353 lines
37 KiB
XML
353 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="4F0B3E2B73D2F737FB5F5323F9B57831" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3740269" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740269" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1586037971521" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bonaccorso, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Taphozous mauritianus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1818" docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="352" masterDocId="FFECFF8AFFCF4C04FFA53577FFF8FFE9" masterDocTitle="Emballonuridae" masterLastPageNumber="373" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="351" updateTime="1698735528461" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D853F42D03E9E2957C593A0A0A4665B7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F94EEAEAD9850AF7FD8ACEC477073735">
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<mods:title id="F2AB02391DE20F03896D719CCC5DD1CB">Emballonuridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="45054885435D5154DD553B1804223344" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3DCCC9CDF9F2B7B383E680767902B3FD">Bonaccorso, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A8663AFE95D799954546B44F7A56BCD0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="FBEF2F462576807035E55E8D835623D1">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="0AA93B298FF682EF2E206F06451888DF" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="A016CE72462A9BAFC74E9098DD4BCE12">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="ECC36843601A360A6877F6C219CC1442">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B9106417614AAD6D74409A392DA7F232">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7F6A28CA6F7214A1CA339DC588C7730E">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="50E811A9CE2E0A5CB13C1AB8AEE20093">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4EE8D86C4A70E69C8848375663B404CA">Mittermeier, Russel A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo id="DE24A5669649D2E63CBC5A445BF14C78">
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<mods:title id="20E7CAFC7EAD4C7607278312C08DA145">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="20351D2E7B7834950BE9D87F64C7E423">350</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="C4EEE5FEC08498F268CEB61F09775C91">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C14272C99DE63662785E7B0797DCC4FB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3740269</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A6A5DA5A31747DF359323DC83B97C9F6" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810765" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163435143" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810765" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCD4C06F8FD3FA2F620F4F8" box="[1880,2520,2772,2834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06F8FD3FA2F620F4F8" blockId="2.[1880,3183,2772,2834]" box="[1880,2520,2772,2834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<figureCitation id="13472A61FFCD4C06F8FD3FA2F883F4FB" box="[1880,1915,2773,2834]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[173,216,4419,4446]" captionTargetBox="[177,3496,132,4697]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 4. Hamilton'sTomb Bat [Taphozous hamiltoni); 5. Hildegarde'sTomb Bat (Taphozous hildegardeae}; 6. Long-winged Sheath-tailed Bat (Taphozous longimanus); 7. Black-beardedTomb Bat (Taphozous melanopogoh); 8. Theobald'sTomb Bat (Taphozous theobaldi); 9. Indonesian Tomb Bat (Taphozous achates); 10. Arnhem Sheath-tailed Bat (Taphozous kapalgensis}; 11. Coastal Sheath-tailed Bat (Taphozous australis}; 12. Common Sheath-tailed Bat (Taphozous georgianus); 13. Hill's Sheath-tailed Bat (Taphozous hilli); 14. Troughton's Sheath-tailed Bat (Taphozous troughtoni); 15. Pel's Pouched Bat (Saccolaimus peli); 16. Bare-rumped Sheathtailed Bat (Saccolaimus saccolaimus); 17. Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat (Saccolaimus mixtus); 18. Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740271/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">3</figureCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F8383FA2F620F4F8" box="[1949,2520,2772,2834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Mauritian Tomb Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCD4C06F5BB3FA2F397F4FB" box="[2590,3183,2773,2834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06F5BB3FA2F397F4FB" blockId="2.[1880,3183,2772,2834]" box="[2590,3183,2773,2834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F5BB3FA2F397F4FB" ID-CoL="7WZCQ" authority="É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1818" box="[2590,3183,2773,2834]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauritianus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F5BB3FA2F397F4FB" box="[2590,3183,2773,2834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Taphozous mauritianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCD4C06F8F23E55F6D0F486" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06F8F23E55F39AF4D3" blockId="2.[1878,3170,2847,2927]" box="[1879,3170,2847,2874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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French: Taphien de Maurice /
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F7433E55F699F4D0" bold="true" box="[2278,2401,2850,2873]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">German:</emphasis>
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Mauritius-Grabfledermaus /
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F5463E55F4A7F4D1" bold="true" box="[2787,2911,2850,2872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F4C13E68F443F4D3" box="[2916,3003,2847,2874]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Tafozo</emphasis>
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de Mauricio
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06F8F33E20F6D0F486" blockId="2.[1878,3170,2847,2927]" box="[1878,2344,2900,2927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F8F33E20F75AF484" bold="true" box="[1878,2210,2903,2925]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F7023E23F6D0F486" box="[2215,2344,2900,2927]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Tomb Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCD4C06F5223EC7F3CDF3FB" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06F5223EC7F3CDF3FB" blockId="2.[2692,3495,2992,3562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F5223EC7F4AFF43E" bold="true" box="[2695,2903,2992,3031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F5223EC7F4B7F43E" box="[2695,2895,2992,3031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Taxonomy</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F4C93EC7F3D6F3FB" ID-CoL="7WZCQ" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauritianus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F4C93EC7F303F43E" box="[2924,3323,2992,3031]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Taphozous mauritianus</emphasis>
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É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCD4C06F39B3E9CF267F3FB" box="[3134,3487,3051,3090]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06F39B3E9CF267F3FB" blockId="2.[2692,3495,2992,3562]" box="[3134,3487,3051,3090]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<materialsCitation id="3B143CB9FFCD4C06F39B3E9CF262F3FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2595781793" box="[3134,3482,3051,3090]" country="Mauritius" location="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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Island of
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<collectingCountry id="F36B7674FFCD4C06F3493E9CF262F3FB" box="[3308,3482,3051,3090]" name="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCD4C06F5293957F3DCF392" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06F5293957F3DCF392" blockId="2.[2692,3495,2992,3562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F5293957F3DFF3AE" box="[2700,3111,3104,3143]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauritianus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F5293957F3DFF3AE" box="[2700,3111,3104,3143]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Taphozous mauritianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in the subgenus
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F5293923F4BDF392" box="[2700,2885,3156,3195]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F5293923F4B8F392" box="[2700,2880,3156,3195]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Taphozous</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCD4C06F52239FEF6B2F1F4" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF03666CFFCD4C06F52239FEF6B2F1F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3747908" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3747908" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3747908/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" targetBox="[1875,2665,3003,3555]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06F52239FEF6B2F1F4" blockId="2.[2692,3495,2992,3562]" lastBlockId="2.[1877,3489,3574,4295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F52239FEF48DF359" bold="true" box="[2695,2933,3209,3248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Much of sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal E to W Ethiopia and S Somalia, and S to NE Namibia and E South Africa, including Bioko, Principe, São Tomé, Annobón, and Unguja (Zanzibar Archipelago) Is; also in Madagascar, Aldabra, Assumption, Comoros (Mayotte I), Mauritius, and Réunion Is.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCD4C07F8F03B5EF93FFBD1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C07F8F03B5EF93FFBD1" blockId="2.[1877,3489,3574,4295]" lastBlockId="3.[217,1844,349,3781]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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Descriptive
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F7903B5EF75AF1B9" bold="true" box="[2101,2210,3625,3664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body c.76
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F64D3B5EF60CF1B9" bold="true" box="[2536,2548,3625,3664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">-</emphasis>
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88 mm, tail 15-28 mm, ear 12-22 mm, hindfoot 11-18 mm, forearm 58-65 mm; weight 20-36 g. There is no sexual dimorphism in general appearance and size, and both sexes have radio-metacarpal pouches. Dorsum of the Mauritian Tomb Bat appears to be grizzled due to tricolored hairs: whitish at tips, graybrown in middle, and pale brown at bases. Fur is sleek and close to body; it extends onto uropatagiumjust beyond point at which tail perforates the membrane. Venter is white,
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F8F03A12F812F065" box="[1877,2026,3941,3980]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">strongly</emphasis>
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contrasting dark appearance of dorsum. Sexually mature males have conspicuous gular pouch. Some adult females in Mozambique, Sudan, and Nigeria reportedly have gular sac and others do not, but when present, it is less developed than in males. In mature males, gular sac opens anteriorly and contains glands that produce secretions that pass through its anterior opening. Radio-metacarpal sacs are located at forward angles on each
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F79E251CF76FEF7B" box="[2107,2199,4203,4242]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">wing</emphasis>
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. These sacs are formed by fold ofskin stretched between radius and basaljoint ofmetacarpal offifth digit.
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F67C25D7F5AFEF2E" box="[2521,2647,4256,4295]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Aspect</emphasis>
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ratio oflong,
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F4F125D7F422EF2E" box="[2900,3034,4256,4295]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">narrow</emphasis>
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wing is 8-2, which makes it difficult to maneuver in tight confines. Under experimental conditions, Mauritian Tomb Bats cannot manage a turn in a 1-m wide corridor. Metacarpals decline in length progressively from third to fifth digits. Second digit has only metacarpals, but there are two phalanges on third, fourth, and fifth digits. At rest, long narrow tip of wing is shortened as first phalanx of third digit folds forward and on top of metacarpal, while second phalanx folds down on bottom
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FC873710FCB4FD67" box="[802,844,615,654]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of</emphasis>
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first. Such folding ofwingtip facilitates efficient crawling on roost substrates. Posterior margin
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FC4237EBFBE9FD2A" box="[999,1041,668,707]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of</emphasis>
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interfemoral membrane (uropatagium) is supported on each side by strong calcar. Tail projects through middle
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA4237A6F9EAFD11" box="[1511,1554,721,760]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of</emphasis>
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this membrane and above membrane as is typical in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCC4C07FC3F3671FB35FCC4" box="[922,1229,774,813]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Emballonuridae</taxonomicName>
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. Ear is triangular. Tragus is ovalshaped and as broad (4-5 mm) as it is long. Long, thin postorbital processes of skull taper and curve down around
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FCAA3606FCB3FC71" box="[783,843,881,920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">eye</emphasis>
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sockets. Rounded braincase rises above plane of face, resulting in curved profile with little to no sagittal
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FB2D36D1FB19FC24" box="[1160,1249,934,973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">crest</emphasis>
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. Deep saucer-like depression in frontal area is apparent on face of live individuals. Posterior edge
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA2936ABFA4EFBEA" box="[1420,1462,988,1027]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of</emphasis>
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palate ends abruptly at last molar, with gaps on inner edge of palate due to incomplete auditory bullae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF03666CFFCD4C06FF082434F6B4EE12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740271" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740271/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" targetBox="[177,3496,132,4697]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCD4C06FF082434F6B4EE12" blockId="2.[170,3488,4389,4615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
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On following pages: 4. Hamilton's Tomb Bat
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FC9F2434FCB0EEB7" box="[826,840,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">[</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06FCE22434FB94EEB7" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[839,1132,4419,4446]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamiltoni">Taphozous hamiltoni</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FBC92434FB84EEB7" box="[1132,1148,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
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5. Hildegarde'sTomb Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FA5E2434F9FDEEB7" box="[1531,1541,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F9A02434F8A6EEB7" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1909" box="[1541,1886,4419,4446]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildegardeae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F9A02434F967EEB7" box="[1541,1695,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Taphozous</emphasis>
|
||
hildegardeae
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F8FA2434F88DEEB7" box="[1887,1909,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">};</emphasis>
|
||
6.
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F8002434F79BEEB7" box="[1957,2147,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Long-winged</emphasis>
|
||
Sheath-tailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F6D42434F520EEB7" box="[2417,2776,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F6DE2434F53FEEB7" authorityName="Hardwicke" authorityYear="1825" box="[2427,2759,4419,4446]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longimanus">Taphozous longimanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
7. Black-bearded
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F4712434F3DFEEB7" box="[3028,3111,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Tomb</emphasis>
|
||
Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F3C92434F2E8EEB7" box="[3180,3344,4419,4446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F3D32434F2E8EEB7" box="[3190,3344,4419,4446]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Taphozous</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
melanopogoh
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FEDD240FFE71EE7A" box="[376,393,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
8. Theobald'sTomb Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FD4A240FFD01EE7A" box="[751,761,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06FD5C240FFBD8EE7A" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1872" box="[761,1056,4472,4499]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="theobaldi">Taphozous theobaldi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FB85240FFBC9EE7A" box="[1056,1073,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
9.
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FBC6240FFA6BEE7A" box="[1123,1427,4472,4499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Indonesian Tomb Bat</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FA39240FFA5EEE7A" box="[1436,1446,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06FA03240FF941EE7A" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1446,1721,4472,4499]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achates">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FA03240FF9B8EE7A" box="[1446,1600,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Taphozous</emphasis>
|
||
achates
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F91C240FF932EE7A" box="[1721,1738,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
10. Arnhem Sheath-tailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F729240FF76EEE7A" box="[2188,2198,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F733240FF627EE7A" authorityName="McKean & Friend" authorityYear="1979" box="[2198,2527,4472,4499]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F733240FF6C8EE7A" box="[2198,2352,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Taphozous</emphasis>
|
||
kapalgensis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F67A240FF60DEE7A" box="[2527,2549,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">};</emphasis>
|
||
11. Coastal Sheath-tailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F40E240FF31BEE7A" box="[2987,3299,4472,4499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F410240FF336EE7A" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1854" box="[2997,3278,4472,4499]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">Taphozous australis</taxonomicName>
|
||
};
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
12. Common Sheath-tailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FDD824DBFD7FEE2E" box="[637,647,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06FD2224DBFC34EE2E" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[647,972,4524,4551]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="georgianus">Taphozous georgianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FC6924DBFC24EE2E" box="[972,988,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
13. Hill's Sheath-tailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FAD524DBFA82EE2E" box="[1392,1402,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06FADF24DBF9B3EE2E" authorityName="Kitchener" authorityYear="1980" box="[1402,1611,4524,4551]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilli">Taphozous hilli</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F9EE24DBF9A4EE2E" box="[1611,1628,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
14.
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F93D24DBF8B8EE2E" box="[1688,1856,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Troughton's</emphasis>
|
||
Sheath-tailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F7EA24DBF7A1EE2E" box="[2127,2137,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F7FC24DBF66AEE2E" authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1952" box="[2137,2450,4524,4551]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="troughtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F7FC24DBF70BEE2E" box="[2137,2291,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Taphozous</emphasis>
|
||
troughtoni
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F63724DBF65AEE2E" box="[2450,2466,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
15. Pel's
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F59724DBF556EE2E" box="[2610,2734,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Pouched</emphasis>
|
||
Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F55724DBF505EE2E" box="[2802,2813,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F55924DBF409EE2E" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[2812,3057,4524,4551]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peli">
|
||
Saccolaimus
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F41924DBF409EE2E" box="[3004,3057,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">peli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F45424DBF3F9EE2E" box="[3057,3073,4524,4551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
16. Bare-rumped Sheathtailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FEE12497FEB7EE12" box="[324,335,4576,4603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06FEEA2497FD3CEE12" authority="saccolaimus" box="[335,708,4576,4603]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saccolaimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FEEA2497FDF1EE12" box="[335,521,4576,4603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">Saccolaimus</emphasis>
|
||
saccolaimus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FD612497FD2DEE12" box="[708,725,4576,4603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
17. Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FB222497FB6AEE12" box="[1159,1170,4576,4603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06FB342497FA4BEE12" authorityName="Troughton" authorityYear="1925" box="[1169,1459,4576,4603]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mixtus">
|
||
Saccolaimus
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FAF72497FA4BEE12" box="[1362,1459,4576,4603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">mixtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06FA162497FA3CEE12" box="[1459,1476,4576,4603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">);</emphasis>
|
||
18. Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F8732497F818EE12" box="[2006,2016,4576,4603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCD4C06F8452497F6C3EE12" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[2016,2363,4576,4603]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviventris">Saccolaimus flaviventris</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCD4C06F6992497F6B4EE12" box="[2364,2380,4576,4603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="351">).</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCC4C07FF7E3131F996F300" pageId="3" pageNumber="352" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCC4C07FF7E3131F8F1FAE4" blockId="3.[217,1844,349,3781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF7E3131FE95FB84" box="[219,365,1094,1133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
Moist savannas, open woodlands, and grasslands with more than 500 mm of rain per year, and riparian gallery forests and swamps along large rivers, from sea level to elevations of C.900 m. Mauritian Tomb Bats on Sao Tomé and Principe occur in cocoa plantations. Often found in anthropomorphic habitats (e.g. roosting under eaves
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07F9E73191F994FAE4" box="[1602,1644,1254,1293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of</emphasis>
|
||
houses).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCC4C07FF7E306CF918F9FE" blockId="3.[217,1844,349,3781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF7E306CFDB1FAAB" bold="true" box="[219,585,1307,1346]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF7E306CFDB9FAAB" box="[219,577,1307,1346]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Mauritian Tomb Bats eat moths, alate termites
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07F9A3306CFECDFA9E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">{Macrotermes falciger)</emphasis>
|
||
, butterflies, and other insects. Like other species of tomb bats,
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA543027F9B9FA9E" box="[1521,1601,1360,1399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">they</emphasis>
|
||
fly high and fast. During wet season, radio-tracked individuals from the
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA9530F1FA89FA44" box="[1328,1393,1414,1453]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">day</emphasis>
|
||
roost at Babalala Picnic Area, Kruger National Park, flew up to 5 km from their day roost to nightly feeding areas. Individuals forage
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FD173087FC3FF9FE" box="[690,967,1520,1559]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">independently</emphasis>
|
||
, but subadults appear to
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA033087FA2DF9FE" box="[1446,1493,1520,1559]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">fly</emphasis>
|
||
with mothers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCC4C07FF7E3352F9D1F7C3" blockId="3.[217,1844,349,3781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF7E3352FE74F9A5" box="[219,396,1573,1612]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Breeding</emphasis>
|
||
. Given the large distribution of Mauritian Tomb Bats across the African continent, it is not surprising that they are polyestrous in wet tropical regions and monoestrous in more seasonal arid and temperate regions. Timing of parturition from region to region also varies depending on climate and latitude. In Zimbabwe, females were observed carrying a single young in October and were pregnant again in February; in northern Zaire, Tanzania, and Kenya, births occurred in April-May. After birth, single young cling to their mothers’ abdomens in flight, and they carry them until it can fly on their own. In tropical northern reaches
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA1B32EEF985F829" box="[1470,1661,1945,1984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of Kruger</emphasis>
|
||
National Park, Mauritian Tomb Bats are migratory, regularly appearing in
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA7A32B9F9DCF81C" box="[1503,1572,1998,2037]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">wet</emphasis>
|
||
season at the Babalala Picnic Site to rear young but disappearing during dry season.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCC4C07FF7E3D4FF972F5D2" blockId="3.[217,1844,349,3781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF7E3D4FFDE9F7B6" bold="true" box="[219,529,2104,2143]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Mauritian Tomb Bats emerge after dark and actively forage for several hours thereafter. At Babalala Picnic Area, a roosting group
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA823D1AFAA9F77D" box="[1319,1361,2157,2196]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of</emphasis>
|
||
3-8 adult bats arrive each
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF793DD5FEE6F720" box="[220,286,2210,2249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">wet</emphasis>
|
||
season in this mopane forest/grassland region. They roost by day at tops ofwooden posts that
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FE393DA0FDD6F717" box="[412,558,2263,2302]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">support</emphasis>
|
||
a thatch-covered, open-air, circular structure, singly or as a breeding pair, with an adult male and adult female on each post Mauritian Tomb Bats also roost on cliffwalls with overhanging rock shelves and trunks of large trees where deep shade is available. They rest
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FDEE3C02FD36F675" box="[587,718,2421,2460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">against</emphasis>
|
||
roost substrate in vertical head-down postures, clinging with feet and thumbs. The species produces a multi-harmonic HDC-QCF call, with low peak frequency of 25-9 kHz, narrow bandwidth
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FC573CA9FBE4F5EC" box="[1010,1052,2526,2565]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of</emphasis>
|
||
2-8 kHz, and intermediate duration of 7-4 milliseconds.
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FE7C3F63FD9BF5D2" box="[473,611,2580,2619]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Second</emphasis>
|
||
and third harmonics are often present on a spectrogram.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCC4C07FF7B3F3DF996F300" blockId="3.[217,1844,349,3781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF7B3F3DFB65F598" bold="true" box="[222,1181,2634,2673]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Mauritian Tomb Bats roost singly or in small groups of up to twelve individuals and remain alert while roosting. Some females at Babalala have a subadult clinging to their backs even though young are able to fly and seem to forage with their mothers. All bats at Babalala tolerate tourists walking past only 2 m below them. Mauritian Tomb Bats often roost in buildings inhabited by people. Young cling to breasts of their mothers, but subadults cling to dorsa
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07F9013E26F936F491" box="[1700,1742,2897,2936]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">of</emphasis>
|
||
their mothers in day roosts until nearly adult size. Adults maintain minimum spacing of 10-15 cm in day roosts. Group members returning to a day roost emit a contact call, repeated at intervals of 2-3 seconds. Mauritian Tomb Bats and African Sheath-tailed Bats
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FE993953FDC9F3A2" box="[316,561,3108,3147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
{
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFCC4C07FEE93953FDDEF3A2" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[332,550,3108,3147]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Coleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afra">Coleura afra</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
intermingle in twilight zones of some caves. Some raptors that hunt at dusk and owls that hunt at night in Kruger National Park actively hunt bats, and Mauritian Tomb Bats probably fall prey to these carnivorous birds. Snakes also prey on Mauritian Tomb Bats. Trematodes
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FCD039B5FBADF300" box="[885,1109,3266,3305]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">{Anchitrema)</emphasis>
|
||
are common endoparasites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCC4C07FF453980F98CF219" pageId="3" pageNumber="352" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCC4C07FF453980F98CF219" blockId="3.[217,1844,349,3781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF453980FD36F2F7" bold="true" box="[224,718,3319,3358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF453980FD3EF2F7" box="[224,710,3319,3358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on 77i? IUCN
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07F9883980F934F2F7" box="[1581,1740,3319,3358]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Red List.</emphasis>
|
||
The Mauritian Tomb Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it is
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FD273817FCE4F26E" box="[642,796,3424,3463]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">tolerant</emphasis>
|
||
of habitat modification. It occurs in many protected areas in Africa including
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FD7038E2FCA5F255" box="[725,861,3477,3516]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Kruger</emphasis>
|
||
and Mapungubwe national parks in South Africa and Zombitse-Vohibasia and Ankarafantsika national parks in Madagascar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFCC4C07FF443B72F994F157" pageId="3" pageNumber="352" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFCC4C07FF443B72F994F157" blockId="3.[217,1844,349,3781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FF443B72FE5DF1C9" bold="true" box="[225,421,3589,3616]" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen, G.M. (1939), Allen,
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FCA73B72FCE9F1C9" box="[770,785,3589,3616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">J</emphasis>
|
||
.A. (1917),
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FC3A3B72FBF7F1C9" box="[927,1039,3589,3616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Anciaux</emphasis>
|
||
de aveaux (1983), Ansell (1978), Ansell &
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07F9F13B72F931F1C9" box="[1620,1737,3589,3616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Dowsett</emphasis>
|
||
(1988), Dengis (1996), Happold & Happold (1988,1990), Happold et
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FB833B4DFBBBF1BC" box="[1062,1091,3642,3669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1987), Hayman & Hill (1971), Juste & Ibänez (1993a), Kingdon (1974), Lang & Chapin (1917b), Monadjem,
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FC033B19FC1AF160" box="[934,994,3694,3721]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Fahr</emphasis>
|
||
, Mickleburgh etal. (2017),
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FAE83B19FA35F160" box="[1357,1485,3694,3721]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Rosevear</emphasis>
|
||
(1965), Shortridge (1934), Skinner & Chimimba (2005), Smithers & Wilson (1979), Taylor (2000), Verschuren (1957),
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFCC4C07FA033BD4F9FFF157" box="[1446,1543,3747,3774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="352">Wilson</emphasis>
|
||
(1975).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |