802 lines
101 KiB
XML
802 lines
101 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6D5C94ACD047D400226581A36E933BCA">Systematics, natural history, and hemipenial morphology of Dendrophidion brunneum (Günther) (Serpentes: Colubridae), a poorly known snake from the Andes of Ecuador and Peru</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DFEB4F22EF091B4725EEA86442EE994B">Cadle, John E.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03ED87B6FFD5824374CFFD8D5AC95175" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691629" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119384534" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5691629" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED87B6FFD5824374CFFD8D5AC95175" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87B6FFD5824374CFFD8D5AC95175" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFD8D5C0251B5" blockId="2.[151,603,626,652]" box="[151,603,626,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0B381CCFFD5824674CFFD8D5C0251B5" bold="true" box="[151,603,626,652]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFD8D5C0251B5" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" box="[151,603,626,652]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
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<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFD8D5F8C51B5" bold="true" box="[151,469,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
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(Günther)
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||
</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E652BFFD5824674CFFD455DBF566D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFD455AC75028" blockId="2.[151,1437,698,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB54118EFFD5824674CFFD455AC75028" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFD455C3D51E8" ID-CoL="3L34J" authority="Gunther 1858: 116" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="116" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,612,698,721]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
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<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFD455FCA51E8" box="[151,403,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Herpetodryas brunneus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD5824675C3FD455C3D51E8" author="Gunther" box="[411,612,698,721]" page="116" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1858">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD5824675C3FD455C6B51E8" author="Gunther" box="[411,562,698,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvi + 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Günther 1858</bibRefCitation>
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: 116
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
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<typeStatus id="54FF8802FFD58246762AFD455CF851E8" box="[626,673,698,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
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locality: “Guayaquil” [
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<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD5824677C4FD455DA751E8" box="[924,1022,698,721]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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]).
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<typeStatus id="54FF8802FFD58246704FFD455A2751E8" box="[1047,1150,698,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: BMNH 1946.1.12.98 fide
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD58246749FFD255FD651C8" author="Peters" box="[199,399,730,753]" page="514" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1960">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246749FFD255FD651C8" author="Peters" box="[199,399,730,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Peters, J. A. (1960) The snakes of Ecuador, a checklist and key. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 122, 489 - 541." type="journal article" year="1960">Peters (1960: 514)</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, a female fide
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD582467675FD255D4F51C8" author="Boulenger" box="[557,790,730,753]" page="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1894">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467675FD255D4F51C8" author="Boulenger" box="[557,790,730,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, xi + 382 pp. + 20 pls." type="book" year="1894">Boulenger (1894: 16)</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD582467779FD255DB251C8" author="Gunther" box="[801,1003,730,753]" page="412" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1859">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467779FD255DE151C8" author="Gunther" box="[801,952,730,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1859) Second list of cold-blooded vertebrata collected by Mr. Fraser in the Andes of Western Ecuador. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1859, 402 - 420." type="proceedings paper" year="1859">Günther 1859</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 412
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(“Andes of western
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<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD582467091FD255B7051C8" box="[1225,1321,730,753]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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||
”).
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD58246711DFD255F6B5028" author="Gunther" page="358" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1863">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246711DFD255F595028" author="Gunther" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1863) Third account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 3, 12, 348 - 365 + pls. 5 - 6." type="journal article" year="1863">Günther 1863</bibRefCitation>
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: 358
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
and plate 6, fig. A (presumably based on the
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<typeStatus id="54FF8802FFD582467740FD055D235028" box="[792,890,762,785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD5824677D3FD055A465028" author="Gunther" box="[907,1055,762,785]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1885 - 1902) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Reptilia and Batrachia. R. H. Porter, London, xx + 326 pp. + 76 pls." type="book" year="1885">
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Günther
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<date id="FFFA1060FFD5824677B1FD055A465028" box="[1001,1055,762,785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1885" valueMax="1902">1885</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
–1902: 128.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFCE55FC3508D" blockId="2.[151,1437,698,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFCE55FCC5008" box="[151,405,794,817]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
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<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFCE55FCC5008" box="[151,405,794,817]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Herpetodryas brunneus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(non
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246758EFCE55C2B5008" author="Gunther" box="[470,626,794,817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvi + 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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||
) (misidentifications):
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246773AFCE55DAB5008" author="Salvin" box="[866,1010,794,817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Salvin, O. (" 1860 " [1861]) On the reptiles of Guatemala. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1860, 451 - 461 + pl. 32." type="proceedings paper" year="1860">Salvin “1860</bibRefCitation>
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||
” [1861]: 456 (
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<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD5824670CAFCE55B555008" box="[1170,1292,794,817]" name="Guatemala" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467147FCE55BC15008" author="Cope" box="[1311,1432,794,817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Cope, E. D. (1868) An examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the Orton expedition to Equador and the upper Amazon, with notes on other species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 20, 96 - 140." type="journal article" year="1868">Cope 1868</bibRefCitation>
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: 105 (Guayaquil and “Valley of Quito”).
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD5824676D9FCC35D39506A" author="Dumeril" box="[641,864,826,851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Dumeril, A. H. A., Bocourt, M. - F. & Mocquard, F. (1870 - 1909) Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Recherches Zoologiques, Troisieme Partie, Premiere Section: Etudes sur les Reptiles. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris, 1012 pp. + 77 pls." type="book" year="1870">
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Duméril
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<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824676BBFCC55D79506A" box="[739,800,826,851]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<date id="FFFA1060FFD582467771FCC35D39506A" box="[809,864,828,851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1870" valueMax="1909">1870</date>
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
–1909: 732 (reference to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246702DFCC35B0D506A" author="Jan" box="[1141,1364,828,851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Jan, G. & Sordelli, F. (1860 - 1881) Iconographie Generale des Ophidiens, vols. 1 - 3, livrs. 1 - 50. Jan and Sordelli, Milan, 300 pls." type="book chapter" year="1860">
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||
Jan & Sordelli
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<date id="FFFA1060FFD582467144FCC35B0D506A" box="[1308,1364,828,851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1860" valueMax="1881">1860</date>
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
–1881: livraison 31, plate 3, figs. 1–2: “
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<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD58246766BFCA25D1E504D" box="[563,839,861,884]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
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<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD58246766BFCA25D1E504D" box="[563,839,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Herpetodryas dendrophis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
” from “Guayaquil” and “
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<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD58246703EFCA25A9E504D" box="[1126,1223,861,884]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
”).
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD5824670BEFCA25BC1504D" author="Boulenger" box="[1254,1432,861,884]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1882) Account of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr. Edward Whymper in Ecuador in 1879 - 80. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5, 9 (54), 457 - 467." type="journal article" year="1882">Boulenger 1882</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 462; 1891: 132 (Guayaquil).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246765BFC825CC350AD" author="Garman" box="[515,666,893,916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Garman, S. (1892) On reptiles collected by Dr. Geo. Baur near Guayaquil, Ecuador. Bulletin of the Essex Institute, 24, 88 - 95." type="journal article" year="1892">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD58246765BFC825C0050AD" box="[515,601,893,916]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Garman</collectingCountry>
|
||
1892
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 90 (Guayaquil and vicinity). See discussion of doubtful records under
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD58246749FFC625F10508D" box="[199,329,925,948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFC425A28572D" blockId="2.[151,1437,698,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFC425FFE50ED" box="[151,423,957,980]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFC425FFE50ED" box="[151,423,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Herpetodryas dendrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824675F5FC425C6450ED" box="[429,573,957,980]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="dendrophis" variety="brunneus">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD582467582FC425C6450ED" box="[474,573,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467623FC425D4D50ED" author="Gunther" box="[635,788,957,980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvi + 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (misidentifications):
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467059FC425A3D50ED" author="Jan" box="[1025,1124,957,980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Jan, G. (1863) Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi descritti e disegnati per l'Iconographia Generale. A. Lombardi, Milan, vii + 143 pp." type="book" year="1863">
|
||
<date id="FFFA1060FFD582467059FC425A3D50ED" box="[1025,1124,957,980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1863-01">Jan 1863</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 81. Specimens from western lowland
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD58246757CFC225FD850CD" box="[292,385,989,1012]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
: La Maná [Cotopaxi Prov., ca.
|
||
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|
||
; ca. 0
|
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,
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] and Esmeraldas [Esmeraldas Prov., 0 m; 0
|
||
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE705067FFD582467532FC025F8A572D" box="[362,467,1020,1044]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="-79.7">79°42' W</geoCoordinate>
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||
]. See discussion of doubtful records under
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824677C5FC025A46572D" box="[925,1055,1021,1044]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFBE25F48574D" blockId="2.[151,1437,698,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB54118EFFD5824674CFFBE25F48574D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFBE25FD0570D" box="[151,393,1053,1076]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Masticophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFBE25FD0570D" box="[151,393,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Masticophis brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246758CFBE25C2D570D" author="Gunther" box="[468,628,1053,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvi + 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (misidentifications):
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD582467736FBE25A71570D" author="Cope" box="[878,1064,1053,1076]" page="105" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1868">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467736FBE25DB5570D" author="Cope" box="[878,1004,1053,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Cope, E. D. (1868) An examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the Orton expedition to Equador and the upper Amazon, with notes on other species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 20, 96 - 140." type="journal article" year="1868">Cope 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 105
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Specimens from Guayaquil and “Valley of Quito”. Probably =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD58246764AFBC25D12576D" box="[530,843,1085,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD58246764AFBC25D12576D" box="[530,843,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendrophidion percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See discussion of doubtful records under
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD582467142FBC25BC5576D" box="[1306,1436,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
herein.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFB825F7C578D" blockId="2.[151,1437,698,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB54118EFFD5824674CFFB825F7C578D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFB825FD557AD" box="[151,396,1149,1172]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFB825FD557AD" box="[151,396,1149,1172]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Drymobius dendrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(part):
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD582467586FB825CEF57AD" author="Boulenger" box="[478,694,1149,1172]" page="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1894">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467586FB825CD757AD" author="Boulenger" box="[478,654,1149,1172]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, xi + 382 pp. + 20 pls." type="book" year="1894">Boulenger 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 15
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Referred specimens include the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FF8802FFD582467044FB825A2057AD" box="[1052,1145,1149,1172]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824670C6FB825F7C578D" authority="Gunther." authorityName="Gunther." class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824670C6FB825BC557AD" box="[1182,1436,1149,1172]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Herpetodryas brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
Günther.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFB425A3B57CD" blockId="2.[151,1437,698,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB54118EFFD5824674CFFB425A3B57CD" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFB425C7757ED" box="[151,558,1213,1236]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="dendrophis" subSpecies="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFB425C7757ED" box="[151,558,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendrophidion dendrophis brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467620FB425D4057ED" author="Gunther" box="[632,793,1213,1236]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvi + 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (misidentification):
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD582467050FB425A9557ED" author="Parker" box="[1032,1228,1213,1236]" page="443" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1938">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467050FB425ACA57ED" author="Parker" box="[1032,1171,1213,1236]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Parker, H. W. (1938) The vertical distribution of some reptiles and amphibians in southern Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, 2, 438 - 450." type="journal article" year="1938">Parker 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 443
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824670A6FB425F6D57CD" authority="Schlegel" authorityName="Schlegel" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="dendrophis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824670A6FB425BC557ED" box="[1278,1436,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. dendrophis</emphasis>
|
||
(Schlegel)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20357C9FFD582467563FB225F9D57CD" box="[315,452,1245,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
). See discussion of doubtful records under
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824677D7FB225A4857CD" box="[911,1041,1245,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
herein.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFB025F82560D" blockId="2.[151,1437,698,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB54118EFFD5824674CFFB025F82560D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFB025C37562D" authority="Peters 1960: 514" authorityName="Peters" authorityPageNumber="514" authorityYear="1960" box="[151,622,1277,1300]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFB025FF2562D" box="[151,427,1277,1300]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD5824675E1FB025C37562D" author="Peters" box="[441,622,1277,1300]" page="514" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1960">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD5824675E1FB025C60562D" author="Peters" box="[441,569,1277,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Peters, J. A. (1960) The snakes of Ecuador, a checklist and key. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 122, 489 - 541." type="journal article" year="1960">Peters 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 514
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD582467620FB025D44562D" author="Lieb" box="[632,797,1277,1300]" page="171" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1988">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467620FB025CB1562D" author="Lieb" box="[632,744,1277,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 171
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD58246777FFB025A40562D" author="Almendariz" box="[807,1049,1277,1300]" page="143" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1991">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246777FFB025DBD562D" author="Almendariz" box="[807,996,1277,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Almendariz, A. (1991) Anfibios y reptiles. Politecnica (Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito), 16, 89 - 162. Amaral, A. d. (" 1929 " [1930]) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos. XXI - Revisao do genero Drymarchon Fitzinger, 1843. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 4, 323 - 330 + 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1991">Almendáriz 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 143
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD58246707BFB025BC1562D" author="Perez-Santos" box="[1059,1432,1277,1300]" page="133" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1991">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246707BFB025B3A562D" author="Perez-Santos" box="[1059,1379,1277,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Perez-Santos, C. & Moreno, A. G. (1991) Serpientes de Ecuador. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 538 pp." type="book" year="1991">Pérez-Santos & Moreno 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 133
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD58246749FFAE25F8E560D" author="Kuch" box="[199,471,1309,1332]" page="106" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1993">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246749FFAE25FFB560D" author="Kuch" box="[199,418,1309,1332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Kuch, U. & Freire L, A. (1993) Dendrophidion brunneum. Reproduction and size. Herpetological Review, 24, 106." type="journal article" year="1993">Kuch & Freire 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 106
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFAC25DBF566D" blockId="2.[151,1437,698,1364]" box="[151,998,1341,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB54118EFFD5824674CFFAC25DBF566D" box="[151,998,1341,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFFAC25D7C566D" authority="Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970: 80" authorityName="Peters & Orejas-Miranda" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,805,1341,1364]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFAC25FFB566D" box="[151,418,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendrophidion brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD5824675E9FAC25D7C566D" author="Peters" box="[433,805,1341,1364]" page="80" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD5824675E9FAC25CA5566D" author="Peters" box="[433,764,1341,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Peters, J. A. & Orejas-Miranda, B. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part I. Snakes. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 297, 1 - 347." type="journal article" year="1970">Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 80
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE510B1FFD582467777FAC25DB8566D" author="Miyata" box="[815,993,1341,1364]" page="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1982">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467777FAC25DE3566D" author="Miyata" box="[815,954,1341,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Miyata, K. (1982) A check list of the amphibians and reptiles of Ecuador with a bibliography of Ecuadorian herpetology. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 54, 1 - 70." type="journal article" year="1982">Miyata 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 16
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E652BFFD5824774CFFA7D5FB4513B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD5824674CFFA7D5F8155FE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1410,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674CFFA7D5F4156A5" bold="true" box="[151,280,1410,1436]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD582467578FA7C5C0D56A5" box="[288,596,1411,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD582467578FA7C5C0D56A5" box="[288,596,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by 17 midbody scale rows, reducing to 15 (rarely 13) posteriorly; dorsocaudal reduction from eight to six anterior to subcaudal 25; ventrals fewer than
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD582467116FA575BC456FB" box="[1358,1437,1448,1474]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.937" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="155.0">155 in</quantity>
|
||
males, fewer than
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD582467537FA325FE356DE" box="[367,442,1485,1511]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="170.0">170 in</quantity>
|
||
females; subcaudals fewer than 160. Tail 40–44 % of total length (67–80% of SVL) in males, 38–41% of total length (61–71% of SVL) in females; and dorsal coloration usually green to olive (brown or bluish in some specimens) and usually without stripes or crossbars (anterior body, especially the head, often with brighter hues or a different color from the posterior body) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F2A25FFD58246704EF9C25A02556E" box="[1046,1115,1597,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,257,1383,1407]" captionTargetBox="[408,1178,567,1362]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[408,1179,567,1362]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dendrophidion brunneum in life. Specimens are from the Río Zaña Study Site, Cajamarca Department, Peru. The contrasting head and body coloration and yellow highlights on neck scales (lower photo) are typical." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194756/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The everted hemipenis is unique among known hemipenes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD58246761BF99C5CAC5545" box="[579,757,1635,1660]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD58246761BF99C5CAC5545" box="[579,757,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a greatly expanded, globose distal region and a very short segment of the hemipenial body proximal to the expanded region (see
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD582467003F9775BC55598" box="[1115,1436,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hemipenial Morphology of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674CFF9525F9555FE" box="[151,460,1709,1735]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">Dendrophidion brunneum</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD58247749EF92D5FB4513B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1410,2034]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,514]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Scale counts of many species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD58246763DF92C5D4E55D5" box="[613,791,1747,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD58246763DF92C5D4E55D5" box="[613,791,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlap extensively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246707AF92D5B4855D5" author="Lieb" box="[1058,1297,1746,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Lieb 1988:
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C6031BFFD5824670EEF92D5B4855D5" box="[1206,1297,1746,1772]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,240,407,431]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,586,1988]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Scale counts, measurements, and other data for specimens of Dendrophidion brunneum. Data are given for the population of the Río Zaña Study Site and for the entire sample. Body proportions and ventral and subcaudal counts are given as range followed by mean ± s. d. Bilateral counts are separated by a slash (/). For pre- and postoculars, temporals, and labial scales, each side of each specimen was counted as an independent observation. SVL = snout to vent length; measurements in millimeters. Sample sizes in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and color patterns are often the most reliable characters for identifications. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824677EBF9075AA95428" box="[947,1264,1784,1809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824677EBF9075A055428" box="[947,1116,1784,1809]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">D. dendrophis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD582467030F9075AB55428" box="[1128,1260,1784,1809]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">D. nuchale</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD582467172F9075BC55428" box="[1322,1436,1784,1809]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD582467172F9075BC55428" box="[1322,1436,1784,1809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. vinitor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsocaudal reduction from eight to six occurs posterior to subcaudal 25. Of the species in which the dorsocaudal reduction occurs anterior to subcaudal 25,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD582467772F8BC5A535465" box="[810,1034,1859,1884]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucicarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD582467772F8BC5A535465" box="[810,1034,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. paucicarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more than 175 ventrals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246713CF8BD5E8154BB" author="Lieb" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674B7F8975FCB54B8" box="[239,402,1896,1921]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivittatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674B7F8975FCB54B8" box="[239,402,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. bivittatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Duméril, Bibron, & Duméril) has broad blackish paravertebral stripes and distinct lateral stripes on the posterior body and tail, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD582467697F8725DCF549E" authority="Dunn" authorityName="Dunn" box="[719,918,1933,1959]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boshelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD582467697F8725D16549F" box="[719,847,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. boshelli</emphasis>
|
||
Dunn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only 15 midbody scale rows. Confusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD5824674E0F84C5F0E54F5" box="[184,343,1971,1996]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD5824674E0F84C5F0E54F5" box="[184,343,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most likely to be with the two species distributed in the same general region in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD5824674CFF8275EA254CB" box="[151,251,2008,2034]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD58246755EF8275FD154C8" box="[262,392,2008,2033]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD58246755EF8275FD154C8" box="[262,392,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD582467599F8275CDA54C8" box="[449,643,2008,2033]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD582467599F8275CDA54C8" box="[449,643,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD5824676CBF8275D4954CB" author="Lieb" box="[659,784,2008,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD582467744F8275D3E54CB" author="Lieb" box="[796,871,2008,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1991 a) Dendrophidion nuchale. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 520, 520.1 - 520.2." type="journal volume" year="1991" yearSuffix="a">1991a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD58246772BF8275DEB54CB" author="Lieb" box="[883,946,2008,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1996) Dendrophidion percarinatum. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 636, 636.1 - 636.2." type="journal volume" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both of these species occur primarily in the lowlands, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD482477598FF675C305388" box="[448,617,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD482477598FF675C305388" box="[448,617,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is primarily a species of the Andean slopes (see
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD4824770B3FF675BD35388" box="[1259,1418,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD4824774CFFF425FF753EF" box="[151,430,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD4824774CFFF425FF753EF" box="[151,430,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually has a black nuchal collar, often has pale ocelli on the posterior body, and the dorsocaudal reduction occurs posterior to subcaudal 25 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD482477729FF1D5DA053C5" author="Lieb" box="[881,1017,226,252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD48247705FFF1D5AE853C5" author="Savage" box="[1031,1201,226,252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD482477126FF1D5F6F5218" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD482477126FF1D5F6F5218" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD4824775BAFEF75C1D521B" box="[482,580,264,290]" name="Ecuador" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
usually have distinct narrow (<1 scale wide) pale crossbands anteriorly (sometimes extending for a greater portion of the body) and a variably complete longitudinal dark stripe on scale rows 2 and/or 3 posteriorly. In preserved specimens of all three species the details of color patterns can be difficult to discern. Viewing the pattern under alcohol in good light usually reveals the pale crossbands or ocelli in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD4824774A6FE625F26528F" box="[254,383,413,438]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD4824774A6FE625F26528F" box="[254,383,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD4824775E2FE625C25528F" box="[442,636,413,438]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD4824775E2FE625C25528F" box="[442,636,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD4824776D4FE625DE5528F" box="[652,956,413,438]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD4824776D4FE625DE5528F" box="[652,956,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a rather rectangular loreal scale that is longer than tall, whereas the loreal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD4824776C5FE3D5D0652E2" box="[669,863,450,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD4824776C5FE3D5D0652E2" box="[669,863,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD4824777C0FE3D5A4152E2" box="[920,1048,450,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD4824777C0FE3D5A4152E2" box="[920,1048,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an irregular polygon as tall as, or often taller than, it is long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B6628FFD4824774CFFA985B6C56A6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194756/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[408,1178,567,1362]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD4824774CFFA985B6C56A6" blockId="3.[151,1436,1383,1439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD4824774CFFA985F445646" bold="true" box="[151,285,1383,1407]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD48247757CFA975C1B5646" box="[292,578,1384,1407]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD48247757CFA975C1B5646" box="[292,578,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life. Specimens are from the Río Zaña Study Site, Cajamarca Department, Peru. The contrasting head and body coloration and yellow highlights on neck scales (lower photo) are typical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E652BFFD48243749EFA375AC95175" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD48247749EFA375A785435" blockId="3.[151,1437,1480,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD48247749EFA375F0656DB" bold="true" box="[198,351,1480,1506]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD48247761BFA375D2F56D8" box="[579,886,1480,1505]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD48247761BFA375D2F56D8" box="[579,886,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C6031BFFD48247703FFA375A9B56DB" box="[1127,1218,1480,1506]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,240,407,431]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,586,1988]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Scale counts, measurements, and other data for specimens of Dendrophidion brunneum. Data are given for the population of the Río Zaña Study Site and for the entire sample. Body proportions and ventral and subcaudal counts are given as range followed by mean ± s. d. Bilateral counts are separated by a slash (/). For pre- and postoculars, temporals, and labial scales, each side of each specimen was counted as an independent observation. SVL = snout to vent length; measurements in millimeters. Sample sizes in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" tableUuid="DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. Because tails are frequently broken, the maximum size was estimated from the individuals with greatest SVL. Linear regressions of tail length on SVL (see
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD48247763BF9EC5D205515" box="[611,889,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Materials and Methods</emphasis>
|
||
) were: for males, log (tail length) = −0.413 + 1.104(log SVL); for females, log (tail length) = −0.616 + 1.163(log SVL). The five largest males were
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD482477139F9C75EA1554E" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.21" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.42" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="621.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="542.0">542– 700 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL, of which three had incomplete tails (all except the largest were ≤
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD482477018F9A25AF8554E" box="[1088,1185,1629,1655]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="580.0">580 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL). The estimated total length of the largest male (ANSP 31776) is
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD4824776B2F97D5D0455A5" box="[746,861,1666,1692]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2349999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1235.0">1235 mm</quantity>
|
||
(actual total length 879+ mm). The five largest females were
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD48247751CF9575FBE55FB" box="[324,487,1704,1730]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.225" metricValueMax="7.959999999999999" metricValueMin="6.49" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="722.5" valueMax="796.0" valueMin="649.0">649–796 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL but all of these had incomplete tails (three were>
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD4824770F1F9575B5655FB" box="[1193,1295,1704,1730]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="700.0">700 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL). The estimated total length of the largest female (FMNH 232676) is
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD4824777C6F9325A4855DE" box="[926,1041,1741,1767]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.369" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1369.0">1369 mm</quantity>
|
||
(actual total length 1114+ mm). These are larger than previous size records (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD4824776C2F90D5D4F5435" author="Lieb" box="[666,790,1778,1804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD48247777AF90D5A4A5435" author="Kuch" box="[802,1043,1778,1804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Kuch, U. & Freire L, A. (1993) Dendrophidion brunneum. Reproduction and size. Herpetological Review, 24, 106." type="journal article" year="1993">Kuch & Freire 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD48240749EF8E75C6A5255" blockId="3.[151,1437,1480,2028]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,364]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The tail is 40–44% of total length (67–80% of SVL) in males, 38–41% of total length (61–71% of SVL) in females.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD482477547F8C25C57546E" author="Gunther" box="[287,526,1853,1879]" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvi + 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Günther (1858: 116)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported measurements of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FF8802FFD482477720F8C25D86546E" box="[888,991,1853,1879]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
as
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD48247705EF8C25A2F546E" box="[1030,1142,1853,1879]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="12.0">12 inches</quantity>
|
||
tail length and
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD482477174F8C25BC2546E" box="[1324,1435,1853,1879]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.906" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="39.0">39 inches</quantity>
|
||
total length (tail = 31% of total length), which suggests an incomplete tail;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD482477052F89D5AB15445" author="Parker" box="[1034,1256,1890,1916]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Parker, H. W. (1938) The vertical distribution of some reptiles and amphibians in southern Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, 2, 438 - 450." type="journal article" year="1938">Parker (1938: 443)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FF8802FFD48247749CF8775EA1549B" box="[196,248,1928,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
has a “mutilated tail” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD48247764FF8775D78549B" author="Boulenger" box="[535,801,1928,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, xi + 382 pp. + 20 pls." type="book" year="1894">Boulenger [1894: 16]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported the subcaudal number as “?”). Dorsal scales in 17–17–15 rows (rarely 17–17–13), with seven to nine median rows moderately keeled; weaker keels are often present on additional rows. Scale row reduction is by loss of dorsal row 3 (usually) or, less commonly, fusion of rows 3 + 4 or 2 + 3 at ventrals 86–106 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD382407738FF675DD05388" box="[864,905,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">n =</emphasis>
|
||
11). Two apical pits are present on the dorsal scales of the neck and anterior body, and occasionally on other dorsal scales. Ventrals 145–152 (averaging 148.4) in males; 151–165 (averaging 158.3) in females. One to four preventrals precede the ventrals. Ventrals plus subcaudals 285–309 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD382407597FEF75F845218" box="[463,477,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 20). Anal plate divided. Subcaudals 139–158 (averaging 148.1) in males; 135– 149 (averaging 141.8) in females. Dorsocaudal scale reduction from eight to six at subcaudals
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD3824070AEFED25B09527E" box="[1270,1360,301,327]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.937" metricValueMax="5.588" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="15.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="9.0">9–22 in</quantity>
|
||
males (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD3824074F9FEAD5E935252" box="[161,202,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">n =</emphasis>
|
||
21),
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD38240755FFEAD5F395255" box="[263,352,338,364]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="7.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="4.0">4–10 in</quantity>
|
||
females (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD38240758CFEAD5FA75252" box="[468,510,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">n =</emphasis>
|
||
19).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" ID-Table-UUID="DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[151,1436,586,1988]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" blockId="4.[151,1436,407,559]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD3824074CFFE685F525296" bold="true" box="[151,267,407,431]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Scale counts, measurements, and other data for specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD3824077E8FE675A915296" box="[944,1224,408,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD3824077E8FE675A915296" box="[944,1224,408,431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Data are given for the population of the Río Zaña Study Site and for the entire sample. Body proportions and ventral and subcaudal counts are given as range followed by mean ± s.d. Bilateral counts are separated by a slash (/). For pre- and postoculars, temporals, and labial scales, each side of each specimen was counted as an independent observation. SVL = snout to vent length; measurements in millimeters. Sample sizes in parentheses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD382407695FDB55A3554FD" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<table id="F944C400FFD37DBB74CFFDB55BC554FD" box="[151,1436,586,1988]" gridcols="3" gridrows="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFDB55BC55158" box="[151,1436,586,609]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FDB55DFD5158" box="[717,932,586,609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Río Zaña Study Site</th>
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FDB55BC55158" box="[1069,1436,586,609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Total Sample</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFD8B5BC55195" box="[151,1436,628,684]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFD8B5CE15195" box="[151,696,628,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Largest Specimens: Total Length (estimated), SVL</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FD8B5DFD5195" box="[717,932,628,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1235, 700 (3) 1369, 796 (Ƥ)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FD8B5BC55195" box="[1069,1436,628,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1235, 700 (3) 1369, 796 (Ƥ)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFD3F5BC5500E" box="[151,1436,704,823]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFD3F5CE1500E" box="[151,696,704,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tail Length /Total Length</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FD3F5DFD500E" box="[717,932,704,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">0.42–0.44 (3) 0.43 ± 0.008 (6) 0.38–0.41 (Ƥ) 0.40 ± 0.012 (6)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FD3F5BC5500E" box="[1069,1436,704,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">0.40–0.44 (3) 0.42 ± 0.011 (11) 0.38–0.41 (Ƥ) 0.40 ± 0.012 (9)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFCA85BC550F6" box="[151,1436,855,975]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFCA85CE150F6" box="[151,696,855,975]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tail Length /SVL</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FCA85DFD50F6" box="[717,932,855,975]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">0.71–0.80 (3) 0.75 ± 0.03 (6) 0.61–0.71 (Ƥ) 0.67 ± 0.04 (6)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FCA85BC550F6" box="[1069,1436,855,975]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">0.67–0.80 (3) 0.73 ± 0.03 (11) 0.61–0.71 (Ƥ) 0.68 ± 0.03 (9)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFC1D5BC550C0" box="[151,1436,994,1017]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFC1D5CE150C0" box="[151,696,994,1017]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Maxillary Teeth</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FC1D5DFD50C0" box="[717,932,994,1017]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">30–35 (14)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FC1D5BC550C0" box="[1069,1436,994,1017]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">30–38 (17)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFBF25BC5577D" box="[151,1436,1037,1092]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFBF25CE1577D" box="[151,696,1037,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dorsal Scales</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FBF25DFD577D" box="[717,932,1037,1092]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">17–17–15 (29)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FBF25BC5577D" box="[1069,1436,1037,1092]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">17–17–15 (39) 17–17–13 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFBA85BC557F6" box="[151,1436,1111,1231]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFBA85CE157F6" box="[151,696,1111,1231]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ventrals</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FBA85DFD57F6" box="[717,932,1111,1231]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">146–152 (3) 148.57 ± 1.99 (14) 155–165 (Ƥ) 159.54 ± 2.82 (13)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FBA85BC557F6" box="[1069,1436,1111,1231]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">145–152 (3) 148.43 ± 2.20 (21) 151–165 (Ƥ) 158.33 ± 3.43 (18)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFB1D5BC55660" box="[151,1436,1250,1369]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFB1D5CE15660" box="[151,696,1250,1369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Subcaudals</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FB1D5DFD5660" box="[717,932,1250,1369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">147–158 (3) 150.83 ± 3.82 (6) 141–149 (Ƥ) 144.00 ± 3.74 (5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FB1D5BC55660" box="[1069,1436,1250,1369]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">139–158 (3) 148.09 ± 4.76 (11) 135–149 (Ƥ) 141.78 ± 4.32 (9)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFA925BC5569D" box="[151,1436,1389,1444]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFA925CE1569D" box="[151,696,1389,1444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dorsocaudal reduction, 8 to 6 (subcaudal number)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FA925DFD569D" box="[717,932,1389,1444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12–22 (3) 4–10 (Ƥ)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FA925BC5569D" box="[1069,1436,1389,1444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9–22 (3) 4–10 (Ƥ)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFFA475BC556D6" box="[151,1436,1464,1519]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFFA475CE156D6" box="[151,696,1464,1519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Preoculars</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695FA475DFD56D6" box="[717,932,1464,1519]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1/1 (27) 1/2 (1)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075FA475BC556D6" box="[1069,1436,1464,1519]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1/1 (37) 1/2 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFF9FD5BC55520" box="[151,1436,1538,1561]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFF9FD5CE15520" box="[151,696,1538,1561]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Postoculars</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695F9FD5DFD5520" box="[717,932,1538,1561]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2/2 (28)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075F9FD5BC55520" box="[1069,1436,1538,1561]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2/2 (38)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFF9D25BC555BD" box="[151,1436,1581,1668]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFF9D25CE155BD" box="[151,696,1581,1668]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Primary temporals</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695F9D25DFD55BD" box="[717,932,1581,1668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1 (11) 2 (45)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075F9D25BC555BD" box="[1069,1436,1581,1668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1 (16) 2 (59) 3 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFF9675BC555D6" box="[151,1436,1688,1775]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFF9675CE155D6" box="[151,696,1688,1775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Secondary temporals</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695F9675DFD55D6" box="[717,932,1688,1775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1 (1) 2 (53) 3 (2)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075F9675BC555D6" box="[1069,1436,1688,1775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1 (1) 2 (73) 3 (3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFF8FD5BC55460" box="[151,1436,1794,1881]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFF8FD5CE15460" box="[151,696,1794,1881]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Supralabials, supralabials touching eye</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695F8FD5DFD5460" box="[717,932,1794,1881]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">8, 4–5 (2) 9, 4–6 (46) 10, 4–6 (6)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075F8FD5BC55460" box="[1069,1436,1794,1881]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">8, 4–5 (6) 9, 4–6 (61) 10, 4–6 (6)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357434E2FFD37DBB74CFF8925BC554FD" box="[151,1436,1901,1988]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB74CFF8925CE154FD" box="[151,696,1901,1988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Infralabials</th>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7695F8925DFD54FD" box="[717,932,1901,1988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9 (3) 10 (48) 11 (1)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A55D9EFFD37DBB7075F8925BC554FD" box="[1069,1436,1901,1988]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9 (4) 10 (68) 11 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD28241749EFF675F7B52E5" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Loreal rectangular, usually 1.5× or more longer than tall; bordered by supralabials 2–3 or 2–4. Preoculars usually 1. Postoculars 2. Primary temporals usually 2 or 1, rarely 3; secondary temporals usually 2, rarely 1 or 3. Irregular divisions of the temporal scales are relatively common, forming small scales intercalated among the temporal series. Supralabials usually 9 with 4–6 bordering the eye, occasionally 8 (4–5) or 10 (4–6). Infralabials usually 10, rarely 9 or 11. Anterior gulars usually bordered by infralabials 1–5 (occasionally 6); posterior gulars usually bordered by infralabials 5–6 (occasionally 5–7). Maxillary teeth 30–38 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417143FEAD5B1F5252" box="[1307,1350,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n =</emphasis>
|
||
17); at least two, and up to four of the posterior maxillary teeth are somewhat enlarged compared to more anterior teeth.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD282417486FE625C97528E" author="Gunther" box="[222,718,413,439]" pageId="5" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, A. (1863) Third account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 3, 12, 348 - 365 + pls. 5 - 6." type="journal article" year="1863">
|
||
Günther (1863: plate 6, fig. A;?
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FF8802FFD282417605FE625C9F528E" box="[605,710,413,439]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated dorsal and lateral head scales of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD282417093FE625B3F528F" box="[1227,1382,413,438]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417093FE625B3F528F" box="[1227,1382,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F2A25FFD282417495FE3D5F4852E5" box="[205,273,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,257,1383,1407]" captionTargetBox="[408,1178,567,1362]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[408,1179,567,1362]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dendrophidion brunneum in life. Specimens are from the Río Zaña Study Site, Cajamarca Department, Peru. The contrasting head and body coloration and yellow highlights on neck scales (lower photo) are typical." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194756/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD28241749EFE175C2F5185" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Samples were too small and geographically concentrated in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD2824177B7FE175A7D513B" box="[1007,1060,488,514]" name="Peru" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
to detect patterns of geographic variation. The northernmost specimen examined (UMMZ 83706, a male from Imbabura Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD282417168FDF25BCD511E" box="[1328,1428,525,551]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
) had the lowest dorsocaudal reduction (9) for males, but other characteristics of this specimen were typical. My data for segmental counts are comparable to those summarized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD282417796FDA75A94514B" author="Lieb" box="[974,1229,600,626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Lieb (1988:
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C6031BFFD28241703FFDA75A99514B" box="[1127,1216,600,626]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,240,407,431]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,586,1988]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Scale counts, measurements, and other data for specimens of Dendrophidion brunneum. Data are given for the population of the Río Zaña Study Site and for the entire sample. Body proportions and ventral and subcaudal counts are given as range followed by mean ± s. d. Bilateral counts are separated by a slash (/). For pre- and postoculars, temporals, and labial scales, each side of each specimen was counted as an independent observation. SVL = snout to vent length; measurements in millimeters. Sample sizes in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
except that Lieb reported lower bounds for ventrals and subcaudals of 143 and 130, respectively (Lieb’s tabulations were based on unpublished data of James A. Peters).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD28241749EFD385EA45745" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD28241749EFD385F9F51D8" bold="true" box="[198,454,711,737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sexual Dimorphism.</emphasis>
|
||
Sexual size dimorphism is female-biased in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD282417797FD375AA651D8" box="[975,1279,712,737]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417797FD375AA651D8" box="[975,1279,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering individuals>
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD282417565FD125FF9503E" box="[317,416,749,775]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL in the total sample, the mean body size of females (614.6 mm SVL;
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD28241717CFD125B09503F" box="[1316,1360,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n =</emphasis>
|
||
16) is significantly greater (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824175FDFCED5FEE5012" box="[421,439,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.01) than the mean body size of males (533.1 mm SVL;
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824170F3FCED5A8E5012" box="[1195,1239,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n =</emphasis>
|
||
17); the largest specimen was also a female (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C6031BFFD2824175B1FCC75C18506B" box="[489,577,824,850]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,240,407,431]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,586,1988]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Scale counts, measurements, and other data for specimens of Dendrophidion brunneum. Data are given for the population of the Río Zaña Study Site and for the entire sample. Body proportions and ventral and subcaudal counts are given as range followed by mean ± s. d. Bilateral counts are separated by a slash (/). For pre- and postoculars, temporals, and labial scales, each side of each specimen was counted as an independent observation. SVL = snout to vent length; measurements in millimeters. Sample sizes in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Size at sexual maturity is not known for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD282417069FCC75A955068" box="[1073,1228,824,849]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417069FCC75A955068" box="[1073,1228,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in two other species that attain similar maximum SVLs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD2824176B0FCA25DF7504F" box="[744,942,861,886]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824176B0FCA25DF7504F" box="[744,942,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD2824177B1FCA25ACB504F" box="[1001,1170,861,886]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824177B1FCA25ACB504F" box="[1001,1170,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. dendrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the smallest sexually mature males and females were
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD282417644FC7D5CE250A5" box="[540,699,898,924]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.665" metricValueMax="4.92" metricValueMin="4.41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="466.5" valueMax="492.0" valueMin="441.0">441–492 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD282417754FC7D5DEE50A5" author="Stafford" box="[780,951,898,924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" refString="Stafford, P. J. (2003) Trophic ecology and reproduction in three species of Neotropical forest racer (Dendrophidion; Colubridae). Herpetological Journal, 13, 101 - 111." type="journal article" year="2003">Stafford 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD28241779DFC7D5AE750A5" author="Prudente" box="[965,1214,898,924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Prudente, A. L. C., Maschio, G. F., Yamashina, C. E. & Santos-Costa, M. C. d. (2007) Morphology, reproductive biology and diet of Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837) (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Brazilian Amazon. South American Journal of Herpetology, 2, 53 - 58." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Prudente
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD28241706FFC7D5A2D50A2" box="[1079,1140,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females average about ten more ventral scutes than males (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824176FDFC575CEE50F8" box="[677,695,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001), whereas males average 6.3 more subcaudals than females (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD28241755DFC325F4E50DF" box="[261,279,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.01). Males have a somewhat greater mean relative tail length than females (42% vs. 40% of total length; 73% vs. 68% of SVL, respectively;
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824176B5FC0D5CA65732" box="[749,767,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001). The dorsocaudal reduction from eight to six occurs more distally in males (mean subcaudal 15.5) than in females (mean subcaudal 7.5) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417148FBE75B7B5708" box="[1296,1314,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001), probably due to the greater diameter of the tail base needed to accommodate the hemipenes and their retractor muscles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD28241749EFB775D0E56CB" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Qualitatively, the patterns of sexual dimorphism in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD282417708FB775DA85798" box="[848,1009,1160,1185]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417708FB775DA85798" box="[848,1009,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the most frequent patterns in colubroids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD28241757BFB525FF757FE" author="Shine" box="[291,430,1197,1223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" refString="Shine, R. (1993) Sexual dimorphism in snakes. In: Seigel, R. A. & Collins, J. T. (Eds.) Snakes: Ecology and Behavior. McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 49 - 86." type="book chapter" year="1993">Shine 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD2824175E3FB525FA257FE" author="Shine" box="[443,507,1197,1223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" refString="Shine, R. (1994) Sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited. Copeia, 1994, 326 - 346." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD282417715FB525A5957FF" box="[845,1024,1197,1222]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417715FB525A5957FF" box="[845,1024,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show different patterns, at least in size dimorphism. No significant differences between mean adult male and female SVL were found for the Amazonian species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD2824175DFFB075D6D562B" authority="Prudente et al. 2007" authorityName="Prudente et al." authorityYear="2007" box="[391,820,1272,1298]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824175DFFB075C775628" box="[391,558,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. dendrophis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD282417664FB075D75562B" author="Prudente" box="[572,812,1272,1298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Prudente, A. L. C., Maschio, G. F., Yamashina, C. E. & Santos-Costa, M. C. d. (2007) Morphology, reproductive biology and diet of Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837) (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Brazilian Amazon. South American Journal of Herpetology, 2, 53 - 58." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Prudente
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824176F5FB075CBE5628" box="[685,743,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nor for three Central American species (
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD28241714CFB075F01560F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD28241714CFB075BC15628" box="[1300,1432,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">D. nuchale</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD2824174CFFAE25F01560F" box="[151,344,1309,1334]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">D. percarinatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD2824175CFFAE25C51560F" box="[407,520,1309,1334]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824175CFFAE25C51560F" box="[407,520,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. vinitor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD28241764FFAE25CE5560E" author="Stafford" box="[535,700,1309,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" refString="Stafford, P. J. (2003) Trophic ecology and reproduction in three species of Neotropical forest racer (Dendrophidion; Colubridae). Herpetological Journal, 13, 101 - 111." type="journal article" year="2003">Stafford 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD282417753FAE25DFF560F" box="[779,934,1309,1334]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417753FAE25DFF560F" box="[779,934,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these other species also show only a small degree of sexual dimorphism in relative tail length. Sex differences in segmental counts were not analyzed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD2824174CFFA975F1556BB" author="Stafford" box="[151,332,1384,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" refString="Stafford, P. J. (2003) Trophic ecology and reproduction in three species of Neotropical forest racer (Dendrophidion; Colubridae). Herpetological Journal, 13, 101 - 111." type="journal article" year="2003">Stafford (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD28241752DFA975C2556BB" box="[373,636,1384,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Prudente, A. L. C., Maschio, G. F., Yamashina, C. E. & Santos-Costa, M. C. d. (2007) Morphology, reproductive biology and diet of Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837) (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Brazilian Amazon. South American Journal of Herpetology, 2, 53 - 58." type="journal article">
|
||
Prudente
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824175BEFA975C7856B8" box="[486,545,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Tails in several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD282417798FA975A2A56B8" box="[960,1139,1384,1409]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD282417798FA975A2A56B8" box="[960,1139,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD2824170A1FA975BCD56B8" box="[1273,1428,1384,1409]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824170A1FA975BCD56B8" box="[1273,1428,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are exceptionally long compared to other colubroids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD282417755FA725DD6569E" author="King" box="[781,911,1421,1447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="King, R. B. (1989) Sexual dimorphism in snake tail length: sexual selection, natural selection, or morphological constraint? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 38, 133 - 154." type="journal article" year="1989">King 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cadle 2009) but the small magnitude of the difference between male and female relative tail lengths (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C6031BFFD28241776FFA4D5DD656F5" box="[823,911,1458,1484]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,240,407,431]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,586,1988]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Scale counts, measurements, and other data for specimens of Dendrophidion brunneum. Data are given for the population of the Río Zaña Study Site and for the entire sample. Body proportions and ventral and subcaudal counts are given as range followed by mean ± s. d. Bilateral counts are separated by a slash (/). For pre- and postoculars, temporals, and labial scales, each side of each specimen was counted as an independent observation. SVL = snout to vent length; measurements in millimeters. Sample sizes in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF3B6628FFD3824074CFFE685D005116">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) suggests a primary role for the long tails as an antipredator defense (see
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824175BEFA275D1C56C8" box="[486,837,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Natural History and Behavior</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD28242749EFA025C9153C5" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2007]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD28241749EFA025FEB552E" bold="true" box="[198,434,1533,1559]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coloration in Life.</emphasis>
|
||
In life, most specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD2824176A4FA025A76552F" box="[764,1071,1533,1558]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD2824176A4FA025A76552F" box="[764,1071,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are medium green to greenish brown dorsally, often with yellowish or bronze highlights (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F2A25FFD2824177DBF9DD5D965505" box="[899,975,1570,1596]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,257,1383,1407]" captionTargetBox="[408,1178,567,1362]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[408,1179,567,1362]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dendrophidion brunneum in life. Specimens are from the Río Zaña Study Site, Cajamarca Department, Peru. The contrasting head and body coloration and yellow highlights on neck scales (lower photo) are typical." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194756/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
); less commonly, the dorsal color is predominantly brown or olive. Like other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD28241775AF9B75DED5558" box="[770,948,1608,1633]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD28241775AF9B75DED5558" box="[770,948,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anterior and posterior body are often somewhat different shades or colors, with gradual transition between colors (e.g., greenish anteriorly to more brownish posteriorly). The head and anterior part of the neck are usually a deeper green, greenish brown, or yellowish brown than the rest of the dorsum. The top of the head is often a contrasting color of deep green, blue green, or even bluish (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F2A25FFD2824175A2F9225C1E55CE" box="[506,583,1757,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,257,1383,1407]" captionTargetBox="[408,1178,567,1362]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[408,1179,567,1362]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dendrophidion brunneum in life. Specimens are from the Río Zaña Study Site, Cajamarca Department, Peru. The contrasting head and body coloration and yellow highlights on neck scales (lower photo) are typical." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194756/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), with an abrupt transition to the neck color. The tip of the snout, supralabials, and infralabials are whitish to brown, with dusky to bluish or greenish pigment on the upper parts of the supralabials. Some specimens have fine copper-colored or yellow flecks on the anterior dorsal scales (under magnification appearing as narrow borders on the anterolateral edges of each scale); these flecks may extend for half or more of the body length but are most vivid anteriorly. Some specimens have black tips to scattered dorsal scales, generally more concentrated middorsally, but these are nowhere distinct. The skin between the anterior dorsal scales is blue-gray, dark gray, or blackish with small white spots; these colors may enhance a defensive display involving inflation of the neck (see
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD1824277DDFF675ABD5388" box="[901,1252,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Natural History and Behavior</emphasis>
|
||
). The tongue is blackish. The venter is white to dirty whitish, sometimes with a pale yellow or pale green wash, and usually with dark blue-gray squarish markings laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD18242749EFEF75A7F52AB" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
None of the color variations seem particularly associated with size or sex. Four juveniles (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD1824270A5FEF75BC5521B" box="[1277,1436,264,290]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.98" metricValueMax="3.19" metricValueMin="2.77" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="298.0" valueMax="319.0" valueMin="277.0">277–319 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) are colored similarly to adults (see detailed description for FMNH 232677 below). I did not observe distinct stripes or crossbands in live specimens but three preserved specimens have such patterns, as described below. The following are detailed color notes from life for several specimens:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD18242749EFE625D045015" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
FMNH 232676, female,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD1824275BDFE625C1F528E" box="[485,582,413,439]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.959999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="796.0">796 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL. Dorsum greenish brown with occasional black-tipped scales on the median seven dorsal scale rows. Dorsal scales are yellowish brown for approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD1824270D2FE3D5A8A52E5" box="[1162,1235,450,476]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
behind the head, with the anterior portions of some scales in this region bright yellow. Top of head and approximately five dorsal scale rows behind are deep green (almost blue-green); this color extends to upper edge of supralabials, below which the supralabials are white. Rostral and nasal scales brown. Iris brown. Infralabials white except for the last two, which are green. Gular region and anterior ventrals white; ventrals become dirty yellowish white and this continues onto subcaudals to the tail tip (which is incomplete). Lateral edges of ventrals greenish gray. A thin irregular black line borders the anterior edge of each ventral after the twentieth (this line is overlapped by the posterior edge of the preceding ventral, so as to appear gray). Subcaudals are patterned like the ventrals, but greenish gray pigment tends to border the anterior edge of each scale. Skin between scales on neck is dark gray and quite loose (i.e., expansible).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD18242749EFCC75FEB570B" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
FMNH 232677, juvenile male,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD182427660FCC75CC0506B" box="[568,665,824,850]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="319.0">319 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL. Dorsum posterior to level of ventral 30 is uniform medium brown. Anterior to this the dorsum is greenish brown, becoming medium leaf green on lateral dorsal scales for approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD18242751FFC7D5FD850A5" box="[327,385,898,924]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
behind the head. Dorsal surface of the head down to the dorsal edge of the supralabials is dark green. Lower part of supralabials white. Rostral brown. Iris brown. Lower labials and gular region white. Ventrals dirty white, bordered laterally by brown. Indistinct black line bordering anterior edge of each ventral posterior to heart. Subcaudals yellowish white, bordered laterally by brown. Skin between scales of the anterior body blue-gray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD18242749EFBC25D6D560E" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
MUSM-JECadle field number 7148 (sex and measurements not available). Dorsum olive green with coppery or brown pigment dorsally that is most intense on the median seven dorsal rows. The coppery sheen is produced not by a general coloring of the dorsum, but by each scale being green with coppery pigment on the posterior one-third. The coppery pigment is replaced by a more yellowish color for about
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD182427087FB525B1C57FE" box="[1247,1349,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 cm</quantity>
|
||
behind the head. Head medium dull green with brown pigment on parietals, supraoculars, and nasals (but covering only part of each scale). Belly cream colored; ventral surface of tail creamy white with medium green laterally. Upper and lower labials and gular region white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD18242749EFABD5D6456BB" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
LSUMZ 32560, female,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD1824275B1FABD5C125665" box="[489,587,1346,1372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="629.0">629 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL. Olive green anteriorly to dark olive green posteriorly. Venter pale yellow (Field catalogue of Richard Thomas for RT 3108).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD182427492FA725D4B56D5" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
LSUMZ 32562, male,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD18242758CFA725C6C569E" box="[468,565,1421,1447]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="470.0">470 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL. Deep green anteriorly (head and neck) to dark olive green on posterior three-quarters of body and tail; venter white anteriorly to very pale green posteriorly and on underside of tail (Field catalogue of Richard Thomas for RT 3246).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD18242749EFA0A5F5655F3" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD18242749EFA0A5CC75536" bold="true" box="[198,670,1525,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coloration of Preserved Specimens.</emphasis>
|
||
Most preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD182427077FA0A5B315537" box="[1071,1384,1525,1550]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD182427077FA0A5B315537" box="[1071,1384,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively uniform gray, grayish brown, dull green, olive, or even blackish (perhaps from overly strong formalin fixation). The stratum corneum is easily lost from the dorsal scales, with the resulting areas being more gray, blue-gray, or bluish than brown. Some specimens have scattered minute dark brown specks on the tips of some dorsal scales, usually on paravertebral rows and more prevalent on the posterior body than anteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD18243749EF92A5C8A521B" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2036]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,588]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Two males from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD1824275CAF92A5FAD55D6" box="[402,500,1749,1775]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
had indications of dorsolateral and lateral stripes. KU 142802 (Loja Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD1824274CFF9055EA2542D" box="[151,251,1786,1812]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
) was dull bluish green similar to other preserved specimens, but a continuous reddish brown streak occupied three paravertebral scale rows (dorsal rows 6–8 on each side on the anterior body) and extended from the head to the tail tip (the streaks from each side merging on the tail). In addition, a diffuse narrow reddish brown streak was present on each side, anteriorly on scale row three, dropping to scale row two on the anterior one-third of the body and continuing on row two to the vent. The lateral streaks are diffuse because they do not cover the entire scale row, appearing as a ‘blur’ of spots on the flank. USNM 237042 (Azuay Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3537630FFD182427548F8255F2C54CD" box="[272,373,2010,2036]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
) is dark gray overall but pale dorsolateral stripes are evident on dorsal rows 6–7 on each side (dropping to rows 5–6 posterior to the dorsal scale reduction) from about midbody to the proximal portion of the tail. A much less distinct lateral stripe is on dorsal row 2 on each side; it ends at the vent. The stripes in USNM 237042 are indicated by a general lightening of the central part of each scale in these rows, which becomes less distinct anterior to midbody.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB36A0FFD08243749EFED25AC95175" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,588]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Pale crossbands or anterior blotches are typical for most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD0824377AEFED25AF1527F" box="[1014,1192,301,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD0824377AEFED25AF1527F" box="[1014,1192,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD0824370E2FED25B61527E" author="Lieb" box="[1210,1336,301,327]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD08243711FFED25E815255" author="Savage" pageId="7" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 654–658) but I recorded no specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD0824376B8FEAD5D265252" box="[736,895,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD0824376B8FEAD5D265252" box="[736,895,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the field with such patterns. Nonetheless, faint pale crossbands one dorsal scale row or less in width and separated from one another by five dorsal rows, are discernible on the anterior body of FMNH 232578 (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBC9B45FFD082437765FE625DFA528E" box="[829,931,413,439]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="514.0">514 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) when the specimen is immersed in alcohol. Pale anterior crossbands are variably expressed in at least one other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD0824370E1FE3D5B3652E2" box="[1209,1391,450,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD0824370E1FE3D5B3652E2" box="[1209,1391,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD082437127FE3D5FAC513B" authority="Savage 2002: 654" authorityName="Savage" authorityPageNumber="654" authorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD082437127FE3D5EA15138" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B51FFD082437551FE175FB4513B" author="Savage" box="[265,493,488,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002: 654</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they occur commonly in several species. Given the prevalence of pale anterior crossbands in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD0824376D6FDF25D17511F" box="[654,846,525,550]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD0824376D6FDF25D17511F" box="[654,846,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, their presence in occasional specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C444D23FFD082437126FDF25F575172" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930EAB2FFD082437126FDF25F575172" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D. brunneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests expression of a pattern that is perhaps plesiomorphic for the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |