459 lines
56 KiB
XML
459 lines
56 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4014D4443BFD1EC6A31DCCC1D30B0D6E">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0D6F892BE5D63E24F427CC7C5882189F">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="14FC7103BAD051B4A526E5F0B8B2F54D">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7C5B587ABD95217C4F0A8B8C70567654">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AEC05B9011BD7B8CD0A0FC2826D65407">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA100A73FF54FCC8FBC95D47" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8057041" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700464" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8057041" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA100A73FF54FCC8FBC95D47" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA100A73FF54FCC8FBC95D47" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA100A74FF54FCC8FDE35984" box="[151,626,871,898]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA100A74FF54FCC8FDE35984" blockId="35.[151,626,871,898]" box="[151,626,871,898]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA100A74FF54FCC8FDE35984" bold="true" box="[151,626,871,898]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FF54FCC8FDE35984" ID-CoL="89VWK" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[151,626,871,898]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FF54FCC8FDE35984" bold="true" box="[151,626,871,898]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FF54FCC8FF4E5987" bold="true" box="[151,223,871,898]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Aedes</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FF33FCC8FE1D5987" bold="true" box="[240,396,871,898]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FE5DFCC8FE6A5984" bold="true" box="[414,507,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">impiger</emphasis>
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(Walker)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA100A74FF54FC03FB4D5F66" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA100A74FF54FC03FBB459E6" blockId="35.[151,1437,939,1087]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FED0FC04FCDE59C1" authority="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[275,847,939,964]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FED0FC04FE3559C6" bold="true" box="[275,420,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">daisetsuzanus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FE70FC03FCDE59C1" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[435,847,940,964]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FB9DFC03FEC559E6" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="impiger" subGenus="Ochlerotatus" subSpecies="daisetsuzanus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FB9DFC03FB0B59C1" box="[1118,1178,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Aedes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FB71FC03FAA459C1" box="[1202,1333,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FA8EFC02FEC559E6" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">impiger daisetsuzanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA100A74FE2BFC64FDDD59E6" box="[488,588,971,995]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FD90FC64FD1C59E7" box="[595,653,971,994]" name="Japan" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA100A74FD5AFC64FD6E59E6" box="[665,767,971,995]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
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Island) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FC9AFC64FB8B59E6" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[857,1050,971,995]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
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Tanaka
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FC69FC64FC4759E6" box="[938,982,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 1979
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA100A74FF54FC46FDFA5E3A" blockId="35.[151,1437,939,1087]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FECDFC46FD925E04" ID-CoL="89VWK" authority="(Walker, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[270,515,1001,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FECDFC46FECF5E04" bold="true" box="[270,350,1001,1025]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">impiger</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FEB3FC46FE6D5E04" author="Walker, F." box="[368,508,1001,1025]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FCCAFC46FC0F5E04" ID-CoL="8835D" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[777,926,1001,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FCCAFC46FC0F5E04" box="[777,926,1001,1025]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Culex impiger</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FBFFFC46FB1A5E04" box="[1084,1163,1001,1025]" name="Canada" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FB5AFC46FB785E04" box="[1177,1257,1001,1025]" name="Finland" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Finland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FB34FC45FADB5E07" box="[1271,1354,1002,1026]" name="Norway" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Norway</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FA9AFC46FA0C5E04" box="[1369,1437,1001,1025]" name="Russia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(Northwestern Region),
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FE7EFBA7FD815E25" box="[445,528,1032,1056]" name="Sweden" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FDDAFBA7FD305E25" box="[537,673,1032,1056]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">United States</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA100A74FD6EFBA7FD665E25" box="[685,759,1032,1056]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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, continental) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FC45FBA7FBF25E25" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[902,1123,1032,1056]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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||
Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FC35FBA6FBB35E25" box="[1014,1058,1032,1056]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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, incorrectly listed from
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FA97FBA7FA035E25" box="[1364,1426,1032,1056]" name="Japan" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Japan</collectingCountry>
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||
), tundra of
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FEE9FB88FEFF5E3A" box="[298,366,1063,1087]" name="Russia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Russia</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FEB9FB88FD8F5E3A" author="Gutsevich, A. V. & Monchadsky, A. S. & Stackelberg, A. A." box="[378,542,1063,1087]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref157763" refString="Gutsevich, A. V., Monchadsky, A. S. & Stackelberg, A. A. (1971) Fauna Diptera. Vol. III. No. 4. Mosquitoes, Family Culicidae. New Series 100. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Zoological Institute, Leningrad, 384 pp. [for 1970, in Russian]" type="book" year="1971">Gutsevich 1971</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 1974).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA100A74FF54FBC2FB4D5F66" blockId="35.[151,1437,1133,2037]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The nominotypical subspecies was described from “Martin’s Falls”,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA100A74FC54FBC2FC7E5E82" box="[919,1007,1133,1159]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FC39FBC2FBC05E82" box="[1018,1105,1133,1159]" name="Canada" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, located at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA100A74FB13FBC2FABC5E8D" box="[1232,1325,1133,1160]" degrees="51.30" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" precision="555" value="51.3">51.30 N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA100A74FAFBFBC2FA085E8D" box="[1336,1433,1133,1160]" degrees="86.20" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" precision="555" value="-86.2">86.20 W</geoCoordinate>
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. This locality was listed for many of Walker’s species as St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay, but was corrected to “Martin’s Falls” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FDC0FB19FCCD5ED4" author="Handfield, L. & Handfield, D." box="[515,860,1206,1233]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="437 - 443" refId="ref158443" refString="Handfield, L. & Handfield, D. (2020) The curious, and incorrect, case of " St. Martin's Falls ", a type locality for many insect species described by Francis Walker. Zootaxa, 4786 (3), 437 - 443. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4786.3.10" type="journal article" year="2020">Handfield & Handfield (2020)</bibRefCitation>
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||
. The exact type locality is therefore unknown since the place name only represents the shipping origin. Belkin (1968) found “Two
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||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA100A74FC3FFB74FB9F5EF0" box="[1020,1038,1243,1269]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
… apparently part of type series” in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, one of which he designated as the
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||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA100A74FBBFFB50FB775F1C" box="[1148,1254,1279,1305]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Other entries in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FF54FA8BFE0B5F3B" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[151,410,1316,1342]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FED2FA8AFED85F3B" box="[273,329,1316,1342]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with the anomalous “St. Martin’s Falls” include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FC78FA8BFABA5F3B" ID-CoL="8835F" authority="Walker, 1848" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[955,1323,1316,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implacabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FC78FA8BFB1C5F3B" box="[955,1165,1316,1342]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Culex implacabilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FB50FA8BFABA5F3B" author="Walker, F." box="[1171,1323,1316,1342]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FF75FAE7FD325F66" ID-CoL="89VYF" authority="(Kirby, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[182,675,1352,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctor" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FF75FAE7FF685F67" box="[182,249,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FECAFAE7FE0B5F67" box="[265,410,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FE69FAE6FD905F67" box="[426,513,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">punctor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FDD3FAE7FD0A5F66" author="Kirby, W." box="[528,667,1352,1379]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 325" refId="ref162137" refString="Kirby, W. (1837) Fauna Boreali-Americana. Part the fourth and last. The Insects. In: Richardson, J. (Ed.), Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late Northern Land Expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R. N. Josiah Fletcher, Norwich, pp. i - xxxix + 1 - 325 pp., 13 pls., errata." type="book chapter" year="1837">Kirby, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FD1DFAE7FB495F66" ID-CoL="8BPQB" authority="(Walker, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[734,1240,1352,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culiseta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impatiens" subGenus="Culiseta">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FD1DFAE7FCAA5F67" box="[734,827,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Culiseta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FC8FFAE7FC385F67" box="[844,937,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Culiseta</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FC7AFAE6FBB75F67" box="[953,1062,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">impatiens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FBF7FAE7FB5E5F66" author="Walker, F." box="[1076,1231,1352,1379]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA100A73FF04FAC2FBC95D47" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA100A74FF04FAC2FBB65C82" blockId="35.[151,1437,1133,2037]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The adult female, male genitalia and larva of the nominotypical subspecies were described in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FAEDFAC2FEFD5FA9" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FEB9FA3DFDEC5FA9" author="Gutsevich, A. V. & Monchadsky, A. S. & Stackelberg, A. A." box="[378,637,1426,1452]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref157763" refString="Gutsevich, A. V., Monchadsky, A. S. & Stackelberg, A. A. (1971) Fauna Diptera. Vol. III. No. 4. Mosquitoes, Family Culicidae. New Series 100. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Zoological Institute, Leningrad, 384 pp. [for 1970, in Russian]" type="book" year="1971">
|
||
Gutsevich
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FE35FA3DFDA15FA9" box="[502,560,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1971
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1974) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FCCAFA3DFC655FA9" author="Becker, N. & Petric, D. & Zgomba, M. & Boase, C. & Madon, M. & Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A." box="[777,1012,1426,1452]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
|
||
Becker
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FCA1FA3DFC075FA9" box="[866,918,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Ecologically, it is a univoltine early season species, which “is found in the treeless arctic regions of Alaska,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FC1FFA19FBA25FD5" box="[988,1075,1462,1488]" name="Canada" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Scandanavia [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FB22FA18FA915FD5" box="[1249,1280,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">sic</emphasis>
|
||
] and Siberia. Its range is known to extend southward to Utah and Colorado at the higher elevations.... The larvae... are found in clear pools of water formed by melting snow at high elevations in mountains where alpine arctic conditions prevail” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FF5CF98BFE485C3A" author="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J." box="[159,473,1572,1599]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref147571" refString="Carpenter, S. J. & LaCasse, W. J. (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, vii + 360 pp., 127 pls." type="book" year="1955">Carpenter & LaCasse 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA100A74FDCEF98BFDCA5C3B" box="[525,603,1572,1598]" name="Russia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FDABF98BFCF65C3B" author="Gutsevich, A. V. & Monchadsky, A. S. & Stackelberg, A. A." box="[616,871,1572,1598]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref157763" refString="Gutsevich, A. V., Monchadsky, A. S. & Stackelberg, A. A. (1971) Fauna Diptera. Vol. III. No. 4. Mosquitoes, Family Culicidae. New Series 100. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Zoological Institute, Leningrad, 384 pp. [for 1970, in Russian]" type="book" year="1971">
|
||
Gutsevich
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FD22F98AFC855C3B" box="[737,788,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1971
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1974) recorded it from “...the Kola Peninsula, in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA100A74FF7CF9E7FE385C67" box="[191,425,1608,1634]" country="Russia" name="Arkhangel'sk" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Arkhangelsk Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA100A74FE76F9E6FD925C66" box="[437,515,1609,1635]" country="Russia" name="Nenets" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nenets</collectingRegion>
|
||
National District, Taimyr, mouth of the Kolyma, and the Novosibirskie Islands. It usually occurs together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FE18F9C2FDC75C82" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[475,598,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FE18F9C2FDC75C82" box="[475,598,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">A. nigripes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA100A74FDA7F9C2FD4B5C82" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[612,730,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FDA7F9C2FD4B5C82" box="[612,730,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">A. impiger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
predominates in Noril’sk…”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA100A74FF04F93EFC9C5CAE" blockId="35.[151,1437,1133,2037]" box="[199,781,1681,1707]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Distinguishing characters (after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA100A74FDECF93EFC905CAE" author="Becker, N. & Petric, D. & Zgomba, M. & Boase, C. & Madon, M. & Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A." box="[559,769,1681,1707]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
|
||
Becker
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA100A74FD46F93DFD2F5CAE" box="[645,702,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA100A73FF04F919FC805AD0" blockId="35.[151,1437,1133,2037]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1437,151,1858]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Adult female. Small species with brownish gray integument, scutum with conspicuous long black setae. Proboscis and maxillary palpus black-scaled; proboscis distinctly longer than forefemur. Vertex with spot of dark-brown scales; occiput covered with erect black setae and white scales. Antenna black, pedicel with some scattered white scales. Scutum with dense long black setae, median stripe of narrow bronze scales and lateral stripe of narrow white scales; scutellum with narrow white scales. Postpronotum with a few bronze scales, otherwise broad white scales; postpronotal setae scattered on entire postpronotum; postprocoxal, subspiracular and postspiracular scale-patches present, hypostigmal scale-patch absent; postspiracular setae 10 or fewer; upper mesokatepisternal scale-patch not reaching anterior margin; mesepimeron with large white scale-patch. Coxae white-scaled; femora and tibiae dark with scattered white scales, tibiae with conspicuous black setae; tarsomeres dark-scaled. Wing veins usually entirely dark-scaled, a few pale scales sometimes present at the base of the costa and radius. Abdominal terga with broad basal white bands. Cerci long, tapering.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA170A73FF04FF4FFDB25B62" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA170A73FF04FF4FFE905AFF" box="[199,257,224,250]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Male</collectingRegion>
|
||
genitalia. Tergum IX lobes rounded. Gonocoxite with short setae predominating on inner side; basal mesal lobe well developed with a spine-like seta distinctly stouter than others; apical lobe of gonocoxite small, weakly developed. Gonostylus slender, somewhat broadened in middle. Claspette filament about as long as stem, with a unilateral wing; aedeagus elongate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA170A73FF04FEDDFADF581B" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Larva. Body surface without spicules. Antenna very short, spiculate. Head wider than long. Setae 5,6-C always single, 7-C 3-branched. Comb scales 10–14 (6–16), each scale with long median apical spine and several short spicules at base. Siphon index 2.8–3.0; pecten spines close together, evenly spaced, each spine with one long lateral denticle; seta 1-S inserted slightly below middle of siphon, with 4–6 long branches. Saddle covers approximately half of segment X; ventral brush (seta 4-X) with 2 precratal setae; anal papillae at least 1.3 length of saddle.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA170A73FF04FD87FCC25962" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FF04FD87FE3A5846" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[199,427,552,579]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FEE3FD86FEC85847" box="[288,345,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FD64FD87FCD25847" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[679,835,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FD64FD87FCD25847" box="[679,835,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">daisetsuzanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from specimens collected at an elevation of
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA170A73FAFCFD86FF65586D" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="2.7" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="2.3">2,300 to 3,100 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level, from “Yukomambetsu, in Mt. Daisetsu [a volcanic mountain range],
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA170A73FB03FDE2FAA55862" box="[1216,1332,589,615]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
”, Japan’s second largest island and northernmost prefecture.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FD25FDDEFC405889" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[742,977,625,652]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FC82FDDDFCEC588E" box="[833,893,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a complete description of the adult female, male genitalia and larva, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FDB9FD39FC8C58B5" author="Tanaka, K." box="[634,797,662,688]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref180769" refString="Tanaka, K. (1999) Studies of the pupal mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Japan. (1) Aedes (Ochlerotatus). Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 5 (1), 105 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Tanaka (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a complete description of the pupa. Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FF54FD14FEA258D0" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,307,699,725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FF54FD14FEA258D0" box="[151,307,699,725]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">daisetsuzanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is adapted to similar extremely cold conditions as the nominotypical form.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FB73FD14FA0D58D0" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[1200,1436,699,725]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FAC8FD14FAD658D0" box="[1291,1351,699,725]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that “
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FEDCFD4FFEAC58FF" box="[287,317,736,762]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FE8FFD70FE1258FC" box="[332,387,735,761]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA170A73FE97FD70FE1258FC" box="[340,387,735,761]" country="Kyrgyzstan" name="Osh Shaary" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Och</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FE49FD4FFD0658FC" box="[394,663,735,762]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FE5FFD4FFE6258FC" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[412,499,736,761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">impiger</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FE38FD70FD0658FC" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[507,663,735,761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">daisetsuzanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FD0CFD4FFD7C58FF" box="[719,749,736,762]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FD3FFD70FCA258FC" box="[764,819,735,761]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA170A73FCC7FD70FCA258FC" box="[772,819,735,761]" country="Kyrgyzstan" name="Osh Shaary" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Och</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FCF8FD4FFC7058FC" box="[827,993,735,762]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FC8FFD70FC7058FC" authorityName="Yamaguti & Tamaboko" authorityYear="1954" box="[844,993,735,761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hakusanensis">hakusanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FC2CFD70FAD258FF" author="Yamaguti, S. & Tamaboko, R." box="[1007,1347,735,762]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="414 - 422" refId="ref185665" refString="Yamaguti, S. & Tamaboko, R. (1954) Two new species of Aedes (Culicidae, Diptera) from Japan. Acta Medica Okayama, 8 (4), 414 - 422, 4 pls. [for 1952]" type="journal article" year="1954">Yamaguti & Tamaboko, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] appear to be relics of the Glacial epoch, now restricted to high mountains.”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FC75FCABFB09591B" authorityName="Yamaguti & Tamaboko" authorityYear="1954" box="[950,1176,772,798]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hakusanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FC75FCABFB09591B" box="[950,1176,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Aedes hakusanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found further south on Honshu Island. In a footnote,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FDD0FC87FD685947" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[531,761,808,835]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FDAFFC86FD0E5947" box="[620,671,808,834]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that “The nominal subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FB6EFC87FE6A5962" authority="(Walker, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="impiger" subGenus="Ochlerotatus" subSpecies="impiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FB6EFC87FB615947" box="[1197,1264,808,834]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FAC1FC87FA025947" box="[1282,1427,808,834]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FF54FCE1FEDD5962" box="[151,332,846,871]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">impiger impiger</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FE98FCE2FE625962" author="Walker, F." box="[347,499,845,871]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not occur in this region.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA170A73FF04FCDEFE115F63" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Unusual to both nominal taxa, not mentioned elsewhere in the literature, the larval maxilla is highly modified and described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FE9CFC39FDD559B5" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[351,580,918,944]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FE7BFC38FE7B59B5" box="[440,490,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in great detail, their summary follows. “The characteristic larval maxilla is especially remarkable. All other Japanese species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FD25FC15FCE659D1" authorityName="Lynch Arribalzaga" authorityYear="1891" box="[742,887,954,980]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FD25FC15FCE659D1" box="[742,887,954,980]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied have maxillae typical for browsers; their maxillae in general are moderately sclerotized; the mesostipes [galeastipes] slightly longer than wide, peach-shaped, with a narrow somewhat detached mesal area (lacinial sclerite - Gardner
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FC18FBABFB845E18" box="[987,1045,1027,1053]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1973), bearing spine-like spicules along the mesal margin; the maxillary brush apical and moderately long; the stipital sensoria [seta 1-Mx] and lacinial seta 5-Mx [seta 2-Mx] located usually somewhat distad of middle; the palpostipes [maxillary palpus] much shorter than the mesostipes. The strongly sclerotized maxilla in general, very broad square mesostipes with a broad mesal detached area, somewhat ventrally located maxillary brush, distally removed stipital sensoria and lacinial seta 5-Mx, and very large palpostipes of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FDE9FB14FCB55ED1" box="[554,804,1210,1236]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FDE9FB14FD105ED1" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[554,641,1211,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">impiger</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FD4BFB15FCB55ED1" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[648,804,1210,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">daisetsuzanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
resemble the maxilla of predaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FB79FB15FAF55ED1" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1210,1380,1210,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FB79FB15FAF55ED1" box="[1210,1380,1210,1236]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The maxilla of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FECDFB70FD965EFC" box="[270,519,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FECDFB70FEF45EFD" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[270,357,1247,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">impiger</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FEA8FB70FD965EFC" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[363,519,1247,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">daisetsuzanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
may possibly be regarded as an intermediate
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA170A73FC3DFB70FBBF5EFC" box="[1022,1070,1247,1273]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
between browsers and predatory species. However, the mandible of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FDD8FAABFC845F18" box="[539,789,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FDD8FAABFDE35F18" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[539,626,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">impiger</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FDBAFAACFC845F18" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[633,789,1283,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">daisetsuzanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is not modified.” “The Japanese subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FAC2FAACFA0C5F18" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[1281,1437,1283,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FAC2FAACFA0C5F18" box="[1281,1437,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">daisetsuzanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is identical with North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FDD1FA87FDF85F44" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[530,617,1320,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FDD1FA87FDF85F44" box="[530,617,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">impiger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the male genitalia and most of the larval characteristics including the modified maxilla...”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA170A73FF04FADEFD375FFD" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
This leaves little doubt as to the close phylogenetic relationship of the two nominal taxa. Some differences, however, were pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FE36FA3AFD4C5FAA" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[501,733,1429,1455]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FD8CFA39FD185FAA" box="[591,649,1429,1455]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FCD4FA3AFC2C5FAA" author="Tanaka, K." box="[791,957,1429,1455]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref180769" refString="Tanaka, K. (1999) Studies of the pupal mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Japan. (1) Aedes (Ochlerotatus). Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 5 (1), 105 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Tanaka (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="D3300360BA170A73FB36FA3AFADA5FAA" box="[1269,1355,1429,1455]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="37.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[163,1388,190,1119]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="TABLE 1. Differences between the subspecies of Aedes impiger." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CACD6653BA160A72FF54FF38FCC15AAA" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="CACD6653BA160A72FF54FF38FCC15AAA">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. These differences were enough for the authors to suggest species status for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FC45FA15FBB35FD1" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[902,1058,1466,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FC45FA15FBB35FD1" box="[902,1058,1466,1492]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">daisetsuzanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but because of the few specimens available, they chose to rank it as a subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA170A73FF04F9ACFE1A5CFD" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA170A73FF04F9ACFEA45C18" box="[199,309,1539,1565]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island was partially covered by ice at the last glacial maximum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FBD4F9ACFA9A5C18" author="Sawagaki, T. & Aoki, T. & Hasegawa, H. & Iwasaki, S. & Iwata, S. & Hirakawa, K." box="[1047,1291,1539,1565]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref177066" refString="Sawagaki, T., Aoki, T., Hasegawa, H., Iwasaki, S., Iwata, S. & Hirakawa, K. (2004) Late Quaternary glaciations in Japan. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 2 (Part C), 217 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1571 - 0866 (04) 80127 - 1" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Sawagaki
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FB4EF9ABFB2E5C18" box="[1165,1215,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We assume that populations of the nominal taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FD87F987FD0A5C44" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[580,667,1576,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FD87F987FD0A5C44" box="[580,667,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">impiger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were isolated at that time and have been diverging genetically since [perhaps for
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA170A73FEECF9E3FEEA5C63" box="[303,379,1612,1638]" degrees="18,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="55" value="18.0">18,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA170A73FEB8F9E3FE465C63" box="[379,471,1612,1638]" degrees="20,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="55" value="-20.0">–20,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
years]. For this reason, since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FC83F9E3FBBE5C63" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[832,1071,1612,1639]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FC5FF9E2FC435C63" box="[924,978,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not encounter the nominal form in the “Japanese Archipelago” and there are morphological differences which we believe will be sustained with examination of a larger number of specimens, we formally afford species status to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FB66F93BFD6E5CD6" authority="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FB66F93BFD6E5CD6" bold="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FB66F93BFB785CAA" bold="true" box="[1189,1257,1684,1711]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FB3DF93BFA025CAA" bold="true" box="[1278,1427,1684,1711]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FF54F916FEA65CD1" bold="true" box="[151,311,1721,1748]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">daisetsuzanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FE83F915FD6E5CD6" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[320,767,1721,1748]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FCCCF916FC675CD6" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[783,1014,1721,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daisetsuzanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FCCCF916FC675CD6" box="[783,1014,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Aedes daisetsuzanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA170A73FF04F8ACFBC95D47" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
The nominotypical form has two synonyms:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FD30F8ACFA805D18" authority="Dyar, 1919 b" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1919" box="[755,1297,1795,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearcticus" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FD30F8ACFCA75D18" box="[755,822,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FC8CF8ACFC715D18" box="[847,992,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FC39F8ACFBFF5D19" box="[1018,1134,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">nearcticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FBBEF8ACFA805D18" author="Dyar, H. G." box="[1149,1297,1795,1821]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="31 - 33" refId="ref152299" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1919 b) The mosquitoes collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913 - 18. (Diptera, Culicidae.). In: Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913 - 18. Vol. III. Insects. Part C: Diptera. J. de Labroquerie Tache, Ottawa, pp. 31 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1919">Dyar, 1919b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FA9AF8ACFDF55D44" authority="Edwards, 1921 d" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvulus" subGenus="Ochlerotatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FA9AF8ACFA0D5D18" box="[1369,1436,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FF62F888FEA35D44" box="[161,306,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FE81F888FE355D44" box="[322,420,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">parvulus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA170A73FE68F888FDF55D44" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[427,612,1831,1857]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="263 - 351" refId="ref153643" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1921 d) A revision of the mosquitos of the Palaearctic Region. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12 (3), 263 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300040207" type="journal article" year="1921">Edwards, 1921d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We retain both as synonyms of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA170A73FC0CF887FBC05D44" box="[975,1105,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA170A73FC39F887FBC05D44" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1018,1105,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impiger">impiger</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |