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<document id="D129E1983FDD0C043CB22D8997E1F418" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5451.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11232365" ID-ZooBank="911E1D07-22B1-479E-8720-25DBD50D0D56" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1716280541873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kong, Chim Chee" docDate="2024" docId="03ED8786FFC3556CE1AEF9507C415814" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5451.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5451 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5451.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Akanthinotanais gerlachi Sieg 1977" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="FFD4FFFEFFE45544E139FFEE7F2C5B01" masterDocTitle="A synopsis of the Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) of Singapore, with a review of tanaidacean diversity in Southeast Asia and the South China Sea" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1716282163190" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4FCE04CA4C0AD4F9C0D4A2489EC0401B">A synopsis of the Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) of Singapore, with a review of tanaidacean diversity in Southeast Asia and the South China Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F6DDE3C79E46709E15634A6ACBE16D20">Kong, Chim Chee</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CE4233E92BC3EA92758E235738989AB8">Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558. &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558. &amp; St. Johns Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227. tmscck @ nus. edu. sg; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6378 - 9561</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C35E651BFFC35563E1AEF9507C365DD9" box="[151,794,1725,1752]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFB3690FFC35563E1AEF9507C365DD9" blockId="39.[151,794,1725,1752]" box="[151,794,1725,1752]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="D0B381FCFFC35563E1AEF9507C365DD9" box="[151,794,1725,1752]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5411BEFFC35563E1AEF9507C365DD9" box="[151,794,1725,1752]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<treatmentCitation id="0AE51081FFC35563E1AEF9507DA65DD9" author="Sieg, J." box="[151,650,1725,1752]" page="38" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1977">
<taxonomicName id="4C444D13FFC35563E1AEF9507DA65DD9" ID-CoL="BDVR" authority="Sieg, 1977: 35 - 38" authorityName="Sieg" authorityPageNumber="35 - 38" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,650,1725,1752]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pseudotanaidae" genus="Akanthinotanais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tanaidacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gerlachi">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFC35563E1AEF9507E9F5DD9" box="[151,435,1726,1752]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Akanthinotanais gerlachi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFC35563E083F9507DA65DD9" author="Sieg, J." box="[442,650,1725,1752]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref51351" refString="Sieg, J. (1977) Taxonomische monographie der familie Pseudotanaidae (Crustacea, Tanaidacea). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 53, 1 - 109. [in German] https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19770530102" type="journal article" year="1977">Sieg, 1977: 3538</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 2123.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E651BFFC35563E1AEF8EB7C425CF9" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFB3690FFC35563E1AEF8EB7C425CF9" blockId="39.[151,1436,1797,2040]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFC35563E1AEF8EB7EAD5C1E" bold="true" box="[151,385,1797,1823]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Material examined.</emphasis>
Station
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFC35563E0E7F8EB7D335C1E" bold="true" box="[478,543,1797,1823]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">SG86</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E317F8E87D975C21" box="[558,699,1798,1824]" count="9" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic">9 specimens</specimenCount>
, including
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E20FF8E87CAE5C21" box="[822,898,1798,1824]" count="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
(HAN-EXP-00.0-TAN01);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E585F8E87A6A5C21" box="[1212,1350,1798,1824]" count="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
(HAN- EXP-02.5-TAN09);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E046F8C47D205C45" box="[383,524,1834,1860]" count="3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
(HAN-EXP-05.0-TAN05);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E274F8C47CF25C45" box="[845,990,1834,1860]" count="3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
, including
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E559F8C47BE95C45" box="[1120,1221,1834,1860]" count="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
with brood pouch and
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E1F1F8A07E065C69" box="[200,298,1870,1896]" count="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
with oostegites (HAN-EXP-07.5-TAN08). Station
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFC35563E257F8A37C9C5C66" bold="true" box="[878,944,1869,1895]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">SG88</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E286F8A07B345C69" box="[959,1048,1870,1896]" count="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
(LAZ-EXP-07.5-TAN06);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E477F8A07AB05C69" box="[1358,1436,1870,1896]" count="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
(LAZ-EXP-10.0-TAN02). Station
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFC35563E327F89F7D4C5C8A" bold="true" box="[542,608,1905,1931]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">SG89</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E348F89C7DE75C8D" box="[625,715,1906,1932]" count="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
(LAZ-PRO-02.5-TAN02);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E53CF89C7B4E5C8D" box="[1029,1122,1906,1932]" count="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
, 1 manca (LAZ-PRO-05.0- TAN04);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E03CF8787E4E5CB1" box="[261,354,1942,1968]" count="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
, 1 manca (LAZ-PRO-07.5-TAN10);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E230F8787C745CB1" box="[777,856,1942,1968]" count="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
(LAZ-PRO-10.0-TAN09). Station
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFC35563E5D0F87B7A065CAE" bold="true" box="[1257,1322,1941,1967]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">SG91</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E402F8787AB45CB1" box="[1339,1432,1942,1968]" count="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">4 adults</specimenCount>
, including
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E031F8547E455CD5" box="[264,361,1978,2004]" count="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
with brood pouch (SEN-PRO-00.0-TAN09);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E253F8547CEE5CD5" box="[874,962,1978,2004]" count="3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">3 adults</specimenCount>
(SEN-PRO-02.5-TAN08);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E5CFF8577A625CD5" box="[1270,1358,1977,2004]" count="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">5 adults</specimenCount>
(SEN- PRO-05.0-TAN10);
<specimenCount id="9D42FD19FFC35563E044F8307EF45CF9" box="[381,472,2014,2040]" count="4" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">4 adults</specimenCount>
, 1 manca (SEN-PRO-07.5-TAN09).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E651BFFCC556CE1FEFF797C415814" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFB3690FFCC556CE1FEFF797D1F5AD0" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE1FEFF797E175BB0" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,177]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Remarks.</emphasis>
Pseudotanaids can be easily recognised by their greatly reduced pereonite-1 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFCC556CE5FBFF797ABD5BB0" author="Jakiel, A. &amp; Palero, F. &amp; Blazewicz, M." box="[1218,1425,151,177]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="17305" refId="ref46138" refString="Jakiel, A., Palero, F. &amp; Blazewicz, M. (2019) Deep ocean seascape and Pseudotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) diversity at the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone. Scientific Reports, 9, 17305. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 51434 - z" type="journal article" year="2019">
Jakiel
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE436FF797A665BB0" box="[1295,1354,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C444D13FFCC556CE1AEFF557E635BD4" authorityName="Sieg" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,335,187,213]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pseudotanaidae" genus="Akanthinotanais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tanaidacea" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE1AEFF557E635BD4" box="[151,335,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Akanthinotanais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was recently promoted from subgenus to genus rank (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFCC556CE2D2FF557B865BD4" author="Jakiel, A. &amp; Stepien, A. &amp; Blazewicz, M." box="[1003,1194,187,213]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="859 - 895" refId="ref46196" refString="Jakiel, A., Stepien, A. &amp; Blazewicz, M. (2018) A tip of the iceberg - Pseudotanaidae (Tanaidacea) diversity in the North Atlantic. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 859 - 895. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0881 - x" type="journal article" year="2018">
Jakiel
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE50AFF557B4E5BD4" box="[1075,1122,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
), can be differentiated from the other four pseudotanaid genera by the presence of simple instead of blade-like seta on the carpi of pereopods 2 and 3 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFCC556CE1C3FEED7EEF5A1C" author="Jakiel, A. &amp; Palero, F. &amp; Blazewicz, M." box="[250,451,259,285]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="17305" refId="ref46138" refString="Jakiel, A., Palero, F. &amp; Blazewicz, M. (2019) Deep ocean seascape and Pseudotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) diversity at the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone. Scientific Reports, 9, 17305. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 51434 - z" type="journal article" year="2019">
Jakiel
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE07CFEED7E525A1C" box="[325,382,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
). This genus occurs globally from the intertidal to the abyssal zone up to
<quantity id="4CBC9B75FFCC556CE438FEED7A7B5A1C" box="[1281,1367,259,285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.91" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="4910.0">4910 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFCC556CE1A7FEC97EE65A40" author="Kudinova-Pasternak, R. K." box="[158,458,295,321]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="66 - 75" refId="ref47375" refString="Kudinova-Pasternak, R. K. (1986) Abyssal Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Malacostraca) from the south-western part of the Indian Ocean. The suborder Tanaidomorpha. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 65, 66 - 75. [in Russian with a summary in English]" type="journal article" year="1986">Kudinova-Pasternak 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFCC556CE0E1FEC97DF85A40" author="Blazewicz, M. &amp; Jakiel, A. &amp; Bird, G. J." box="[472,724,295,321]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="779001" refId="ref41753" refString="Blazewicz, M., Jakiel, A. &amp; Bird, G. J. (2021) Pseudotanais Sars, 1882 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) From the SE Australian slope: a gap in our knowledge. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 779001. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fmars. 2021.779001" type="journal article" year="2021">
Błażewicz
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE36EFEC97DBE5A40" box="[599,658,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
) and is currently represented by 14 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFCC556CE5E2FEC97ABD5A40" author="Anderson, G." box="[1243,1425,295,321]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref38295" refString="Anderson, G. (2023) Tanaidacea - Recent Scholarship (2000 - present) (March, 2023). Available from: http: // aquila. usm. edu / tanaids 30 / 6 / (accessed 22 April 2024)" type="url" year="2023">Anderson 2023</bibRefCitation>
). The
<typeStatus id="54FF8832FFCC556CE1F2FEA57FD75A64" box="[203,251,331,357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C444D13FFCC556CE064FEA57D555A64" authorityName="Sieg" authorityYear="1977" box="[349,633,331,357]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pseudotanaidae" genus="Akanthinotanais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tanaidacea" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gerlachi">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE064FEA57D555A64" box="[349,633,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Akanthinotanais gerlachi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from the
<collectingCountry id="F3537600FFCC556CE531FEA57B5C5A64" box="[1032,1136,331,357]" name="Maldives" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Maldives</collectingCountry>
at
<quantity id="4CBC9B75FFCC556CE5ACFEA47BC75A64" box="[1173,1259,330,357]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="18.5" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="5.0">532 m</quantity>
depth and later recorded from a coral reef in the Gulf of Mexico (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFCC556CE3EFFE817B3F5A88" author="Chazaro-Olvera, S. &amp; Winfield, I. &amp; Abarca-Avila, M. &amp; Ortiz, M. &amp; Lozano-Aburto, M." box="[726,1043,367,393]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="1091 - 1113" refId="ref42692" refString="Chazaro-Olvera, S., Winfield, I., Abarca-Avila, M., Ortiz, M. &amp; Lozano-Aburto, M. (2018) Coral reef tanaidacean assemblages along the SW and SE Gulf of Mexico: biodiversity, geographic distribution, and community structure. Journal of Natural History, 52, 1091 - 1113. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2018.1450905" type="journal article" year="2018">
Cházaro-Olvera
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE2ADFE817CEB5A88" box="[916,967,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). Key morphological characters of female of all
<taxonomicName id="4C444D13FFCC556CE014FE7D7D6C5AAC" box="[301,576,403,429]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE014FE7D7EC95AAC" box="[301,485,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Akanthinotanais</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, except
<taxonomicName id="4C444D13FFCC556CE3A5FE7D7B905AAC" authority="Blazewicz, Jakiel, Bamber &amp; Bird 2021" authorityName="Blazewicz, Jakiel, Bamber &amp; Bird" authorityYear="2021" box="[668,1212,403,429]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pseudotanaidae" genus="Akanthinotanais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tanaidacea" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rossi">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE3A5FE7D7DDC5AAD" box="[668,752,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">A. rossi</emphasis>
Błażewicz, Jakiel, Bamber &amp; Bird 2021
</taxonomicName>
, were tabulated and compared in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD54B61FFCC556CE010FE597D035AD0" author="Tzeng, Y. - W. &amp; Hsueh, P. - W." box="[297,559,439,465]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="131 - 148" refId="ref52904" refString="Tzeng, Y. - W. &amp; Hsueh, P. - W. (2021) Additions of new species to the Paratanaoidea (Crustacea, Tanaidacea) of Taiwan. Zootaxa, 4949 (1), 131 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4949.1.7" type="journal article" year="2021">Tzeng &amp; Hsueh (2021)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFB3690FFCC556CE1FEFE357C415814" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
The present material from
<collectingCountry id="F3537600FFCC556CE0CEFE357D455AF4" box="[503,617,475,501]" name="Singapore" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Singapore</collectingCountry>
closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C444D13FFCC556CE279FE357C915AF4" authorityName="Sieg" authorityYear="1977" box="[832,957,475,501]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pseudotanaidae" genus="Akanthinotanais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tanaidacea" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gerlachi">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE279FE357C915AF4" box="[832,957,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">A. gerlachi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the following shared characters: (1) similar body length; (2) body relatively elongate (i.e., about 5 times longer than wide); (3) pereonite-2 about twice as long as pereonite-1; (4) antennule and cephalothorax of similar length; (5) uropod and pleotelson of similar length; (6) uropod endopod and exopod biarticulated; and (7) uropod exopod slightly shorter than endopod. Until the microstructures on the present material, especially setation on the pereopods, have been examined, it remains uncertain whether they belong to the same species as
<taxonomicName id="4C444D13FFCC556CE3E7FD617C7459A8" authorityName="Sieg" authorityYear="1977" box="[734,856,655,681]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pseudotanaidae" genus="Akanthinotanais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tanaidacea" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gerlachi">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE3E7FD617C7459A8" box="[734,856,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">A. gerlachi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These
<taxonomicName id="4C444D13FFCC556CE295FD617B6459A8" authorityName="Sieg" authorityYear="1977" box="[940,1096,655,681]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pseudotanaidae" genus="Akanthinotanais" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tanaidacea" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gerlachi">
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE295FD617CE959A8" box="[940,965,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">A.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B930EA82FFCC556CE2D2FD617B6459A8" box="[1003,1096,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">gerlachi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F3537600FFCC556CE43AFD617A5959A8" box="[1283,1397,655,681]" name="Singapore" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Singapore</collectingCountry>
are very small with body length ranging between
<quantity id="4CBC9B75FFCC556CE3A2FD5D7C0859CC" box="[667,804,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.7">0.71.2 mm</quantity>
, making them the smallest tanaidacean species recorded from local waters. This species was found only from intertidal macroalgal turfs on seawalls at Lazarus Island, Pulau Hantu and Sentosa (Pulau Blakang Mati) in the
<collectingCountry id="F3537600FFCC556CE389FD157C0E5814" box="[688,802,763,789]" name="Singapore" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Singapore</collectingCountry>
Strait.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>