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<document id="5ECD98D1328F75D9BE87EA98E50381F1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.29" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14897284" ID-ZooBank="21280D58-4096-4821-AEF1-ED15E2F4750F" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1740006283898" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Carrera-Martínez, Roberto, Taylor, Melanie K., Jones, Daniel, Schoville, Sean D., Snyder, Bruce A. &amp; Callaham, Mac A." docDate="2025" docId="03A587FCB04BA64FFF20B408E651B299" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5589.1.29.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5589 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5589.1.29" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sparganophilus youngae Carrera-Martinez 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="390" masterDocId="FF9CFF84B04DA647FFB7B177E373B054" masterDocTitle="The unseen diversity of the semi-aquatic earthworms of the genus Sparganophilus (Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae) from the Southeastern Appalachian Piedmont" masterLastPageNumber="409" masterPageNumber="382" pageNumber="388" updateTime="1740008047496" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="4AF08655E2DA6A0C1BB791F6BF3985C3">The unseen diversity of the semi-aquatic earthworms of the genus Sparganophilus (Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae) from the Southeastern Appalachian Piedmont</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="80E306B49AE79B8FDF76ABB2C8E89427">Carrera-Martínez, Roberto</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1F5A5E9EDB1FE60C185D92FDC8FAE809">Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA &amp; Current address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="24AA5399BEA025971621111E68E25B0A">Taylor, Melanie K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0DE8A8D0E185FE9F8BC01AB6134CAB24">Southern Research Station, US Forest Service, Athens, GA, USA &amp; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7B7516BE7E55CCBFADD38FACCC06DA07">Jones, Daniel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A850BDC84EEED29F41B32ACFE258CB03">Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College &amp; State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="8BF0B3468CDF6ABADA8F38072332A089">Schoville, Sean D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="52D0FC55553A3D09D8464708B10BEA7E">Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2A69D989863A35BD7A02D56754ACBB5A">Snyder, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CC9A29894D9771457A63016DBECAF901">Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College &amp; State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="625BEE8859A2811844438BA2EC4DEA71">Callaham, Mac A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="56EA22EFF1A2ED04AA24DC5ABB883595">Southern Research Station, US Forest Service, Athens, GA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="97FD06861A2F69EC5419D8CDB82CAB2D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="1787BAD2ABFDB35763C564369817B5BB">
<mods:date id="8958726AD08669A3013B9FAA892B6368">2025</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="401439BE1376973B7461DBDA2935CFBA">2025-02-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="86E3E91CB2530139099198E719B856AE">5589</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F547E2121D8184095A792A30BFA7EF16" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D69BDA27F2E165C59FF81E2D132CFF32" type="Zenodo-Dep">14897284</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0AFC74CF48165E7D55F5C33D6864DD2B" type="ZooBank">21280D58-4096-4821-AEF1-ED15E2F4750F</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A587FCB04BA64FFF20B408E651B299" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A587FCB04BA64FFF20B408E651B299" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587FCB04BA64FFF20B408E651B299" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="390" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
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<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04BA641FF20B408E066B5CE" blockId="6.[151,950,1406,1506]" box="[151,789,1406,1434]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<heading id="D0FB8186B04BA641FF20B408E066B5CE" bold="true" box="[151,789,1406,1434]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FF20B408E066B5CE" bold="true" box="[151,789,1406,1434]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B04BA641FF20B408E1C2B5CD" authority="Carrera-Martinez" authorityName="Carrera-Martinez" authorityYear="2025" box="[151,689,1406,1434]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="youngae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FF20B408E2B5B5CE" bold="true" box="[151,454,1407,1434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Sparganophilus youngae</emphasis>
Carrera-Martínez
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B5783B04BA641FD0FB4F7E066B5CE" box="[696,789,1408,1434]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<uri id="FF9D3AE8B04BA641FF20B4D4E0C5B5EA" box="[151,950,1443,1470]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FFAA0C3FB04BA641FE1BB4D4E0C5B5EA" box="[428,950,1443,1470]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">2F524BE9-C791-49E6-B11B-892259FFF78E</uuid>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3166561B04BA641FF20B4B0E216B5B6" box="[151,357,1479,1506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04BA641FF20B4B0E216B5B6" blockId="6.[151,950,1406,1506]" box="[151,357,1479,1506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<figureCitation id="13372A6FB04BA641FF20B4B0E24AB5B6" box="[151,313,1479,1506]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1060,1084]" captionTargetBox="[838,1081,193,983]" captionTargetId="graphics-635@7.[838,1068,193,967]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sparganophilus youngae sp. nov. (A) external ventral view, (B) spermathecae, (C) setal formula. Sparganophilus jenkinsi sp. nov. (D) external ventral view, (E) spermathecae, (F) setal formula. Abbreviations and symbols points to segments with, ♀: female pores, P: prostatic pores, ♂: male pores, N: segment with first nephridiopore, GP: genital pad, GT: genital tumescences." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14897290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14897290/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Figures 4A–C</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13372A6FB04BA641FEF3B4BFE216B5B6" box="[324,357,1480,1506]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[152,255,798,822]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,425,768]" captionTargetId="graphics-225@20.[780,929,434,744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Nephridial structures of different Sparganophilus species:(A) S. tamesis, (B) S. youngae sp. nov. (without vacuole), (C) Sparganophilus sp02 (with vacuole), (D) Sparganophilus sp09, and (E) Sparganophilus sp10 (F) picture of the nephridia of Sparganophilus sp10. In A–E, blue: bladder, green: vesicle, and purple: vacuole. In F, blue arrows: blood vessel, red arrows: vacuoles, black arrow: nephridial tubule, V: vesicle, C: caecum, and B: bladder." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14897298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14897298/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">9B</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04BA641FF20B77EE1FBB63F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1544,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<materialsCitation id="3B643CB7B04BA641FF20B77EE1FBB63F" collectingDate="2017-05-18" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Carrera-Martinez, M. K &amp; Taylor, M. A &amp; Callaham, Jr." country="United States of America" county="Union Co." latitude="34.64073" location="Tyger River" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-81.69579" municipality="Union" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-adult="1" stateProvince="South Carolina" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FF20B77EE277B677" bold="true" box="[151,260,1545,1571]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<typeStatus id="54B78848B04BA641FF20B77EE277B677" box="[151,260,1545,1571]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FEA5B77FE2C3B676" bold="true" box="[274,432,1544,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">GTIC-11468;</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D0AFD63B04BA641FE00B77EE154B677" box="[439,551,1545,1571]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="adult">One adult</specimenCount>
, in sediments along the banks of the
<location id="8ED36031B04BA641FC0BB77EE730B677" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A587FCB04BA64FFF20B408E651B299:8ED36031B04BA641FC0BB77EE730B677" box="[956,1091,1545,1571]" country="United States of America" county="Union Co." latitude="34.64073" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-81.69579" municipality="Union" name="Tyger River" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" stateProvince="South Carolina">Tyger River</location>
,
<location id="8ED36031B04BA641FBFAB77EE6EBB677" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A587FCB04BA64FFF20B408E651B299:8ED36031B04BA641FBFAB77EE6EBB677" box="[1101,1432,1545,1571]" country="United States of America" county="Union Co." latitude="34.64073" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-81.69579" municipality="Union" name="Calhoun Experimental Forest" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" stateProvince="South Carolina">Calhoun Experimental Forest</location>
,
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,
<collectingCounty id="62D24E66B04BA641FF5DB75AE22CB613" box="[234,351,1581,1607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Union Co.</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="49C8F808B04BA641FEDEB75AE160B613" box="[361,531,1581,1607]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31B767AB04BA641FDABB75AE12BB613" box="[540,600,1581,1607]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">USA</collectingCountry>
. Col.
<collectionCode id="ED1DAE2FB04BA641FD22B75AE1D8B613" box="[661,683,1581,1607]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">R</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26F9533CB04BA641FD02B75AE0C9B613" box="[693,954,1581,1607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Carrera-Martínez, M.K</collectorName>
.
<collectorName id="26F9533CB04BA641FC74B75AE73DB613" box="[963,1102,1581,1607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Taylor, M.A</collectorName>
.
<collectorName id="26F9533CB04BA641FBEFB75AE79AB613" box="[1112,1257,1581,1607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Callaham, Jr.</collectorName>
&amp; G. Chapman.
<date id="FFB2102AB04BA641FF20B726E246B63F" box="[151,309,1617,1643]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" value="2017-05-18">
<collectingDate id="EFF6E9C2B04BA641FF20B726E246B63F" box="[151,309,1617,1643]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" value="2017-05-18">18.MAY.2017</collectingDate>
</date>
(
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,
<geoCoordinate id="EE38502DB04BA641FE6CB726E104B63F" box="[475,631,1617,1644]" degrees="081.69579" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" precision="1" value="-81.69579">081.69579°W</geoCoordinate>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04BA641FF70B702E7ABB6E7" blockId="6.[151,1437,1544,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<materialsCitation id="3B643CB7B04BA641FF70B702E72EB6E7" collectingDate="2017-05-18" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Col. &amp; Carrera-Martinez, M. K &amp; G. Chapman." country="United States of America" county="Union Co." latitude="34.64073" location="Tyger River" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-81.69579" municipality="Union" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-adult="7" stateProvince="South Carolina" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FF70B702E24CB6DB" bold="true" box="[199,319,1653,1679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<typeStatus id="54B78848B04BA641FF70B702E24CB6DB" box="[199,319,1653,1679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FEF8B703E195B6DB" bold="true" box="[335,742,1652,1679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">GTIC-11469 to 11473, and 11655;</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D0AFD63B04BA641FD59B702E011B6DB" box="[750,866,1653,1679]" count="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="adult">Six adults</specimenCount>
, together with
<typeStatus id="54B78848B04BA641FBB9B702E707B6DB" box="[1038,1140,1653,1679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FB37B703E666B6DA" bold="true" box="[1152,1301,1652,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">GTIC-11475</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D0AFD63B04BA641FA91B702E6EBB6DB" box="[1318,1432,1653,1679]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="adult">One adult</specimenCount>
, same location as holotype.
<collectorName id="26F9533CB04BA641FE70B7EEE284B6E7" box="[455,503,1689,1715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Col.</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED1DAE2FB04BA641FE49B7EEE167B6E7" box="[510,532,1689,1715]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">R</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26F9533CB04BA641FDA9B7EEE055B6E7" box="[542,806,1689,1715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Carrera-Martínez, M.K</collectorName>
. Taylor, &amp;
<collectorName id="26F9533CB04BA641FC14B7EEE74BB6E7" box="[931,1080,1689,1715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">G. Chapman.</collectorName>
<date id="FFB2102AB04BA641FB89B7EEE72EB6E7" box="[1086,1117,1689,1715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" value="2017-07-19">19.</date>
</materialsCitation>
<collectionCode id="ED1DAE2FB04BA641FBEBB7EEE7E2B6E7" box="[1116,1169,1689,1715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">JUL</collectionCode>
.2017.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166561B04BA641FF70B7CAE01BB6AF" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04BA641FF70B7CAE01BB6AF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1544,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FF70B7CAE23BB683" bold="true" box="[199,328,1725,1751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Etymology</emphasis>
: This species is named after Dr. Roger Arliner Young (1889–1964), who was the first African American woman to earn a PhD in zoology in the
<collectingCountry id="F31B767AB04BA641FD7DB796E010B6AF" box="[714,867,1761,1787]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">United States</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166561B04BA640FF70B673E76AB3A7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="389" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04BA641FF70B673E782B7A3" blockId="6.[151,1437,1544,2039]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FF70B673E249B74A" bold="true" box="[199,314,1796,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Length
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. Dorsal pores absent. Clitellum saddle-shaped in xv–xxiii, xxiv, xxv, ventral limit in
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FF03B65EE3B1B717" box="[180,194,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">b</emphasis>
. Tubercula pubertatis continuous in (1/n)xvii, xxviii–xxii, band-shaped, ventral limit dorsal to
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FB5AB65EE672B717" box="[1261,1281,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">b.</emphasis>
Setae closely paired:
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FF5BB63AE27BB733" box="[236,264,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">ab</emphasis>
=
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FEAFB63AE241B733" box="[280,306,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">cd</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FEF7B639E22FB733" box="[320,348,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">aa</emphasis>
&lt;
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FECDB63AE2E7B733" box="[378,404,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">bc</emphasis>
&lt;
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FE05B63AE2BDB733" box="[434,462,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">dd</emphasis>
. Spermathecal pores level with
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FC81B63AE023B733" box="[822,848,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">cd</emphasis>
, in 6/7–8/9, very small. Prostatic pores in xxiii–xxv, inconspicuous, or absent. Secondary annulation absent. Genital tumescences surrounding
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04BA641FB20B606E7C0B7DF" box="[1175,1203,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">ab</emphasis>
in xv, xvi, xvii–xxv all weakly developed, genital pad in xxvi. Intestinal origin in ix. One pair of spermathecae per segment in vii–ix, spermathecae differentiated into ampulla and duct, duct tubular, twice as long or longer than the globular ampulla. Prostate-like glands and auxiliary prostate-like glands in xxiii–xxv or absent. First nephridia in xiii.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04AA640FE7BB184E030B31B" blockId="7.[165,1422,211,1011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">B EN N C Fxx c d xx c GT xxv GP P</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04AA640FD0CB2F5E1B8B3F5" blockId="7.[165,1422,211,1011]" box="[699,715,898,929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">a</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04AA640FC84B218E027B3DC" blockId="7.[165,1422,211,1011]" box="[819,852,879,904]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">GP</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04AA640FA9EB2FFE62BB3F4" blockId="7.[165,1422,211,1011]" box="[1321,1368,897,935]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">a b</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04AA640FEA9B2BDE76AB3A7" blockId="7.[165,1422,211,1011]" box="[286,1049,970,1011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FEA9B2BDE76AB3A7" box="[286,1049,970,1011]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm 2 mm</quantity>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF736662B04AA640FF2FB553E26CB4FC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14897290" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14897290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14897290/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" startId="7.[152,255,1060,1084]" targetBox="[838,1081,193,983]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04AA640FF2FB553E26CB4FC" blockId="7.[151,1437,1060,1192]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FF2FB553E26BB468" bold="true" box="[152,280,1060,1084]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B04AA640FEA8B553E168B468" authorityName="Carrera-Martínez &amp; Taylor &amp; Jones &amp; Schoville &amp; Snyder &amp; Callaham" authorityYear="2025" box="[287,539,1060,1084]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="youngae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FEA8B553E168B468" box="[287,539,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">Sparganophilus youngae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FD96B553E101B468" bold="true" box="[545,626,1060,1084]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B5783B04AA640FD96B553E101B468" box="[545,626,1060,1084]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(A) external ventral view, (B) spermathecae, (C) setal formula.
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B04AA640FB4AB553E395B434" authorityName="Carrera-Martínez &amp; Taylor &amp; Jones &amp; Schoville &amp; Snyder &amp; Callaham" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jenkinsi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FB4AB553E395B434" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">Sparganophilus jenkinsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FF5AB53FE24EB434" bold="true" box="[237,317,1096,1120]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B5783B04AA640FF5AB53FE24EB434" box="[237,317,1096,1120]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(D) external ventral view, (E) spermathecae, (F) setal formula. Abbreviations and symbols points to segments with, ♀: female pores, P: prostatic pores, ♂: male pores, N: segment with first nephridiopore, GP: genital pad, GT: genital tumescences.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3166561B04AA64FFF70B58DE143B131" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="390" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04AA640FF70B58DE092B690" blockId="7.[151,1437,1274,2021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FF70B58DE222B540" bold="true" box="[199,337,1274,1300]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">Description</emphasis>
: Length of unamputated preserved specimens
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FCD6B58DE0A8B541" box="[865,987,1274,1301]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="47.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="40.0">40–55 mm</quantity>
(mean =
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FBFFB58DE7DCB541" box="[1096,1199,1274,1301]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.56" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="45.6">45.6 mm</quantity>
,
<typeStatus id="54B78848B04AA640FB0CB58DE66EB540" box="[1211,1309,1274,1300]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
=
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FA8BB58DE6E3B540" box="[1340,1424,1274,1301]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
). Diameter in x,
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FEFDB469E2A7B56D" box="[330,468,1310,1337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="1.7">1.7–2.8 mm</quantity>
(mean =
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FDFEB469E1D6B56D" box="[585,677,1310,1337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
,
<typeStatus id="54B78848B04AA640FD03B469E065B56C" box="[692,790,1310,1336]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
=
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FC8DB469E0EBB56C" box="[826,920,1310,1336]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
), in clitellum
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FB8AB469E7B4B56D" box="[1085,1223,1310,1337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="3.15" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.8 mm</quantity>
(mean =
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FA8BB469E6EBB56D" box="[1340,1432,1310,1337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
,
<typeStatus id="54B78848B04AA640FF20B435E38AB508" box="[151,249,1346,1372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
=
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FEABB435E20BB508" box="[284,376,1346,1373]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
). Number of segments, 101–180 (mean =
<quantity id="4CF49B0FB04AA640FCD6B435E0A4B509" box="[865,983,1346,1373]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4869999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="148.7">148.7 mm</quantity>
,
<typeStatus id="54B78848B04AA640FC52B435E734B508" box="[997,1095,1346,1372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
= 141). Body ovate in cross-section anteriorly, dorsoventrally flattened at the clitellum, quadrangular posterior to clitellum, tail quadrangular and dorsoventrally flattened, anus as a dorsal-terminal slit. Preserved specimens with pale-whitish coloration, reddish-pink anteriorly, clitellum pinkish-white. Cuticle with strong green-blue iridescence. Prostomium zygolobic. Dorsal pores absent. Spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9 level with
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FCB8B4A5E05AB5B8" box="[783,809,1490,1516]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">cd</emphasis>
, minute or inconspicuous. Female pores minute in xiv, anterior to
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FEA7B480E257B644" box="[272,292,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">a.</emphasis>
Male pores lateral to
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FDA4B481E152B644" box="[531,545,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">b</emphasis>
in xix, slightly pre-setal, within tubercula pubertatis. Clitellum in xv–xxiii, xxiv, xxv saddle-shaped, ventral limit in
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FD99B76DE14FB660" box="[558,572,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">b</emphasis>
. Tubercula pubertatis continuous (1/n)xvii, xviii–xxii, band-shaped, ventral limit just above
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FEFAB749E211B60C" box="[333,354,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">b.</emphasis>
Prostatic-like pores in xxiii–xxv, inconspicuous, or absent (n = 2). Nephridiopores anterior to
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FA30B749E6E6B60C" box="[1415,1429,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">b</emphasis>
, starting in segment xiii. First setae in ii, lumbricine, closely paired. In x
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FC01B715E717B628" box="[950,1124,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">aa:ab:bc:cd:dd</emphasis>
= 4.56:1.03:5.69:1.00:7.56; in xxx = 4.81:1.00:5.63:1.00:7.56,
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FD91B7F1E133B6F4" box="[550,576,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">cd</emphasis>
and most
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FD0CB7F1E1A4B6F4" box="[699,727,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">ab</emphasis>
not visible in clitellum. Secondary annulation absent. Genital tumescences weak in xv, xvi, xvii–xxv surrounding
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FD6AB7DDE18AB690" box="[733,761,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">ab</emphasis>
; genital pad in xxvi.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB04AA64FFF70B7B9E143B131" blockId="7.[151,1437,1274,2021]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="390" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">
Septa 7/8–8/9 thickened. Pharynx ends in segment vi, joining small esophagus. Intestine originates gradually in ix. Intestinal caeca, typhlosole, calciferous glands, and gizzard absent. One pair of spermathecae in vii–ix, without diverticula. Spermathecal structure differentiated into ampulla and duct, all similar size. Duct tubular, slender, two to three times as long as the ampulla. Ampulla globular, smooth. Duct connects to the intersegmental furrows level with setal line
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FEB6B629E268B72C" box="[257,283,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">bc</emphasis>
. Spermathecae located between weak muscular fiber originated anteriorly in the intersegmental section of the esophagus and connecting posteriorly to the intersegmental-septum joint. Ovaries in xiii, free, string-like. Oviduct connects in segment xiv, anterior to
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B04AA640FD30B6D1E1EFB794" box="[647,668,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">b.</emphasis>
Testes free in x and xi. Epididymis in x and xi. Seminal vesicles, free in xi, and xii, large, filling most of the celomic cavity, racemose. Vas deferens within muscular body wall. Tubular, prostate-like glands, greatly reduced in xxiii–xxv (n = 6), or absent (n = 2). Auxiliary prostate-like glands absent One pair of holonephridia per segment, starting at xiii. Holonephridia of xiv reduced and smaller than xiii. Those of xiii of same size as the ones in xv–xxvii, but smaller than those in xviii and afterwards. Holonephridia tubular, bladder composed of highly coiled tubules dorsally, ventrally with a u-shaped vesicle. One pair of moniliform hearts in vii–xi; all approximately same size. Dorsal and ventral vessel present, and simple. Paired lateral vessel present, joining dorsal vessel in xiv, filiform.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3166561B045A64FFF70B018E651B299" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB336EAB045A64FFF70B018E651B299" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFF70B018E247B1DD" bold="true" box="[199,308,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">Remarks</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFEFFB018E117B1DC" authorityName="Carrera-Martínez &amp; Taylor &amp; Jones &amp; Schoville &amp; Snyder &amp; Callaham" authorityYear="2025" box="[328,612,367,393]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="youngae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFEFFB018E117B1DC" box="[328,612,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">Sparganophilus youngae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFDC7B018E1BCB1DD" bold="true" box="[624,719,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B5783B045A64FFDC7B018E1BCB1DD" box="[624,719,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFCE0B018E798B1DD" authority="Reynolds, 1975" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1975" box="[855,1259,366,393]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="pearsei" subSpecies="pearsei">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFCE0B018E75AB1DC" box="[855,1065,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">S. pearsei pearsei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B1BB045A64FFB81B018E798B1DD" author="Reynolds, J. W." box="[1078,1259,366,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" pagination="9 - 11" refId="ref20600" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1975) Sparganophilus pearsei n. sp. (Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae) a neartic earthworm from western North Carolina. Megadrilogica, 2 (2), 9-11." type="journal article" year="1975">Reynolds, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFA9BB018E239B1F9" authority="Reynolds, 1980" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1980" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="meansi">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFA9BB018E6EFB1DC" box="[1324,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">S. meansi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B1BB045A64FFF20B0E4E239B1F9" author="Reynolds, J. W." box="[151,330,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" pagination="189 - 204" refId="ref20679" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1980) The earthworm family Sparganophilidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) in North America. Megadrilogica, 3 (12), 189-204." type="journal article" year="1980">Reynolds, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
on the extension of the clitellum, tubercula pubertatis, and prostate-like glands (when present).
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFF20B0C0E2DDB184" authorityName="Carrera-Martínez &amp; Taylor &amp; Jones &amp; Schoville &amp; Snyder &amp; Callaham" authorityYear="2025" box="[151,430,439,465]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="youngae">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFF20B0C0E2DDB184" box="[151,430,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">Sparganophilus youngae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFDF4B0C0E078B184" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1975" box="[579,779,439,465]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="pearsei" subSpecies="pearsei">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFDF4B0C0E078B184" box="[579,779,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">S. pearsei pearsei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having the clitellum usually extending to xxiv and xxv, and having genital tumescences in xv–xxiii, xxiv; and from
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFC89B0ACE0D9B1A0" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1980" box="[830,938,475,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="meansi">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFC89B0ACE0D9B1A0" box="[830,938,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">S. meansi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in always having its clitellum starting in xv (in xvi or xvii for
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFED1B088E2A1B24C" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1980" box="[358,466,511,537]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="meansi">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFED1B088E2A1B24C" box="[358,466,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">S. meansi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and on the extension and location of its genital tumescences (limited to xvi and xvii for
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFF74B354E241B268" authorityName="Reynolds" authorityYear="1980" box="[195,306,547,573]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="meansi">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFF74B354E241B268" box="[195,306,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">S. meansi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFEFAB354E11BB268" authorityName="Carrera-Martínez &amp; Taylor &amp; Jones &amp; Schoville &amp; Snyder &amp; Callaham" authorityYear="2025" box="[333,616,547,573]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="youngae">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFEFAB354E11BB268" box="[333,616,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">Sparganophilus youngae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other valid sparganophilid species in its spermathecal structure and reduction or complete absence of the prostate-like glands.
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFC02B330E7F4B235" box="[949,1159,583,609]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFC02B330E716B235" box="[949,1125,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">Sparganophilus</emphasis>
sp
</taxonomicName>
10, described below, also lacks prostate-like glands but differences between these species include extension and location of the clitellum and tubercula pubertatis, and size.
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFE44B3F8E078B2FC" authorityName="Carrera-Martínez &amp; Taylor &amp; Jones &amp; Schoville &amp; Snyder &amp; Callaham" authorityYear="2025" box="[499,779,655,681]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="youngae">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFE44B3F8E078B2FC" box="[499,779,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">Sparganophilus youngae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is on average the smallest species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFB09B3F8E61DB2FD" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1892" box="[1214,1390,655,681]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFB09B3F8E61DB2FD" box="[1214,1390,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">Sparganophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(by length and number of segments), with the potential exception of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D69B045A64FFCDCB3C4E748B299" box="[875,1083,691,717]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="8" pageNumber="390" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B978EAF8B045A64FFCDCB3C4E768B299" box="[875,1051,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="390">Sparganophilus</emphasis>
sp
</taxonomicName>
02, described below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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