377 lines
34 KiB
XML
377 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26885" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e81741f-12ae-49f0-817f-17db7dbda33d" ID-PMC="PMC6189220" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-788-19" ID-PubMed="30337821" ID-ZBK="74A259E093C3492EAC234095830C02EE" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-788-19" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 788" ModsDocTitle="A new species of Hypoprepia from the mountains of central Arizona (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)" checkinTime="1539050101059" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Palting, John Douglas, Ferguson, Douglas C. & Moore, Wendy" docDate="2018" docId="11AC756F6A156760C7C5DF59360B6E02" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 788: 19-38" docOrigin="ZooKeys 788" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26885" docTitle="Hypoprepia lampyroides Palting & Ferguson, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="746F6BFE-47B9-4E47-832B-F75A954A75C2" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="FFCBFFF4FFEAFFC3FFCFFFCDFF97FFA7" masterDocTitle="A new species of Hypoprepia from the mountains of central Arizona (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1668166261307" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A new species of Hypoprepia from the mountains of central Arizona (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Palting, John Douglas</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Ferguson, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Moore, Wendy</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>788</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>19</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>38</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26885</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26885</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-788-19</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">74A259E093C3492EAC234095830C02EE</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">74A259E093C3492EAC234095830C02EE</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="148656965" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:746F6BFE-47B9-4E47-832B-F75A954A75C2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/11AC756F6A156760C7C5DF59360B6E02" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/746F6BFE-47B9-4E47-832B-F75A954A75C2" authority="Palting & Ferguson" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides Palting & Ferguson</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="23">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Figs 1-2, 3-4, 5, 8, 9-10, 13-14, 18, 19
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Type material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Holotype ♂. Arizona:, [Apache Co.], White Mountains, Greer, 8,200 ft., 4-5 July 1988, R.H. Leuschner [USNM]. Paratypes 32♂ 3♀. Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., 8.5 mi. SE of Patagonia, Harshaw Canyon, 4,850 ft., 24 July 1998, D.E. Bowman, 1♀ [DEBC]; 29♂ 2♀, Greenlee Co., Blue Ridge Primitive Wilderness, US Hwy 191, vicinity of Rose Peak,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="33.433334">33°26'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-109.36667">109°22'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 8084 ft., 19 June 2017 [specimens distributed between JDPC (8♂), UAIC (6♂), CNC (5♂ 1♀), USNM (8♂ 1♀), UNAM (2♂), and RBNC (1♀)]. Mexico: 10 mi. W. of El Salto, Durango, 9,000 ft, 13 June 1964, J.E.H. Martin, 1♂ [CNC]; 2♂, Sonora, Mesa del Campanero, Barranca El Salto, elevation 6561', Municipio de Yecora,, 2 July 2013, J. Palting [JDPC, UNAM].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="lampyroides" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="lampyroides">lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
means "like
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Lampyra" lsidName="Lampyra" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="genus">Lampyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
" referring to this
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
remarkable mimicry of a sympatric lampyrid beetle species, as discussed below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 1-5) occurs sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 6) and is easily distinguishable externally by its larger size; unmarked blackish forewings; brighter more extensively pink hindwings; somewhat different palpi; and different male antennae that more nearly resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. cadaverosa." pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="cadaverosa.">H. cadaverosa.</taxonomicName>
|
||
The antenna differs structurally from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 7), which exhibit squarish, closely set segments (flagellomeres) with little space between them. The laminae of the antennal segments of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 8) are conspicuously raised, tapered, and appear farther apart when viewed laterally. The antenna of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more like that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. cadaverosa" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="cadaverosa">H. cadaverosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species that it does not otherwise resemble.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Figures 1-2. Two views of living male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Figures 3-4. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 3 male and 4 female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Figures 5-6. Adult male 5
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 6
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia inculta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inculta">Hypoprepia inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Figures 7-8. Lateral view of male antennae: 7
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia inculta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inculta">Hypoprepia inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
8
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="24" start="start">Internally</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, the male
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 9-10) differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 11-12) in the form of the spinose cornutus on the dorsal vesica chamber, which is apically elongated in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus sawblade-like in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
males always have three well-developed spinose cornuti (Figure 10), whereas the left ventrolateral cornutus (adjacent to the ductus) is often missing or reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 12). The shape of the valve and tegumen is stouter and less elongate than in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In females, the corpus bursae is globose (Figure 13) versus irregularly elongate in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 14), with four instead of three signa, the right-ventral signa possessing smaller spines than the corresponding right-ventral signa in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Figures 9-12. 9-10 Male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
11-12 Male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia inculta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inculta">Hypoprepia inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Figures 13-14. Female genitalia of 13
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia inculta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inculta">Hypoprepia inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 14
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Sexes similar externally (Figs 3-4), but females with pink area on dorsal hindwing not quite as extensive, and with boundary between pink part and dark outer border more diffuse. Head. Vestiture of frons and vertex dark grey; labial palpus dark grey, upturned, slightly larger and longer than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, terminal (3rd) segment 1.25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than 2nd; eye large, protuberant, more clearly exceeding a half sphere than those of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoprepia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species; male antenna blackish, laminate, densely clothed with short setae beneath and with a few longer setae protruding sublaterally along the sides; female antenna simple, flagelliform.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Thorax. Dark brown or dark gray except for the tegula, which is mostly bright pink, matching basal spot of forewing; patagium blackish; legs entirely blackish or dark gray.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Abdomen. Vestiture gray, flushed with pink basally and terminally, ventrum entirely blackish or dark gray, except for some pink scales at distal end (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
also may have a pink-tipped abdomen); ventral sternite A8 of males with reinforced, sclerotized rim-like anterior margin, but no pockets, coremata or androconial setae are visible on segments A7-A8. In females, pleurite of A7 with membranous but thick pockets, appearing somewhat rugose and more heavily sclerotized than surrounding integument. Forewing. Uniformly dark brown to charcoal gray, appearing blackish, unmarked except for a pink spot at base next to thorax, and lacking the pale streak on basal half of cubital vein seen in many
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
; male forewing length 17-20 mm, mean 17.5 mm (n = 6); female average forewing length 15.8 mm (n = 2) (usually 12-15 mm for both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Hindwing. Hindwing pink, with a uniform, dark-gray costal and outer margin, ending just before anal angle; fringes gray to dark brown; ventrum
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="25" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
both wings similar to dorsum but slightly paler, and with more diffuse boundaries between pink and gray areas. Male genitalia (Figs 9-10) Generally similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
; uncus cylindrical, flattened slightly laterally, oval in cross section, 8.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide; apex formed by slightly ventrally-curved, fine spine; basal two thirds with sparse, latero-basally directed setae; tegumen well-defined, rounded quadrate and dorsoventrally flattened with a slight constriction at juncture with vinculum; dorsal surface convex and bubble-like on either side of midline, densely covered in setal sockets distally; valve without clasper or process, slightly constricted basally, distal half rounded triangular, apex a rounded point, with short, broad somewhat spine-like setae along distal third of costal margin; sacculus not differentiated from remainder of valve, with a slight sub-basal, setose bulge; juxta indistinct, forming a dorsally emarginate rounded-rectangular transverse plate, approximately 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long; phallus a straight, simple cylinder, 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide, coecum lacking; vesica consisting of three adjoining, globose chambers, the phallus appearing more or less as a tripartite club when vesica expanded; ventral chamber adjacent to ductus ejaculatorius, with additional lobe-like diverticulum, and with a spinose crest-like patch apically; laterodorsal chambers also with spinose crests. Female genitalia. (Figure 13) Papillae anales broadly diamond-shaped, sparsely setose; anterior and posterior apophysis relatively short, approximately equal in length to width of papillae; postvaginal aree with
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="26" start="start">triangular</pageBreakToken>
|
||
scerlotization; ductus bursae short and broad, 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long, highly flattened dorsoventrally and recurved ventrally; corpus bursae relatively small and globose, diameter 1.5-2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
width of ductus; signa consisting of two pairs of spinose straps, situated laterally near junction of ductus; cervix bursae situated right caudo-laterally and recurving left across ventral side of ductus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="27" start="start">Biology</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The brown eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 16) were laid in small clusters inside a vial containing a piece of paper, and under magnification exhibit the "hammered copper" surface texture typical of lithosiine ova. These hatched after 14 days, the larvae being light yellowish initially then darkening as they fed. The larval stages are basically dark brown and unmarked throughout their development. Like other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoprepia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and other members of the subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" rank="subtribe" subtribe="Cisthenini" tribe="Cisthenini">Cisthenini</taxonomicName>
|
||
) the larvae lack true verrucae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Bendib and Minet 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and instead have structures technically known as panniculae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stehr, FW" journalOrPublisher="Kendal V Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, Iowa" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" title="Immature Insects, vol. 1." year="1987">Stehr 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with just one or two, stiff, black setae emerging from each (Figs 17-19). The larva is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is also predominantly brown with black setae, while
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. cadaverosa" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="cadaverosa">H. cadaverosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reared by JDP at the same time as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are marked with bright yellow bands (Figure 20). The larval mandible, dissected (Figure 21), shows the enlarged molar region found in other lithosiines. This feature has been suggested as a synapomorphy for the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Bendib and Minet 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is believed to be related to their lichen diet. The larvae fed successfully on a mixed population of lichens obtained by shaving bark off oak trees, and developed through six instars into a caterpillar large enough to pupate. Unfortunately, lab conditions failed to yield a successful pupation,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="28" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the larvae eventually died. It is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
over-winter as a fully mature larva, pupating in the spring and emerging in early summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Figure 15. Maximum-likelihood tree of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoprepia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species based on COI. Bootstrap values are reported on the branches subtending nodes with a support value greater than 50.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Figure 16. Eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, approximately 20
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The striking resemblance of this moth at rest (Figs 1-2) to a common southwest species of firefly,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Ellychnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ellychnia corrusca" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">Ellychnia corrusca</taxonomicName>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1767 (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lampyridae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" rank="family">Lampyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Figure 23), points to them being part of a mimicry ring, which also includes another common montane beetle,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cantharidae" genus="Discodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discodon bipunctatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipunctatum">Discodon bipunctatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schaeffer, 1908 (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Cantharidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" rank="family">Cantharidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Figure 22).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Ellychnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ellychnia corrusca" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">Ellychnia corrusca</taxonomicName>
|
||
was common during the day in the Rose Peak area, and the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="29" start="start">bright</pageBreakToken>
|
||
pink markings on its pronotal region closely match the pink markings at the base of the forewing in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, likely affording the resting moths protection should a bird or other predator come upon them. Lampyrids are known to be chemically protected and distasteful to birds, but unlike most familiar nocturnal fireflies,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Ellychnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ellychnia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ellychnia</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks an abdominal light and is primarily diurnal. Research on sequestration of lichen polyphenolic compounds by other lithosiine arctiids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hesbacher, S" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Chemical Ecology" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" pagination="2079 - 2089" title="Sequestration of lichen compounds by lichen-feeding members of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02033864" volume="21" year="1995">Hesbacher et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Conner 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Scott, CH" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" pagination="286 - 303" title="A preliminary molecular phylogenetic assessment of the lichen moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) with comments on palatability and chemical sequestration." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12047" volume="39" year="2014">Scott et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself has some chemical protection, thus the mimicry between these organisms is likely Mullerian.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also likely part of this mimicry ring, although with its smaller size, dull pink markings, and grey wing color, it is a much less dramatic match to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Ellychnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ellychnia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ellychnia</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Figures 17-18. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 17 Living last instar larva and 18 Penultimate instar larvae, preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Figures 19-20. Last instar larvae of 19
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 20
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia cadaverosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cadaverosa">Hypoprepia cadaverosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Figure 21. Mandible of last instar
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, approximately 20
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Figures 22-23. Mullerian mimicry with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 22
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cantharidae" genus="Discodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discodon bipunctatum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipunctatum">Discodon bipunctatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Cantharidae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="family">Cantharidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) 23
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Ellychnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ellychnia corrusca" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">Ellychnia corrusca</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lampyridae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="family">Lampyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from over 30 specimens collected in Arizona, two specimens from Yecora, Sonora, Mexico and one from Durango, Mexico (Figure 24).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Figure 24. Range map of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia lampyroides" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lampyroides">Hypoprepia lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="29" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
When examining the nearest relatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Ferguson found that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the southwestern United States is indistinguishable from the type material of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. muelleri" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="muelleri">H. muelleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dyar, described from the vicinity of Mexico City,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. muelleri" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="muelleri">H. muelleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to have darker, more grayish hindwings, although in some
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Arizona they are equally grayish. Such a difference by itself is hardly significant. Unfortunately, fresh collected material of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. muelleri" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="muelleri">H. muelleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not available for molecular analysis, but
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ferguson’s">Ferguson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
conclusion based on his examination of the type material results in the following taxonomic change:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia muelleri" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muelleri">Hypoprepia muelleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dyar, =
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hypoprepia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypoprepia inculta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inculta">Hypoprepia inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Henry Edwards, syn. n. This extends the known range of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. inculta" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="inculta">H. inculta</taxonomicName>
|
||
from as far north as Utah to the vicinity of Mexico City.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. muelleri" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="muelleri">H. muelleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
had previously been the only member of the genus found exclusively in Mexico.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Ferguson found the Durango, Mexico specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. lampyroides" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="lampyroides">H. lampyroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
among unidentified arctiids from the Canadian National Collection. The region of El Salto, Durango, where it was collected, is mesic, conifer-dominated forest similar to that around Greer, Rose Peak, and Yecora, Sonora. The Harshaw specimen, a female, was collected by Don Bowman of Golden, Colorado and sent to Ferguson for identification. The Harshaw region is rather dry mid-elevation oak woodland/mesquite grassland, very unlike where all the other specimens of this moth have been collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |