320,1346]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="277 - 280" refId="ref177795" refString="Senevet, G., Mandoul, R. &amp; Jacquemin, P. (1949) Sur une forme aberrante de l'Aedes caspius Pallas. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 27 (3), 277 - 280." type="journal article" year="1949">
Senevet
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FEEAFA87FECC5F47" box="[297,349,1320,1346]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (1949)
</bibRefCitation>
reported putative
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FD48FA87FD4E5F44" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[651,735,1320,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FD48FA87FD4E5F44" box="[651,735,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens from three sites in French North Africa: Quargla, capital city of Quargla Province in the Sahara in southern
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2C0A48FCCCFAE3FCF65F63" box="[783,871,1356,1382]" name="Algeria" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Algeria</collectingCountry>
; Salah, an oasis town in central
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2C0A48FB02FAE3FA895F63" box="[1217,1304,1356,1382]" name="Algeria" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Algeria</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2C0A48FA8CFAE3FA095F63" box="[1359,1432,1356,1382]" country="Tunisia" name="Gabes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gabès</collectingRegion>
, capital city of the
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2C0A48FE9EFADEFDA95F8E" box="[349,568,1393,1419]" country="Tunisia" name="Gabes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gabès Governorate</collectingRegion>
, located on the coast of the Gulf of
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA2C0A48FC7CFADEFB945F8E" box="[959,1029,1393,1419]" country="Tunisia" name="Gabes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gabès</collectingRegion>
in what is now
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2C0A48FB72FADEFA995F8E" box="[1201,1288,1393,1419]" name="Tunisia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
. The Quargla specimens were different from typical
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FD86FA39FD085FAA" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[581,665,1430,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FD86FA39FD085FAA" box="[581,665,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and different from specimens from the other two North African sites. “The scutum is absolutely devoid of the classically described white lines. It is completely and uniformly covered with tan [pale brown] scales. The basal mesal lobe is like the classical descriptions and drawings of
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FAF9FA71FF635C18" author="Edwards, F. W." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="263 - 351" refId="ref153643" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1921 d) A revision of the mosquitos of the Palaearctic Region. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12 (3), 263 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300040207" type="journal article" year="1921">Edwards [1921d]</bibRefCitation>
, of
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FEDFF9ACFE605C1B" author="Kirkpatrick, T. W." box="[284,497,1539,1566]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref162294" refString="Kirkpatrick, T. W. (1925) The mosquitoes of Egypt. Egyptian Government. Anti-Malaria Commission. Government Press, Cairo, xi + 224 pp., XXIV pls., 2 maps." type="book" year="1925">Kirkpatrick [1925]</bibRefCitation>
, of
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FDDFF9ACFD5B5C18" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[540,714,1539,1565]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud [1934]</bibRefCitation>
, etc., and stands out only slightly, at a slight angle, covered with numerous setae. One of them is very large and bent into an ‘S’ shape or hooked, inserted on the apical half or two thirds of the lobe. There is another less developed seta, half the length of the large one, borne anteriorly on the lobe. The lobe therefore agrees well with the illustration of Edwards” (translated from the French).
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FB70F9DEFA0D5C8E" author="Senevet, G. &amp; Mandoul, R. &amp; Jacquemin, P." box="[1203,1436,1648,1675]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="277 - 280" refId="ref177795" refString="Senevet, G., Mandoul, R. &amp; Jacquemin, P. (1949) Sur une forme aberrante de l'Aedes caspius Pallas. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 27 (3), 277 - 280." type="journal article" year="1949">
Senevet
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FAD1F9DEFAD55C8F" box="[1298,1348,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (1949)
</bibRefCitation>
did not describe exactly how the basal lobe differs, but the illustration suggests a rounded lobe with a much longer primary seta. The lobes of tergum IX of males from Quargla are different from the others as well. They are twice as long as wide, straight and slightly curved inwards. The illustrations given of the ninth tergal lobes from the three sites appear different in shape and in the number and nature of the setae. The claspette is also different from others, not exhibiting a narrowing on the base of the claspette, having a large tubercle between the base and filament, and having a seta basally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A48FF04F8DFFEB45DD6" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FF3AF8DEFEDC5D8F" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[249,333,1905,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FF3AF8DEFEDC5D8F" box="[249,333,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reported by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FE1AF8DFFDFF5D8F" author="Minar, J." box="[473,622,1904,1930]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="335 - 350" refId="ref170266" refString="Minar, J. (1976) Culiciden aus der Mongolei (Diptera). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 22 (3 - 4), 335 - 350." type="journal article" year="1976">Minàř (1976)</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA2C0A48FD72F8DFFC8F5D8F" box="[689,798,1904,1930]" name="Mongolia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
was compared to the closely related
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FB75F8DEFB455D8E" box="[1206,1236,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ae</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA2C0A48FB22F8DFFAAA5D8F" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1249,1339,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FB22F8DFFAAA5D8F" box="[1249,1339,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Of note is the depiction of the basal mesal lobes of both species as slightly projecting but of slightly different shapes, but not rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA2C0A77FF04F871FC955989" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2040]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1437,151,2040]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The above variation was brought into sharper focus by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA2C0A48FCDAF871FC6A5DFD" author="Cianchi, R. &amp; Sabatini, A. &amp; Boccolini, D. &amp; Bullini, L. &amp; Coluzzi, M." box="[793,1019,2014,2040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="269 - 272" refId="ref148242" refString="Cianchi, R., Sabatini, A., Boccolini, D., Bullini, L. &amp; Coluzzi, M. (1980) Due entita riproduttivamente isolate sotto il nome di Aedes caspius (Diptera, Culicidae). Atti XII Congreso Nazionale Italiano Entomologia, Roma, 2, 269 - 272." type="journal article" year="1980">
Cianchi
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA2C0A48FCB6F870FC325DFD" box="[885,931,2014,2040]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (1980)
</bibRefCitation>
, who, using allozyme electrophoresis, found two distinct sympatric entities,
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FD8EFF38FD305AB5" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[589,673,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FD8EFF38FD305AB5" box="[589,673,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species “A” and
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FCACFF38FC525AB5" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[879,963,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FCACFF38FC525AB5" box="[879,963,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species “B”. Since then there have been multiple indications of a complex of species.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FD56FF14FBFB5AD0" author="Darsie Jr., R. F. &amp; Samanidou-Voyadjoglou, A." box="[661,1130,187,213]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="247 - 254" refId="ref150649" refString="Darsie Jr., R. F. &amp; Samanidou-Voyadjoglou, A. (1997) Keys for the identification of the mosquitoes of Greece. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 13 (3), 247 - 254." type="journal article" year="1997">Darsie &amp; Samanidou-Voyadjoglou (1997)</bibRefCitation>
separated two larval forms of
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FF75FF4FFE155AFF" box="[182,388,224,250]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FF75FF4FFE9B5AFC" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[182,266,224,249]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="caspius">caspius</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA130A77FED1FF4FFE155AFF" box="[274,388,224,250]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FE69FF4FFE6C5AFF" box="[426,509,224,250]" name="Greece" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Greece</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FDCBFF4FFD565AFF" author="Schaffner, F." box="[520,711,224,250]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref177173" refString="Schaffner, F. (1998) A revised checklist of French Culicidae. European Mosquito Bulletin, 2, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1998">Schaffner (1998)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that only species “A” of Cianchi
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB7EFF4FFB7E5AFF" box="[1213,1263,224,250]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. was identified in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FF75FEAAFE945B1A" box="[182,261,261,287]" name="France" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">France</collectingCountry>
, so far only along the Atlantic coastline.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FD1CFEABFC3F5B1A" author="Knio, K. M. &amp; Markarian, N. &amp; Kassis, A. &amp; Nuwayri-Alti, N." box="[735,942,260,287]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="229 - 235" refId="ref162989" refString="Knio, K. M., Markarian, N., Kassis, A. &amp; Nuwayri-Alti, N. (2005) A two-year survey on mosquitoes of Lebanon. Parasite, 12 (3), 229 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 2005123229" type="journal article" year="2005">
Knio
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FCE3FEAAFCC55B1B" box="[800,852,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
wrote that “
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FB83FEABFABF5B1B" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1088,1326,260,286]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB83FEABFABF5B1B" box="[1088,1326,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ochlerotatus caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appeared to be a complex of species. Morphological differences... between the population in the South of
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FB10FE86FAA45B46" box="[1235,1333,297,323]" name="Lebanon" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
from the Kasmieh River and the rest of the populations. ...Kasmieh River matched the typical description of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FB2AFEE1FAFA5B62" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1257,1387,334,360]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB2AFEE1FA9B5B6D" box="[1257,1290,334,360]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Oc</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FAD4FEE1FAFA5B62" box="[1303,1387,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
... in having... two submedial lines of whitish scales running along the length of the scutum. ...The rest of the specimens differed in having a scutum covered with scales golden-brown in color, which was similar to the description of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FF54FE14FDBA5BD0" baseAuthorityName="Sergent &amp; Sergent" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[151,555,443,469]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mariae" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FF54FE14FEB95BD0" box="[151,296,443,469]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FEFAFE14FE5B5BD0" box="[313,458,443,469]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FE1FFE13FDBA5BD0" box="[476,555,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[scutum mainly golden brown-scaled, without definite longitudinal stripes].... Therefore, they seem to be a species near
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FDADFE4FFD535BFC" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[622,706,480,505]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FDADFE4FFD535BFC" box="[622,706,480,505]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and thus remain to be classified under
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FBB8FE4FFB6F5BFC" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1147,1278,480,506]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FBB8FE4FFB0D5BFF" box="[1147,1180,480,506]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Oc</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB69FE4FFB6F5BFC" box="[1194,1278,480,505]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which seems to be a species complex.”
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FE01FDABFD3E581B" author="Wassim, N. M. &amp; Soliman, B. A. &amp; Yamani, D. F. &amp; Nabi, I. M. A." box="[450,687,516,543]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="12 - 17" refId="ref184410" refString="Wassim, N. M., Soliman, B. A., Yamani, D. F. &amp; Nabi, I. M. A. (2013) Rapid assay to differentiate the two forms of Egyptian Aedes caspius (diptera: culicidae [sic]) using acetylcholinesterase gene. Journal of Basic &amp; Applied Zoology, 66 (1), 12 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jobaz. 2013.07.001" type="journal article" year="2013">
Wassim
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FDE1FDAAFDC4581B" box="[546,597,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. (2013)
</bibRefCitation>
stated that “They [the two forms of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FB92FDAAFB34581B" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1105,1189,517,542]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB92FDAAFB34581B" box="[1105,1189,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] have been identified as an autogenous [
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FEA9FD86FE185847" box="[362,393,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sic</emphasis>
, anautogenous] form which requires a blood meal for egg development, need open space to breed (eurygamous) and abound in fresh water pools in agricultural areas, while the autogenous form is able to mate in confined spaces (stenogamous) and inhabits brackish and salty water breeding sites in coastal and inland desert areas...”.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FEC1FD39FE6858B5" author="Soliman, B. A. &amp; Wassim, N. M. &amp; Linley, J. R." box="[258,505,662,689]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="71 - 77" refId="ref178911" refString="Soliman, B. A., Wassim, N. M. &amp; Linley, J. R. (2014) Distinguishing the two forms of Egyptian Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius Palias [sic] species (Diptera: Culicidae) by ultra structure micrographs of eggs. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 44 (1), 71 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.21608 / jesp. 2014.90705" type="journal article" year="2014">
Soliman
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FEAAFD38FE0D58B5" box="[361,412,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
, in a study of egg morphology, found that the “Fine structure micrographic work of eggs of the Egyptian
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FE66FD14FE5258D0" box="[421,451,699,725]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ae</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FE12FD14FDB458D1" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[465,549,699,724]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FE12FD14FDB458D1" box="[465,549,699,724]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provides new morphological evidence that both autogenous and unautogenous [
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FF62FD4FFF5158FC" box="[161,192,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sic</emphasis>
] forms are certainly different and suggests that those forms are two distinct species.” Doosti
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB0FFD4FFB6D58FC" box="[1228,1276,735,761]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. (2017) found strong evidence using mtDNA
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FDC3FCABFDA1591B" box="[512,560,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">COI</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FDADFCABFD39591B" box="[622,680,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">COII</emphasis>
gene sequences that indicated two species in
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB01FCABFA07591B" box="[1218,1430,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FB01FCABFA875918" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1218,1302,772,797]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="caspius">caspius</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA130A77FAE2FCABFA07591B" box="[1313,1430,772,798]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. Detailed distributions of these two putative species have not yet been determined. Neither is it clear if
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FAD7FC86FAF95947" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1300,1384,809,834]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FAD7FC86FAF95947" box="[1300,1384,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“A” or
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FF76FCE1FE985962" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[181,265,846,871]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FF76FCE1FE985962" box="[181,265,846,871]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“B” found in the Middle East corresponds to forms in Europe. The assumption seems to be that “A” and “B” are in Europe and that “A” is
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FDD5FCDDFD6F598E" box="[534,766,882,907]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FDD5FCDDFDFB598E" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[534,618,882,907]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="caspius">caspius</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA130A77FDB2FCDDFD6F598E" box="[625,766,882,907]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA130A77FF04FC39FE3E5E47" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
In contrast,
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FE90FC39FDD859B5" author="Porretta, D. &amp; Canestrelli, D. &amp; Urbanelli, S. &amp; Bellini, R. &amp; Schaffner, F. &amp; Petric, D. &amp; Nascetti, G." box="[339,585,918,944]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="20 - 30" refId="ref173442" refString="Porretta, D., Canestrelli, D., Urbanelli, S., Bellini, R., Schaffner, F., Petric, D. &amp; Nascetti, G. (2011) Southern crossroads of the Western Palaearctic during the Late Pleistocene and their imprints on current patterns of genetic diversity: insights from the mosquito Aedes caspius. Journal of Biogeography, 38 (1), 20 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02385. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
Porretta
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FE74FC38FE7A59B5" box="[439,491,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
, using
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FD5CFC39FD5E59B5" box="[671,719,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">COI</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FCCEFC39FCD659B5" box="[781,839,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">COII</emphasis>
gene sequences, studied the population genetics of 12
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FF7EFC14FE8059D1" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[189,273,955,980]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FF7EFC14FE8059D1" box="[189,273,955,980]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations from southern Europe and four from the western Mediterranean. They found no genetic structuring, which would be expected if habitats of this species had not been fragmented during the last ice age. They did not acknowledge the existence of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FD4FFBABFD715E18" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[652,736,1028,1053]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FD4FFBABFD715E18" box="[652,736,1028,1053]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“A” or “B”, subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FC3FFBACFB115E18" box="[1020,1152,1027,1053]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FC3FFBACFB115E18" box="[1020,1152,1027,1053]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">hargreavesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FB0BFBACFB6A5E18" box="[1224,1275,1027,1053]" name="Italy" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Italy</collectingCountry>
or subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FF54FB86FF715E47" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,224,1065,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FF54FB86FF715E47" box="[151,224,1065,1090]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">meirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FEE6FB87FE3A5E47" box="[293,427,1064,1090]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA130A77FF04FBE3FAB55F62" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
The existence of a species complex is not only suggested but proven with the characterization of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FA8BFBE2FA0D5E63" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1352,1436,1101,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FA8BFBE2FA0D5E63" box="[1352,1436,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“A” and “B”, and other species probably exist in the complex. It is problematic to guess the status of subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FF54FB3AFE8A5EAA" box="[151,283,1173,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FF54FB3AFE8A5EAA" box="[151,283,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">hargreavesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since it has not been reported again from near its
<typeStatus id="41098879BA130A77FCF8FB39FCFA5EB5" box="[827,875,1174,1200]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
locality and no other life stages have been studied. However, with the caveat that normal variation could be responsible for the pale scuta that Edwards observed, the character, supposedly representative of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FD96FB70FD385EFD" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[597,681,1247,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FD96FB70FD385EFD" box="[597,681,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“B”, by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FCD3FB70FC4A5EFC" author="Knio, K. M. &amp; Markarian, N. &amp; Kassis, A. &amp; Nuwayri-Alti, N." box="[784,987,1246,1273]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="229 - 235" refId="ref162989" refString="Knio, K. M., Markarian, N., Kassis, A. &amp; Nuwayri-Alti, N. (2005) A two-year survey on mosquitoes of Lebanon. Parasite, 12 (3), 229 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 2005123229" type="journal article" year="2005">
Knio
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FC8CFB70FC185EFC" box="[847,905,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
(see above). We tentatively predict that subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FEDBFAACFE0D5F18" box="[280,412,1283,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FEDBFAACFE0D5F18" box="[280,412,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">hargreavesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
corresponds to
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FD97FAABFD395F18" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[596,680,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FD97FAABFD395F18" box="[596,680,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“B” of
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FCC4FAACFC695F18" author="Cianchi, R. &amp; Sabatini, A. &amp; Boccolini, D. &amp; Bullini, L. &amp; Coluzzi, M." box="[775,1016,1283,1309]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="269 - 272" refId="ref148242" refString="Cianchi, R., Sabatini, A., Boccolini, D., Bullini, L. &amp; Coluzzi, M. (1980) Due entita riproduttivamente isolate sotto il nome di Aedes caspius (Diptera, Culicidae). Atti XII Congreso Nazionale Italiano Entomologia, Roma, 2, 269 - 272." type="journal article" year="1980">
Cianchi
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FCA4FAABFC335F18" box="[871,930,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
(1980)
</bibRefCitation>
. For this reason we formally elevate it here to species status:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FE71FA88FB965F44" authority="(Edwards, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[434,1031,1319,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FE71FA88FB965F44" bold="true" box="[434,1031,1319,1346]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FE71FA88FE675F47" bold="true" box="[434,502,1319,1346]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Aedes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FDCAFA88FD0F5F47" bold="true" box="[521,670,1319,1346]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FD73FA88FCA65F47" bold="true" box="[688,823,1319,1346]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">hargreavesi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FC8BFA88FC6F5F44" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[840,1022,1319,1345]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref153476" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043923" type="journal article" year="1920">Edwards, 1920</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FBD5FA87FB775F47" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[1046,1254,1320,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FBD5FA87FB775F47" box="[1046,1254,1320,1346]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Aedes hargreavesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not currently included as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life and should be added to the list of species of the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA130A77FF04FADEFB585C1B" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Ribeiro
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FEE1FADDFECB5F8E" box="[290,346,1393,1419]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
(1980) described subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FD61FADDFD7A5F8E" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[674,747,1394,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FD61FADDFD7A5F8E" box="[674,747,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">meirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from islands in the
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FC0AFADEFB445F8E" box="[969,1237,1393,1419]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Republic of Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
(also called
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FAA0FADEFF4F5FAA" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
).
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FF30FA3AFEE65FAA" box="[243,375,1429,1455]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
is located
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA130A77FE3BFA3AFDC15FAA" box="[504,592,1429,1456]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="km" value="570.0">570 km</quantity>
from the westernmost point of Africa, the
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FB85FA3AFB5B5FAA" box="[1094,1226,1429,1455]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
Peninsula,
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA130A77FA91FA3AFA095FAA" box="[1362,1432,1429,1455]" country="Senegal" name="Dakar" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dakar</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FF54FA15FF635FD1" box="[151,242,1466,1492]" name="Senegal" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, after which it is named. It is in the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Savage Isles.
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FE31FA71FDE75FFD" box="[498,630,1502,1528]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
is about the same distance west from the
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FB90FA71FB445FFD" box="[1107,1237,1502,1528]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
Peninsula as it is from where
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FEE3F9ABFEE55C18" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[288,372,1540,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FEE3F9ABFEE55C18" box="[288,372,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found on continental Africa in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FCC5F9ACFC105C18" box="[774,897,1539,1565]" name="Mauritania" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FC4CF9ACFB2C5C1B" author="Mint Lekweiry, K. &amp; Salem, M. S. O. A. &amp; Brahim, K. O. &amp; Lemrabott, M. A. O. &amp; Brengues, C. &amp; Faye, O. &amp; Simard, F. &amp; Boukhary, A. O. M. S." box="[911,1213,1539,1566]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="730 - 733" refId="ref170298" refString="Mint Lekweiry, K., Salem, M. S. O. A., Brahim, K. O., Lemrabott, M. A. O., Brengues, C., Faye, O., Simard, F. &amp; Boukhary, A. O. M. S. (2015) Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: first report on the presence of the arbovirus mosquito vector in Nouakchott. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52 (4), 730 - 733. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjv 051" type="journal article" year="2015">
Mint Lekweiry
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB82F9ABFBE85C18" box="[1089,1145,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA130A77FF04F988FA035DD6" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FF04F988FE4F5C44" box="[199,478,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FF04F988FEF45C44" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[199,357,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="caspius">Aedes caspius</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA130A77FEAEF987FE4F5C44" box="[365,478,1575,1601]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was first recorded from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FD37F988FCE65C44" box="[756,887,1575,1601]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA130A77FC61F988FBCD5C47" author="de Meira, M. T. V." box="[930,1116,1575,1602]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="45 - 125" refId="ref151361" refString="de Meira, M. T. V. (1952) A companha de erradicacao de culicideos na Ilha do Sal (Cabo verde). Anais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical, 9 (1), 45 - 125." type="journal article" year="1952">de Meira (1952)</bibRefCitation>
. Ribeiro
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB00F987FB6D5C44" box="[1219,1276,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
(1980) wrote: “...a detailed analysis of the Cabo-Verdian
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FDB6F9E3FC825C63" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[629,787,1612,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FDB6F9E3FC825C63" box="[629,787,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Aedes caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
revealed the existence of some morphological differences which, combined with other factors, namely the practically complete geographical isolation of the
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FAD5F9DFFA0D5C8F" box="[1302,1436,1648,1674]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
population, assumed taxonomic significance at the subspecific level. ...the comparisons [with the new subspecies] were based on samples of
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FE0EF915FDDA5CD1" box="[461,587,1722,1748]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FE0EF915FDB05CD6" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[461,545,1722,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">caspius</taxonomicName>
s.1
</emphasis>
. from the south of
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FCF2F916FC015CD6" box="[817,912,1721,1747]" name="Portugal" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(Algarve and Alentejo)” (translated from the Portuguese). Further they wrote: “Diagnosis. Not all individuals of the new subspecies are distinguishable from the nominate subspecies…. [new paragraph] The distinction of the two subspecies of
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB4BF8ACFB375D18" box="[1160,1190,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ae</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA130A77FB7BF8ACFA9D5D19" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1208,1292,1795,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FB7BF8ACFA9D5D19" box="[1208,1292,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on the presence or absence of an accessory spine [seta] on the basal [mesal] lobe of the coxite [gonocoxite], on the terminalia [genitalia] of males, duplicating the postero-external spine [seta] (fig. 59) [figure number from the original publication]. Absent in the nominal subspecies (
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA130A77FD75F8DFFCC15D8F" box="[694,848,1904,1930]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="generic">49 specimens</specimenCount>
examined from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FBC8F8DFFBFF5D8F" box="[1035,1134,1904,1930]" name="Portugal" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Portugal</collectingCountry>
), this spine was present, at least on one side, in 12 of the
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA130A77FE3AF83AFDF15DAA" box="[505,608,1941,1967]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="male">36 males</specimenCount>
from the island of Boa Vista examined for this character (six of which, including the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA130A77FEF2F816FE025DD6" box="[305,403,1977,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 2 ♂
<typeStatus id="41098879BA130A77FE38F815FDF85DD1" box="[507,617,1978,2004]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
, have accessory spines on both sides)” (translated from the Portuguese).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA130A76FF04F871FD9E5AD0" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2040]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,151,981]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Ribeiro
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA130A77FEE1F870FEC85DFD" box="[290,345,2014,2040]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
(1980) also did counts of select features in comparison with their specimens from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA130A77FB33F871FAC25DFD" box="[1264,1363,2014,2040]" name="Portugal" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Portugal</collectingCountry>
. Pupa: Setae 1-III,IV and 10-CT. Larva: Comb scales, pecten spines, antenna length to width ratio and seta 1-A. We noted significant overlap in all of these.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA120A76FF04FF4FFC935BB5" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,981]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
We do not believe that a single apparently anomalous character, present in only one third of the males of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FA8BFF4EFA0D5AFF" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1352,1436,225,250]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FA8BFF4EFA0D5AFF" box="[1352,1436,225,250]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Cabo Verde, in comparison with a small sample from a single locality in the extensive range of the nominal form, is sufficient evidence to demonstrate genetic divergence. For this reason, we regard subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FAF1FE85FAEA5B46" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[1330,1403,298,323]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FAF1FE85FAEA5B46" box="[1330,1403,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">meirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of the nominal form:
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FDDBFEE2FCB05B8E" bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FDDBFEE2FB505B62" authority="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires, 1980" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[536,1217,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FDDBFEE2FDF25B62" bold="true" box="[536,611,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">meirai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FDAEFEE2FB505B62" author="Ribeiro, H. &amp; da Cunha Ramos, H. &amp; Capela, R. A. &amp; Pires, C. A." box="[621,1217,333,359]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref175329" refString="Ribeiro, H., da Cunha Ramos, H., Capela, R. A. &amp; Pires, C. A. (1980) Os mosquitos de Cabo Verde (Diptera: Culicidae), sistematica, distribuicao, bioecologia e importancia medica. Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos. No. 135. Junta de Investigac ¸ o t es Cienti´ficas do Ultramar, Liboa, 141 pp., map, 80 figs." type="book" year="1980">Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FEEBFEDEFCB05B8E" authority="(Pallas, 1771)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[296,801,369,396]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FEEBFEDEFEFD5B89" bold="true" box="[296,364,369,396]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Aedes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FEBEFEDEFD835B89" bold="true" box="[381,530,369,396]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FDE0FEDDFDE85B89" bold="true" box="[547,633,370,396]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">caspius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FD4BFEDEFC895B8E" author="Pallas, P. S." box="[648,792,369,395]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref172558" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1771) Reise durch versehiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. Vol. 1. Kayserliche Academie der Wissenschaften, St Petersburg, [12] + 504 pp., tabs. I - XI, tabs. A - L." type="book" year="1771">Pallas, 1771</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Consequently, “
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FC21FEDDFBE45B89" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[994,1141,370,396]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC21FEDDFBE45B89" box="[994,1141,370,396]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Aedes meirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” should be removed from the list of species of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FEBDFE39FE505BB5" box="[382,449,406,432]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FEBDFE39FE505BB5" box="[382,449,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Aedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Encyclopedia of Life.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA120A76FF04FE14FB0B58B5" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,981]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
There is a parallel example which reinforces our decision. There are six other mosquito species in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FAD9FE14FA0D5BD0" box="[1306,1436,443,469]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
that are also present on mainland Africa, one of which is
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FC8BFE70FAD15BFF" authority="Patton, 1905" authorityName="Patton" authorityYear="1905" box="[840,1344,479,506]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiensis" subGenus="Cellia">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC8BFE70FC2C5BFC" box="[840,957,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anopheles</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC12FE70FB845BFC" box="[977,1045,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cellia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FBE8FE70FB315BFC" box="[1067,1184,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">arabiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FB68FE4FFAD15BFF" author="Patton, W. S." box="[1195,1344,479,506]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="623 - 637" refId="ref172752" refString="Patton, W. S. (1905) The culicid fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their haunts and habits. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16 (4), 623 - 637, 5 pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Patton, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. A year before the description of subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FDF2FDAAFDEB581B" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[561,634,517,542]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FDF2FDAAFDEB581B" box="[561,634,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">meirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the same authors (
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FC90FDABFBB8581B" author="Ribeiro, H. &amp; da Cunha Ramos, H. &amp; Pires, C. A. &amp; Capela, R. A." box="[851,1065,516,542]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref175411" refString="Ribeiro, H., da Cunha Ramos, H., Pires, C. A. &amp; Capela, R. A. (1979) Description and biometric study of Anopheles (Cellia) quadriannulatus davidsoni ssp. n., a seventh member of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae) endemic to the Cape Verde archipelago. Garcia de Orta, Serie de Zoologia, 8 (1 - 2), 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="1979">
Ribeiro
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC72FDAAFC78581B" box="[945,1001,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
1979
</bibRefCitation>
) proposed a new subspecies,
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FAB5FDABFC755846" authority="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Pires &amp; Capela, 1979" authorityName="Ribeiro" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quadriannulatus" subSpecies="davidsoni">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FAB5FDABFA04581B" box="[1398,1429,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">An</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FF54FD87FE555847" box="[151,452,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">quadriannulatus davidsoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FE09FD87FC755846" author="Ribeiro, H. &amp; da Cunha Ramos, H. &amp; Pires, C. A. &amp; Capela, R. A." box="[458,996,552,579]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref175411" refString="Ribeiro, H., da Cunha Ramos, H., Pires, C. A. &amp; Capela, R. A. (1979) Description and biometric study of Anopheles (Cellia) quadriannulatus davidsoni ssp. n., a seventh member of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae) endemic to the Cape Verde archipelago. Garcia de Orta, Serie de Zoologia, 8 (1 - 2), 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="1979">Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Pires &amp; Capela, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, based on many overlapping characters with other members of the Gambiae Complex known at the time.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FCBAFDE2FB085862" author="Cambournac, F. J. C. &amp; Petrarca, V. &amp; Coluzzi, M." box="[889,1177,589,616]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="265 - 267" refId="ref147435" refString="Cambournac, F. J. C., Petrarca, V. &amp; Coluzzi, M. (1982) Anopheles arabiensis in the Cape Verde Archipelago. Parassitologia, 24 (2 &amp; 3), 265 - 267." type="journal article" year="1982">
Cambournac
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FBCCFDE1FBD15862" box="[1039,1088,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (1982)
</bibRefCitation>
disagreed and asserted that the species in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FEA6FDDDFE765889" box="[357,487,626,652]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
was
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FDE2FDDDFD535889" authorityName="Patton" authorityYear="1905" box="[545,706,626,652]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FDE2FDDDFDD15889" box="[545,576,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">An</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FD8EFDDDFD535889" box="[589,706,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">arabiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the populations in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FC0DFDDDFBDE5889" box="[974,1103,626,652]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
were not different from those on the mainland. The implied synonymy of
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FD41FD39FD7E58B5" box="[642,751,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">davidsoni</emphasis>
with
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FCECFD39FC3558B5" authorityName="Patton" authorityYear="1905" box="[815,932,662,688]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FCECFD39FC3558B5" box="[815,932,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">arabiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently accepted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA120A76FF04FD14FD9E59D0" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,981]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Eleven synonyms of the nominotypical form are listed in
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FC8CFD14FBC958D0" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[847,1112,699,725]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC09FD14FB9258D0" box="[970,1027,699,725]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
. Until species in the Caspius Complex are characterized, we retain, in addition to
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FD27FD4FFCBC58FC" authorityName="Ribeiro, da Cunha Ramos, Capela &amp; Pires" authorityYear="1980" box="[740,813,736,761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meirai">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FD27FD4FFCBC58FC" box="[740,813,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">meirai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 11 synonyms of
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC36FD4FFB8258FF" box="[1013,1043,736,762]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ae</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FBE3FD4FFBE558FC" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1056,1140,736,761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspius">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FBE3FD4FFBE558FC" box="[1056,1140,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">caspius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FB40FD70FEB6591B" authority="Meigen, 1804" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FB40FD70FAA858FC" box="[1155,1337,735,761]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Culex punctatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FA83FD70FF5E591B" author="Meigen, J. W." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref169741" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1804) Klassifikazion und Beschreibung der europaischen Zweifl ¸ geligen Insekten. (Diptera Linn.). Erster Band, ester Abtheilung, mit VIII Kupfertafeln. Karl Reichard, Braunschweig, xxviii + 152 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1804">Meigen, 1804</bibRefCitation>
(Aden)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FEF3FCABFCD6591B" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1827" box="[304,839,772,798]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siculus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FEF3FCABFE55591B" box="[304,452,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Culex siculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FE0AFCABFD7A591B" author="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B." box="[457,747,772,798]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="390 - 413" refId="ref176001" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. (1827) Essai sur la tribu des culicides. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 3, 390 - 413, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1827">Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827</bibRefCitation>
(Sicily)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FC93FCABFAC3591B" authority="Macquart, 1846" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1846" box="[848,1362,772,798]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculiventris">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC93FCABFBBF591B" box="[848,1070,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Culex maculiventris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FBF7FCABFB72591B" author="Macquart, J." box="[1076,1251,772,798]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="133 - 364" refId="ref167426" refString="Macquart, J. (1846) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Supplement. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, Annee 1844, 133 - 364, 17 pls." type="journal article" year="1846">Macquart, 1846</bibRefCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FB33FCABFADB591B" box="[1264,1354,772,798]" name="Algeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Algeria</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FA98FCABFE535947" authority="Rondani, 1872" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penicillaris">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FA98FCABFE865947" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Culex penicillaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FEDEFC87FE535947" author="Rondani, C." box="[285,450,808,834]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="29 - 31" refId="ref176422" refString="Rondani, C. (1872) Sulle specie Italiane del genere Culex Lin. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 4, 29 - 31." type="journal article" year="1872">Rondani, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FE13FC87FD975947" box="[464,518,808,834]" name="Italy" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Italy</collectingCountry>
, potentially a synonym of
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FCEDFC86FC4C5947" box="[814,989,808,835]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Ae.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FC9AFC87FC4C5947" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[857,989,808,834]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">hargreavesi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FC37FC87FEDF5962" authority="Theobald, 1905 b" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Grabhamia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longisquamosa">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC37FC87FAB75947" box="[1012,1318,808,834]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Grabhamia longisquamosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FAE8FC87FF4C596D" author="Theobald, F. V." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="61 - 119" refId="ref181814" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1905 b) A catalogue of the Culicidae in the Hungarian National Museum, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 3 (1), 61 - 119, figure legends, 4 pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Theobald, 1905b</bibRefCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FF2FFCE2FED75962" box="[236,326,845,871]" name="Tunisia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FE9AFCE2FC515962" authority="Sergent &amp; Sergent, 1905" authorityName="Sergent &amp; Sergent" authorityYear="1905" box="[345,960,845,872]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Grabhamia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FE9AFCE2FDA35962" box="[345,562,845,871]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Grabhamia subtilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FDF9FCE2FCDF596D" author="Sergent, Ed. &amp; Sergent, Et." box="[570,846,845,872]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="673 - 674" refId="ref177864" refString="Sergent, Ed. &amp; Sergent, Et. (1905) Sur un Culicide nouveau, tres commun a Biskra (Grabhamia subtilis). Compte Rendu, Societe de Biologie, 8, 673 - 674." type="journal article" year="1905">Sergent &amp; Sergent, 1905</bibRefCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FC9EFCE2FC265962" box="[861,951,845,871]" name="Algeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Algeria</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FC08FCE1FA095962" authority="Giles, 1906" authorityName="Giles" authorityYear="1906" box="[971,1432,845,871]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FC08FCE1FB085962" box="[971,1177,845,871]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mansonia arabica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FB62FCE2FAB35962" author="Giles, G. M." box="[1185,1314,845,871]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="130 - 132" refId="ref156753" refString="Giles, G. M. (1906) Mosquito notes. I. - Note on a small collection of mosquitoes from Barhain [sic] in northern Arabia (shores of Persian Gulf). Journal of Tropical Medicine, 9, 130 - 132." type="journal article" year="1906">Giles, 1906</bibRefCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FAF2FCE2FA015962" box="[1329,1424,845,871]" name="Bahrain" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bahrain</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FF54FCDEFCB1598E" authority="Neveu-Lemaire, 1906" authorityName="Neveu-Lemaire" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,800,881,907]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Taeniorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FF54FCDEFE2D598E" box="[151,444,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Taeniorhynchus africanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FE06FCDEFD2C598E" author="Neveu-Lemaire, M." box="[453,701,881,907]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="238 - 288" refId="ref171744" refString="Neveu-Lemaire, M. (1906) Etude des culicides africains. Archives de Parasitologie, 10 (2), 238 - 288." type="journal article" year="1906">Neveu-Lemaire, 1906</bibRefCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FD0CFCDEFC89598E" box="[719,792,881,907]" name="Egypt" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Egypt</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FCEEFCDEFADC598E" authority="Theobald, 1907" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1907" box="[813,1357,881,907]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Grabhamia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="willcocksii">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FCEEFCDEFBA1598E" box="[813,1072,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Grabhamia willcocksii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FBFAFCDEFB7A598E" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1081,1259,881,907]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref182007" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1907">Theobald, 1907</bibRefCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FB3FFCDEFAD4598E" box="[1276,1349,881,907]" name="Egypt" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Egypt</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FA98FCDEFD9059B5" authority="Becker, 1910" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabicus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FA98FCDEFF6859B5" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Culex arabicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FEC3FC39FE0459B5" author="Becker, T." box="[256,405,918,944]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="131 - 160" refId="ref144614" refString="Becker, T. (1910) Dipteren aus S ¸ darabien und von der Insel Sokotra. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 71, 131 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9285" type="journal article" year="1910">Becker, 1910</bibRefCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FE67FC39FE6859B5" box="[420,505,918,944]" name="Yemen" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Yemen</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FDCFFC39FBF259B5" authority="Seguy, 1924" authorityName="Seguy" authorityYear="1924" box="[524,1123,918,944]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epsilonn" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FDCFFC39FDDE59B5" box="[524,591,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Aedes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FD9CFC39FD6159B5" box="[607,752,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FCC2FC39FCF159B5" box="[769,864,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">epsilonn</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FCA4FC39FC6359B5" author="Seguy, E." box="[871,1010,918,944]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 257" refId="ref177383" refString="Seguy, E. (1924) Les moustiques de l'Afrique Mineure de 1 ' Egypte et de la Syrie etude comparative des moustiques des regions mediterraneennes, de l'Europe centrale et septentrionale leurs parasites suivi du catalogue des culicides nearctiques et palearctiques. Encyclopedie Entomologique Serie A. Travaux Generaux, 1, 1 - 257, 29 pls." type="journal article" year="1924">Séguy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA120A76FBC2FC39FBCA59B5" box="[1025,1115,918,944]" name="Algeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Algeria</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
. There are no synonyms for
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FF54FC14FF2D59D0" box="[151,188,955,981]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ae.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA120A76FF00FC15FD9A59D0" authority="(Edwards, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[195,523,954,981]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hargreavesi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA120A76FF00FC15FED659D1" box="[195,327,954,980]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">hargreavesi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA120A76FE96FC15FD9259D0" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[341,515,954,981]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref153476" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043923" type="journal article" year="1920">Edwards, 1920</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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