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<mods:title id="091DFB526177E20D65CAF0365FA3BBA5">A new Eocyzicus (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata) from Taiwan, with a review of the genus</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03ED99543D19BD20FF778AC29972FCFB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6032498" ID-GBIF-Taxon="133186568" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6032498" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED99543D19BD20FF778AC29972FCFB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED99543D19BD20FF778AC29972FCFB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<subSubSection id="C35E7BC93D19BD21FF778AC29BE9FF14" box="[151,432,151,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF778AC29BE9FF14" blockId="6.[151,432,151,178]" box="[151,432,151,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<heading id="D0B39F2E3D19BD21FF778AC29BE9FF14" bold="true" box="[151,432,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FF778AC29BE9FF14" ID-CoL="4CCM" authority="Daday, 1915" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,432,151,178]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF778AC29BE9FF14" bold="true" box="[151,432,151,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF778AC29B49FF17" bold="true" box="[151,272,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FEF68ACD9BE9FF14" author="Daday" box="[278,432,152,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Daday, E. (1915) Monographie systematique des phyllopodes conchostraces. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie, 9, 39 - 330." type="journal article" year="1915">Daday, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E7BC93D19BD21FF778A8A9E42FE94" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF778A8A9809FF52" blockId="6.[151,1051,222,306]" box="[151,592,222,244]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FF4B8A8B9BE0FF52" ID-CoL="7c8ee43c-4805-4731-ae00-d1130c09f8b7" authority="Daday, 1913" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[171,441,222,244]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Caenestheria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF4B8A8B9B6BFF52" box="[171,306,222,244]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Caenestheria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FED98A8B9BE0FF52" author="Daday" box="[313,441,222,244]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Daday, E. (1913) Az eddig ismert kagylos levellabu rakok attekintese (Ubersicht der bisher bekannten Arten der Unterordnung: Phyllopoda Conchostraca). Mathematikai es Termeszettudomanyi Ertesito (Budapest), 31, 559 - 601." type="journal article" year="1913">Daday, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
nomen nudum
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF778AAB9877FEB5" blockId="6.[151,1051,222,306]" box="[151,558,253,275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FF4B8AAB9BCEFEB5" ID-CoL="4CCM" authority="Daday, 1913" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[171,407,253,275]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF4B8AAB9B49FEB5" box="[171,272,254,275]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FEF78AA89BCEFEB5" author="Daday" box="[279,407,253,275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Daday, E. (1913) Az eddig ismert kagylos levellabu rakok attekintese (Ubersicht der bisher bekannten Arten der Unterordnung: Phyllopoda Conchostraca). Mathematikai es Termeszettudomanyi Ertesito (Budapest), 31, 559 - 601." type="journal article" year="1913">Daday, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
nomen nudum
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF778B489E42FE94" blockId="6.[151,1051,222,306]" box="[151,1051,284,306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FF4B8B499BE0FE94" ID-CoL="7c8ee43c-4805-4731-ae00-d1130c09f8b7" authority="Daday, 1915" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1915" box="[171,441,284,306]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Caenestheria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF4B8B499B6BFE94" box="[171,306,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Caenestheria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FED98B499BE0FE94" author="Daday" box="[313,441,284,306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Daday, E. (1915) Monographie systematique des phyllopodes conchostraces. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie, 9, 39 - 330." type="journal article" year="1915">Daday, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(pro partim) fide
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FD8E8B499979FE94" author="Brtek" box="[622,800,284,306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Brtek, J., Forro, L. &amp; Ponyi, J. E. (1984) Contribution to the knowledge of the Branchiopoda (Crustacea) fauna of Mongolia. Annales Historico-Naturalis Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 76, 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1984">
Brtek
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FD4C8B489886FE94" box="[684,735,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
, 1984
</bibRefCitation>
, Rogers
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FC998B4899F5FE94" box="[889,940,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
, this paper
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E7BC93D19BD21FF778B0B9929FDA1" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF778B0B9F50FED0" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" box="[151,1289,350,375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF778B0B9B48FED1" bold="true" box="[151,273,350,375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Populations composed of males and females; amplexus is transverse, and venter to venter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF278BD79929FDA1" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF278BD79B5DFE3D" box="[199,260,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Head</emphasis>
with rostrum usually sexually dimorphic, and changing shape with age. Rostrum subtriangular (usually females) to subquadrate (usually males) or rounded. Rostrum without or with (usually females) an apical spine. Angle between rostrum and frons 170 to 180. Occipital notch very shallow and broad or obsolete. Occipital condyle low, rounded or obsolete, length half or less basal width.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E7BC93D19BD21FF278846994AFBE1" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF278846988FFDD4" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF2788469B6CFD8C" box="[199,309,531,554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Carapace</emphasis>
valve length ~1.5 times valve height (hinge to ventral margin). Carapace growth line intervals smooth or ornamented (scarring from algae often mistaken for ornamentation). Carapace typically brown, occasionally black, sometimes with marginal setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF27882B9937FD1C" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF27882B9B79FD31" box="[199,288,638,663]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Clasper</emphasis>
endopod apically unarmed, or with a few setae or ventral scales. Endite IV broadly transverse to cylindrical, bearing a dense, apical field of short spiniform setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF2788939995FCA4" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF2788939B75FD79" box="[199,300,710,735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Thoracic</emphasis>
segments smooth or with a central dorsoposterior projection and/or set of spines or setae. Eggs attaching to prolonged exopods of thoracopods VIII and IX, or IX and X.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF27895B9AB5FC11" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF27895B9B54FC81" box="[199,269,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Telson</emphasis>
posterior margin posterolateral spine rows confluent dorsally, with confluence spines often larger than subsequent spines and not or slightly projecting. Spine rows have six to 30 spines depending on species, age, and gender. Females typically have more and smaller spines than males. Caudal filaments originating between spine rows at third, fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh spine pairs from confluence. Caudal filament borne on projecting mound.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF27899799CDFB85" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF2789979B66FC7D" box="[199,319,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Cercopods</emphasis>
arcuate or straight. Cercopod with a dorsomedial longitudinal row of setae or spines on proximal 40-80%. Setae plumose and either long or short. Row terminates distally with single short spine. Cercopod with subapical, dorsal cirrus, extending from 50-20% of cercopod length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF278E7A994AFBE1" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" box="[199,787,1070,1095]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF278E7A9AADFBE0" box="[199,244,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Egg</emphasis>
surface smooth or with polygons or projections.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E7BC93D19BD21FF278E079F00FAB8" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF278E079F00FAB8" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF278E079B16FBCD" bold="true" box="[199,335,1106,1131]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Comments.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FEB68E019B9FFBCD" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[342,454,1108,1131]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FEB68E019B9FFBCD" box="[342,454,1108,1131]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently understood to comprise most species under Daday’s concepts of
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FACC8E019FC5FBCD" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[1324,1436,1108,1131]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FACC8E019FC5FBCD" box="[1324,1436,1108,1131]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FF268E239B02FB29" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1915" box="[198,347,1142,1167]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Caenestheria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF268E239B02FB29" box="[198,347,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Caenestheria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FE898E239871FB29" author="Brtek" box="[361,552,1142,1167]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Brtek, J., Forro, L. &amp; Ponyi, J. E. (1984) Contribution to the knowledge of the Branchiopoda (Crustacea) fauna of Mongolia. Annales Historico-Naturalis Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 76, 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1984">
Brtek
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FE508E229BB1FB29" box="[432,488,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
1984
</bibRefCitation>
, following
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FD468E239907FB29" author="Straskraba" box="[678,862,1142,1167]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Straskraba, M. (1966) Taxonomical studies on Czechoslovak Conchostraca III. Family Leptestheriidae, with some remarks on the variability and distribution of Conchostraca and a key to the Middle-European species. Hydrobiologia, 27, 571 - 589. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00042714" type="journal article" year="1966">Straškraba 1966</bibRefCitation>
:584-585), with the exception of the Australian taxa that are now in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FE2B8ECF9920FB15" authority="Schwentner et al. (2015 a)" authorityName="Schwentner et al." authorityYear="2015" box="[459,889,1178,1203]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Ozestheria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FE2B8ECF981DFB15" box="[459,580,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Ozestheria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FDAE8ECF9920FB15" box="[590,889,1178,1203]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Schwentner, M., Just, F. &amp; Richter, S. (2015 a) Evolutionary systematics of the Australian Cyzicidae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata) with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 173, 271 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12209" type="journal article">
Schwentner
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FD3C8EC99941FB15" box="[732,792,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
(2015a)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FC568ECF9EF0FB15" box="[950,1193,1178,1203]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Caenestheria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syriaca">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FC568ECF9EF0FB15" box="[950,1193,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Caenestheria syriaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FAE98ECF9FC5FB15" author="Brtek" box="[1289,1436,1178,1203]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Brtek, J. (1997) Checklist of the valid and invalid names of the &quot; large branchiopods &quot; (Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata and Laevicaudata), with a survey of the taxonomy of all known Branchiopoda. Zbornik Slovenskeho Narodneho Muzea Prirodne Vedy, 43, 3 - 65." type="journal article" year="1997">Brtek (1997)</bibRefCitation>
synonymised with
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FE938EEA988AFB71" authority="(Simon, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[371,723,1214,1239]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Cyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grubei">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FE938EEA9847FB71" box="[371,542,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Cyzicus grubei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FDD28EEB9892FB71" author="Simon" box="[562,715,1214,1239]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Simon, M. E. (1886) Crustaces du Sous-ordre des Phyllopodes. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Series 6, 393 - 464, 3 pls." type="book chapter" year="1886">Simon, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FD038EEA99E2FB71" author="Naganawa" box="[739,955,1215,1239]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Naganawa, H. (2001 a) Current prospects of the recent large branchiopod fauna of east Asia: 3. Revised classification of the Recent Spinicaudata. Aquabiology, 23, 291 - 299." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="a">Naganawa (2001a)</bibRefCitation>
treats
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FBEE8EEA9E27FB70" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[1038,1150,1215,1238]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FBEE8EEA9E27FB70" box="[1038,1150,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FF778EB69AB7FB5C" authorityName="Audouin" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,238,1251,1274]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Cyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF778EB69AB7FB5C" box="[151,238,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Cyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(possibly due to comments made by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FD408EB7993EFB5D" author="Brtek" box="[672,871,1250,1275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Brtek, J., Forro, L. &amp; Ponyi, J. E. (1984) Contribution to the knowledge of the Branchiopoda (Crustacea) fauna of Mongolia. Annales Historico-Naturalis Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 76, 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1984">
Brtek
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FD078EB1997BFB5D" box="[743,802,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
1984
</bibRefCitation>
: 95), however this is not supported by molecular studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FF138F539BA2FAB9" author="Schwentner" box="[243,507,1286,1311]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Schwentner, M., Timms, B. V., Bastrop, R. &amp; Richter, S. (2009) Phylogeny of Spinicaudata (Branchiopoda, Crustacea) based on three molecular markers - An Australian origin for Limnadopsis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53, 716 - 725. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.07.021" type="journal article" year="2009">
Schwentner
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FE608F529BE1FAB9" box="[384,440,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
), which demonstrate that
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FCFB8F5299D2FAB8" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[795,907,1287,1310]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FCFB8F5299D2FAB8" box="[795,907,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinct genus, sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FB268F539F0BFAB9" authorityName="Sars" authorityYear="1898" box="[1222,1362,1286,1311]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Leptestheriidae" genus="Leptestheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FB268F539F0BFAB9" box="[1222,1362,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Leptestheria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E7BC93D19BD21FF278F799F61F825" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF278F799B49F90D" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FF278F799B6EFAE5" ID-CoL="4CCM" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[199,311,1324,1347]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FF278F799B6EFAE5" box="[199,311,1324,1347]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has its centre of diversity in Asia, with approximately ten taxa, all but four found in temperate regions. Africa has six (probably fewer) described species from the Saharan (four) and
<collectingRegion id="4980E6A03D19BD21FB618F1B9EBFFAC1" box="[1153,1254,1358,1383]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Southern" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Southern</collectingRegion>
(three) regions. Two described species occur in inland
<collectingCountry id="F35368D23D19BD21FDAA8F2798E8FA2D" box="[586,689,1394,1419]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Australia</collectingCountry>
and one is known in the North American deserts. None have been reported for South America or
<collectingCountry id="F35368D23D19BD21FE1B8FC3982AFA09" box="[507,627,1430,1455]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FD608FC39917FA09" author="Brendonck" box="[640,846,1430,1455]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Brendonck, L. (1999) Chapter 3: Conchostraca. In: Day, J., Stewart, B. A. de Moor, I. J. &amp; Louw, A. E. (Eds.), Guides to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Southern Africa, Crustacea I. Notostraca, Anostraca, Conchostraca, and Cladocera. Water Research Commission Report No. TT 121 / 00. RSA, Pretoria, pp. 59 - 80." type="journal article" year="1999">Brendonck (1999)</bibRefCitation>
provides the most recent keys for
<collectingRegion id="4980E6A03D19BD21FB3F8FC39F1DFA09" box="[1247,1348,1430,1455]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Southern" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Southern</collectingRegion>
Africa, Timms and Richter (2009) review the species of
<collectingCountry id="F35368D23D19BD21FD5F8FEF997FFA75" box="[703,806,1466,1491]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Australia</collectingCountry>
(but see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FC6E8FEF9ECAFA75" author="Schwentner" box="[910,1171,1466,1491]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Schwentner, M., Timms, B. V. &amp; Richter, S. (2013) Evolutionary systematics of the Australian Eocyzicus fauna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata) reveals hidden diversity and phylogeographic structure. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 52, 15 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jzs. 12038" type="journal article" year="2013">
Schwentner
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FBFA8FE99E0AFA75" box="[1050,1107,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
and discussion below), and
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FF2F8F8A9BA6FA51" author="Rogers" box="[207,511,1502,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Rogers, D. C. &amp; Padhye, S. (2015) Review of the large branchiopod crustacean fauna of the Indian Subcontinent (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35, 392 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1937240 X- 00002327" type="journal article" year="2015">Rogers &amp; Padhye (2015)</bibRefCitation>
review the species of the Indian Subcontinent.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FBB58F8A9E93FA51" author="Hu" box="[1109,1226,1503,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Hu, W. - X. (1988) Studies of clam shrimp (Crustacea: Conchostraca) II. Sixteen species of Conchostraca in China. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, 18, 66 - 86." type="journal article" year="1988">Hu (1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FB3F8F8A9F7CFA51" author="Hu" box="[1247,1317,1503,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Hu, W. - X. (1993 a) Studies on clam shrimps (Crustacea: Conchostraca) III, Six species of the genus Eocyzicus in China. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, 23, 53 - 66." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">1993a</bibRefCitation>
) provides problematic keys for the northern Chinese species.
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FCE58C519988F9BD" authorityName="sensu Mattox" authorityYear="1954" baseAuthorityName="Richard" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[773,977,1538,1563]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digueti">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FCE58C519988F9BD" box="[773,977,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus digueti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is commercially important in
<collectingRegion id="4980E6A03D19BD21FAA68C579FC5F9BD" box="[1350,1436,1538,1563]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<collectingCountry id="F35368D23D19BD21FAA68C579FC5F9BD" box="[1350,1436,1538,1563]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">México</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FF7E8C739BB1F999" author="Martinez-Pantoja" box="[158,488,1574,1599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Martinez-Pantoja, M. A., Alcocer, J. &amp; Maeda- Martinez, A. M. (2002) On the Spinicaudata (Branchiopoda) from Lake Cuitzeo, Michoacan, Mexico: First report of a clam shrimp fishery. Hydrobiologia, 486, 207 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1021359003961" type="journal article" year="2002">
Martínez-Pantoja
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FE8A8C729BFAF999" box="[362,419,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FE1B8C729888F999" author="Naganawa" box="[507,721,1574,1599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Naganawa, H. (2001 b) Current prospects of the recent large branchiopod fauna of east Asia: I. Order Spinicaudata. Aquabiology, 22, 272 - 278." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="b">Naganawa (2001b)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized many of the East Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FB668C729EAFF998" ID-CoL="4CCM" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[1158,1270,1575,1598]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FB668C729EAFF998" box="[1158,1270,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa, however no analyses or explanation was provided, nor is there any indication that any material was examined. The keys in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FF778C3A986BF921" author="Naganawa" box="[151,562,1646,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Naganawa, H. &amp; Orgiljanova, T. I. (2000) Current prospects of the recent large branchiopodan fauna of East Asia: 1. Order Spinicaudata. Aquabiology, 22, 272 - 278." type="journal article" year="2000">Naganawa and Orgiljanova (2000)</bibRefCitation>
and subsequently republished by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FC368C3A9EEFF921" author="Naganawa" box="[982,1206,1646,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Naganawa, H. (2001 b) Current prospects of the recent large branchiopod fauna of east Asia: I. Order Spinicaudata. Aquabiology, 22, 272 - 278." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="b">Naganawa (2001b)</bibRefCitation>
, rely on equivocal characters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD21FF278CE39F61F825" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
There is little consensus on which characters are useful in delimiting species. Many characters used, such as growth lines, dorsal armature, number of antennomeres, number of thoracopods, setal arrangements on the thoracopods, have been demonstrated to be of little use in other spinicaudatan genera (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FB6F8CAB9F1FF8B1" author="Straskraba" box="[1167,1350,1790,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Straskraba, M. (1962) 3. rad Conchostraca-Skeblovk. In: Sramek-husek, R., Straskraba M. and Brtek, J. (Eds.), Lupenonozci- Branchiopoda. Fauna CSSR. Svazek 16. Nakladatelstvi, Ceskosolvenske Adademie Ved, Praha, pp. 150 - 174." type="journal article" year="1962">Straškraba 1962</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FAB18CAB9FC1F8B1" author="Straskraba" box="[1361,1432,1790,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Straskraba, M. (1965 a) Taxonomic studies on Czechoslovak Conchostraca, 1. Family Limnadiidae. Crustaceana, 9, 263 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854065 X 00046" type="journal article" year="1965" yearSuffix="a">1965a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FF778D779AFEF89D" author="Straskraba" box="[151,167,1826,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Straskraba, M. (1965 b) Taxonomical studies on Czechoslovak Conchostraca II. Families Lynceidae and Cyzicidae. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae, 29, 205 - 214." type="journal article" year="1965" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FF568D779AA8F89D" author="Straskraba" box="[182,241,1826,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Straskraba, M. (1966) Taxonomical studies on Czechoslovak Conchostraca III. Family Leptestheriidae, with some remarks on the variability and distribution of Conchostraca and a key to the Middle-European species. Hydrobiologia, 27, 571 - 589. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00042714" type="journal article" year="1966">1966</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FEE08D769B84F89D" author="Rogers" box="[256,477,1826,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Rogers, D. C., Rabet, N. &amp; Weeks, S. W. (2012) Revision of the extant genera of Limnadiidae (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32, 827 - 842. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724012 X 637212" type="journal article" year="2012">
Rogers
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FEBA8D719BCFF89D" box="[346,406,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FE138D769970F89D" box="[499,809,1826,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Durga Prasad, M. K., Radhakrishna, Y., Khalaf, A. N. &amp; Al-Jaafery, A. R. (1981) Eocyzicus spinifer sp. nov. (Conchostraca: Cyzicidae) from Iraq. Hydrobiologia, 78, 195 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00008516" type="journal article">
Durga Prasad
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FD788D71988DF89D" box="[664,724,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
(1981)
</bibRefCitation>
comparing the world
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FBCE8D719EC7F89D" ID-CoL="4CCM" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[1070,1182,1828,1851]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FBCE8D719EC7F89D" box="[1070,1182,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FB038D779B63F8F9" author="Simhachalam" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Simhachalam, G. &amp; Timms, B. V. (2012) Two new species of Spinicaudata (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in south India with a key to Leptestheriella and Eocyzicus. Zootaxa, 3161, 20 - 36." type="journal article" year="2012">Simhachalam &amp; Timms (2012)</bibRefCitation>
focusing just on the Indian species, each provide a table using these
<typeStatus id="54FF96E03D19BD21FB8C8D129EFEF8F9" box="[1132,1191,1863,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">types</typeStatus>
of characters among others to distinguish species, many of which have been since synonymized (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FBC38D3E9F75F825" author="Rogers" box="[1059,1324,1898,1923]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Rogers, D. C. &amp; Padhye, S. (2015) Review of the large branchiopod crustacean fauna of the Indian Subcontinent (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35, 392 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1937240 X- 00002327" type="journal article" year="2015">Rogers &amp; Padhye 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E7BC93D19BD20FF278DDB99ECFCB2" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D19BD20FF278DDB9933FF72" blockId="6.[151,1437,350,2031]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D19BD21FF278DDB9B3CF801" author="Daday" box="[199,357,1934,1959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" refString="Daday, E. (1915) Monographie systematique des phyllopodes conchostraces. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie, 9, 39 - 330." type="journal article" year="1915">Daday (1915)</bibRefCitation>
defined and separated
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FD958DDB9953F801" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1915" box="[629,778,1934,1959]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Caenestheria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FD958DDB9953F801" box="[629,778,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Caenestheria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FCB68DDA999FF800" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[854,966,1935,1958]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FCB68DDA999FF800" box="[854,966,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the form of the male rostrum, which is rounded or triangular in the former, and quadrate in the latter. However, developmental series from cultures of
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D19BD21FEF38D829BEFF848" authority="Wang, 2017" authorityName="Wang" authorityYear="2017" box="[275,438,2007,2030]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FEF38D829BEFF848" box="[275,438,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">E. taiwanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A203492B3D19BD21FE5C8D839BA3F849" box="[444,506,2006,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D19BD21FE5C8D839BA3F849" bold="true" box="[444,506,2006,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
demonstrate that the rostral form is a function of age (
<figureCitation id="137F34C73D19BD21FBB58D839EEDF849" box="[1109,1204,2006,2031]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,389,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,378,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Eocyzicus taiwanensis n. sp. A-E) male head, left view, developmental sequence, from youngest to oldest, ages as follows: A) Day 3, B) Day 4, C) Day 5, D) Day 6, E) Day 7; F) type locality during flood irrigation, when adults shrimp were active." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/892987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="260">Figure 2</figureCitation>
A–E), with the male rostrum starting out rounded and gradually becoming quadrate as the animal matures. This supports the assertion of
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FF778AE99B3FFF72" box="[151,358,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Brtek, J., Forro, L. &amp; Ponyi, J. E. (1984) Contribution to the knowledge of the Branchiopoda (Crustacea) fauna of Mongolia. Annales Historico-Naturalis Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 76, 91 - 99." type="journal article">
Brtek
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FF3C8AE89B4DFF73" box="[220,276,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
(1984)
</bibRefCitation>
that
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D18BD20FE7D8AE9986BFF73" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1915" box="[413,562,188,213]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Caenestheria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FE7D8AE9986BFF73" box="[413,562,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Caenestheria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D18BD20FD138AE8993AFF72" authorityName="Daday" authorityYear="1913" box="[755,867,189,212]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FD138AE8993AFF72" box="[755,867,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D18BD20FF278A8A9FC4FE2E" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FF278A8A9B83FF5E" box="[199,474,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Schwentner, M., Timms, B. V. &amp; Richter, S. (2013) Evolutionary systematics of the Australian Eocyzicus fauna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata) reveals hidden diversity and phylogeographic structure. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 52, 15 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jzs. 12038" type="journal article">
Schwentner
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FEB18AB49BD0FF5E" box="[337,393,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
using DNA barcoding identified eleven separate lineages as ten potential species (two described, eight undescribed) from across
<collectingCountry id="F35368D23D18BD20FD9A8B5198BDFEBB" box="[634,740,260,285]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Australia</collectingCountry>
. However, due to the great uncertainties involved with using DNA barcodes exclusively (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FDF78B7D9942FEE6" author="Meyer" box="[535,795,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Meyer, C. P. &amp; Paulay, G. (2005) DNA barcoding: error rates based on comprehensive sampling. PLoS One Biol, 3, 2229 - 2238. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030422" type="journal article" year="2005">Meyer &amp; Paulay 2005</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FCC98B7299AFFEE6" author="Meier" box="[809,1014,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Meier, R., Shiyang, K., Vaidya, G. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (2006) DNA barcoding and taxonomy in diptera: A tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Systematic Biology, 55, 715 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10635150600969864" type="journal article" year="2006">
Meier
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FC968B7C99E8FEE6" box="[886,945,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FBE48B7D9E9EFEE6" author="Song" box="[1028,1223,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Song, H., Buhay, J. E., Whiting, M. F. &amp; Crandall, K. A. (2008) Many species in one: DNA Barcoding overestimates the number of species when nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes are coamplified. PNAS, 105, 13486 - 13491." type="journal article" year="2008">
Song
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FBA78B7C9EDBFEE6" box="[1095,1154,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FB358B729F3BFEE6" author="Buhay" box="[1237,1378,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Buhay, J. (2009) &quot; COI-like &quot; sequences are becoming problematic in molecular systematic and DNA barcoding studies. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 29, 96 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1651 / 08 - 3020.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Buhay 2009</bibRefCitation>
) and problems attempting to separate closely allied species (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FCB68B199E7CFEC3" author="Meier" box="[854,1061,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Meier, R., Shiyang, K., Vaidya, G. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (2006) DNA barcoding and taxonomy in diptera: A tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Systematic Biology, 55, 715 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10635150600969864" type="journal article" year="2006">
Meier
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FC448B1899B9FEC3" box="[932,992,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FBD48B199EA3FEC2" author="Song" box="[1076,1274,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Song, H., Buhay, J. E., Whiting, M. F. &amp; Crandall, K. A. (2008) Many species in one: DNA Barcoding overestimates the number of species when nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes are coamplified. PNAS, 105, 13486 - 13491." type="journal article" year="2008">
Song
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FB988B189EEDFEC3" box="[1144,1204,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FAE98B199FC1FEC2" author="Buhay" box="[1289,1432,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Buhay, J. (2009) &quot; COI-like &quot; sequences are becoming problematic in molecular systematic and DNA barcoding studies. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 29, 96 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1651 / 08 - 3020.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Buhay 2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FF778B259BF0FE2E" author="Carew" box="[151,425,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Carew, M. E. &amp; Hoffmann, A. A. (2015) Delineating closely related species with DNA barcodes for routine biological monitoring. Freshwater Biology, 60, 1545 - 1560. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / fwb. 12587" type="journal article" year="2015">Carew &amp; Hoffman 2015</bibRefCitation>
), further genetical and morphological analyses are needed to verify these potential species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D18BD20FF278BC09ECAFD9B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">
It would seem that the fully adult rostrum shape, carapace hinge shape, arrangement and number of telsonic spines, and the form of the cercopods, provide some of the best characters, although others may also. Characters of the clasper seem useful. However, clasper characters must be robust and not simple differentiations between numbers of setae, or palp articles, which could readily be affected by regeneration or age (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FB7088559F3CFDBE" author="Rogers" box="[1168,1381,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Rogers, D. C., Rabet, N. &amp; Weeks, S. W. (2012) Revision of the extant genera of Limnadiidae (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32, 827 - 842. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724012 X 637212" type="journal article" year="2012">
Rogers
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FB0888549F78FDBE" box="[1256,1313,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). All morphological character states used to define adult spinicaudatan species need to be tested.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D18BD20FF2788129B3DFD56" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FF2788129B3DFDC6" author="Daday" box="[199,356,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Daday, E. (1915) Monographie systematique des phyllopodes conchostraces. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie, 9, 39 - 330." type="journal article" year="1915">Daday (1915)</bibRefCitation>
presented 24 species (divided into two genera) in his monograph,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FB8A881D9FC5FDC6" box="[1130,1436,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Durga Prasad, M. K., Radhakrishna, Y., Khalaf, A. N. &amp; Al-Jaafery, A. R. (1981) Eocyzicus spinifer sp. nov. (Conchostraca: Cyzicidae) from Iraq. Hydrobiologia, 78, 195 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00008516" type="journal article">
Durga Prasad
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FAED881C9F11FDC6" box="[1293,1352,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
(1981)
</bibRefCitation>
recognized 19 (only those taxa Daday referred to
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<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FD348838991DFD22" box="[724,836,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<bibRefCitation id="EFD555B33D18BD20FC7088399E7BFD22" author="Brtek" box="[912,1058,620,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" refString="Brtek, J. (2002) Taxonomical survey of the Anostraca, Notostraca, Cyclestherida, Spinicaudata, and Laevicaudata. Zbornik Slovenskeho Narodneho Musea (Acta Rerum Naturualium Musei Nationalis Slovaci, Bratislava), 48, 49 - 59." type="journal article" year="2002">Brtek (2002)</bibRefCitation>
listed 44 species. We tentatively recognize 19
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<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FECE88C49BC7FD0E" box="[302,414,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Eocyzicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, three nomina dubia and inquirendae, and 71 synonyms. We present eleven species from the Palaearctic, two from the Oriental Region, three from the Ethiopian Region, ~2 from Australia, and one from the Nearctic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D18BD20FF2788A999ECFCB2" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" box="[199,949,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FF2788A99BFEFCB3" bold="true" box="[199,423,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Attributed species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4453C13D18BD20FE4E88A899ECFCB2" authority="Timms &amp; Richter, 2009" authorityName="Timms &amp; Richter" authorityYear="2009" box="[430,949,764,789]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Cyzicidae" genus="Eocyzicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argillaquus">
<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FE4E88A898FCFCB3" box="[430,677,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Eocyzicus argillaquus</emphasis>
Timms &amp; Richter, 2009
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E7BC93D18BD20FF27894A9972FCFB" pageId="7" pageNumber="261" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFB28423D18BD20FF27894A9972FCFB" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">
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<emphasis id="B930F4503D18BD20FF27894A9B16FC9E" bold="true" box="[199,335,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Comments.</emphasis>
Endemic to
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, occurring in highly turbid habitats from western
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,
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New
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</collectingRegion>
, southern
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<collectingRegion id="4980E6A03D18BD20FEB089119BECFCFB" box="[336,437,836,861]" country="Sudan" name="Ash Shimaliyya" pageId="7" pageNumber="261">Northern</collectingRegion>
Territory
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, and
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Australia.
</location>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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