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<document id="84AA1BB9DA704ED7DF68C1D0165881A7" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5440227" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630449224875" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Schmitz, Patrick &amp; Rubinoff, Daniel" docDate="2011" docId="039F87D7FF9B8416FC9FFA0326C10270" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hyposmocoma kawaikoi Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff, 2011, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="26" masterDocId="FFA6FFAFFF91841DFFA3FFE2220C046E" masterDocTitle="The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1699274737362" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BA22C4C9AEAD5873BB73A389E835DE46">The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3C89C7C62FF8650C09EE195FAF700556">Schmitz, Patrick</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="7DDC2C2DC1295771145267E1C1C8AE9E">Rubinoff, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C8EA98B5A67EBC877776A197788338B2">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5CAB6B4DB56882E806C9C87FC5D9E6B7">
<mods:date id="34626ADA7E1C6142A5D401757A8A39D2">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="87F98F9772D04AA2664AA469E44B3C2C" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="653B5B986AEF5AB977691F80798D02C5">2011-04-20</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B65B35A723960155049599FE2162590D">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B95694C1C07CC680DFB3183E83B84B8C" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B5D9C909C470B292CBCFE950EC2232D2" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C2C0B8815B0DA8925C9939465BBF885E" type="Zenodo-Dep">5440227</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039F87D7FF9B8416FC9FFA0326C10270" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F87D7FF9B8416FC9FFA0326C10270" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F87D7FF9B8416FC9FFA0326C10270" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="C32C654AFF9B8417FC9FFA03271C0278" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9B8417FC9FFA03271C0278" blockId="10.[828,1399,1504,1558]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
<heading id="D0C181ADFF9B8417FC9FFA03271C0278" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9B8417FC9FFA032662019B" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[828,1134,1505,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kawaikoi">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9B8417FC9FFA032662019B" bold="true" box="[828,1134,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">HYPOSMOCOMA KAWAIKOI</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
SCHMITZ &amp; RUBINOFF
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9B8417FC00F9E62604027B" bold="true" box="[931,1032,1536,1557]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27157A8FF9B8417FC00F9E62604027B" box="[931,1032,1536,1557]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9B8417FBB9F9E22676027B" box="[1050,1146,1536,1557]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[164,243,1521,1540]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,201,1487]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[164,1445,196,1491]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Holotypes of aquatic cone-case Hyposmocoma spp., adult males. A, Hyposmocoma kahamanoa sp. nov.; B, Hyposmocoma uhauiole sp. nov.; C, Hyposmocoma kahaiao sp. nov.; D, Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov.; E, Hyposmocoma kamakou sp. nov.; F, Hyposmocoma wailua sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440229/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">FIGS 1D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9B8417FB2AF9E226A7027B" box="[1161,1195,1536,1557]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,223,653,672]" captionTargetBox="[149,760,201,621]" captionTargetId="figure-721@4.[144,761,198,624]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Cone case types of aquatic Hyposmocoma spp., larvae. A, Hyposmocoma kahamanoa sp. nov., lateral aspect; B, Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov., lateral aspect; C, Hyposmocoma wailua sp. nov., dorsal aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440231/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9B8417FB18F9E226C7027B" box="[1211,1227,1536,1557]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[164,243,826,845]" captionTargetBox="[167,778,199,792]" captionTargetId="figure-647@11.[164,780,197,796]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Male genitalia of Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov. from specimen on slide PS198. A, tegumen, ventral aspect; B, sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, dorsal aspect; C, valvae with phallus, ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440247/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9B8417FB79F9E227040278" box="[1242,1288,1536,1558]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1744,1763]" captionTargetBox="[399,1166,216,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-3@14.[398,1167,939,1714]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of Hyposmocoma spp., ventral aspect. A, Hyposmocoma kahamanoa sp. nov. (slide PS153); B, Hyposmocoma uhauiole sp. nov. (slide PS143); C, Hyposmocoma kahaiao sp. nov. (slide PS149); D, Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov. (slide PS199); E, Hyposmocoma kamakou sp. nov. (slide PS166); F, Hyposmocoma wailua sp. nov. (slide PS201)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440253/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">11D</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32C654AFF9B8416FC85F9C526C10270" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9B8417FC85F9C521CB037C" blockId="10.[806,1422,1574,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9B8417FC85F9C526060252" box="[806,1034,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B5E3C9CFF9B8417FBBAF9C5218602BB" collectionCode="AWAI" collectorName="Schmitz, D" latitude="22.13158" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-159.62161" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCode="II-24" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="548D8863FF9B8417FBBAF9C526A40252" box="[1049,1192,1575,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9B8417FB14F9C426DC0252" box="[1207,1232,1574,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
: [1] ‘H[
<collectionCode id="ED27AE04FF9B8417FA8CF9C427700252" box="[1327,1404,1574,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">AWAI</collectionCode>
]I: Kauai, Kawaikoi stream |
<geoCoordinate id="EE025006FF9B8417FBFBF9A426E90235" box="[1112,1253,1605,1627]" degrees="22.13158" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" precision="1" value="22.13158">N 22.13158°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE025006FF9B8417FB53F9A427810235" box="[1264,1421,1605,1627]" degrees="159.62161" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" precision="1" value="-159.62161">W 159.62161°</geoCoordinate>
| elev[ation]. 3490 f[ee]t, ‘cone’ case,
<specimenCode id="DB909EBAFF9B8417FB48F98127280217" box="[1259,1316,1635,1657]" collectionCode="II-" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">II-24</specimenCode>
-[20]09 | em[ergence]. IV-6-[20]09, #DR09B7A | coll[ectors]. P[atrick].
<collectorName id="26C35317FF9B8417FC3BF943261402D8" box="[920,1048,1696,1719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Schmitz, D</collectorName>
[aniel]. Rubinoff | M[ichael]. San Jose’; [2]
</materialsCitation>
‘
<materialsCitation id="3B5E3C9CFF9B8417FC34F92221CF037C" collectionCode="UHIM" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="548D8863FF9B8417FC34F922262B02BB" box="[919,1063,1728,1749]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9B8417FBEBF92226E102BB" baseAuthorityName="Rubinoff &amp; Schmitz" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1096,1261,1728,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyposmocoma</taxonomicName>
| kawaikoi | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in perfect. Deposited in the
<collectionCode id="ED27AE04FF9B8417FCD5F91F21CF037C" box="[886,963,1789,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">UHIM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF496649FF9B8417FF33F8E120DA0300" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5440241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440241/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" startId="10.[144,223,1795,1814]" targetBox="[149,758,1165,1755]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9B8417FF33F8E120DA0300" blockId="10.[144,759,1794,1902]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9B8417FF33F8E122F40378" bold="true" box="[144,248,1795,1814]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9B8417FE1CF8E122B3035D" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9B8417FE1CF8E120C2037B" authority="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff, 2011" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[447,718,1794,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahaiao" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9B8417FE1CF8E120C2037B" bold="true" box="[447,718,1794,1814]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Hyposmocoma kahaiao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27157A8FF9B8417FD75F8E122B3035D" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from specimen on slide PS162. A, tegumen, ventral aspect; B, sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, ventral aspect; C, valvae with phallus, ventral aspect.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9B8417FC9CF8FE27810300" blockId="10.[806,1422,1574,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
<materialsCitation id="3B5E3C9CFF9B8417FC9CF8FE21B30321" country="United States of America" location="Kauai Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="28" specimenCount-female="10" specimenCount-male="18" stateProvince="Hawaii" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="548D8863FF9B8417FC9CF8FE21D5035F" box="[831,985,1820,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9B8417FC4EF8FE263E035F" box="[1005,1074,1819,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="male">18 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9B8417FBEAF8FE2686035F" box="[1097,1162,1819,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="female">10 ♀</specimenCount>
, from
<location id="8EE9601AFF9B8417FB4BF8FE2784035C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F87D7FF9B8416FC9FFA0326C10270:8EE9601AFF9B8417FB4BF8FE2784035C" box="[1256,1416,1820,1842]" country="United States of America" name="Kauai Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="Hawaii">Kauai Island</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F2F823FF9B8417FC85F8D82177033E" box="[806,891,1850,1872]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3217651FF9B8417FC24F8D821B30321" box="[903,959,1850,1871]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B5E3C9CFF9B8417FC69F8D8260C0300" collectionCode="UHIM" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9B8417FC69F8D821F4033E" box="[970,1016,1850,1872]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="male">4 ♂</specimenCount>
, with same data as holotype except date of emergence
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B5E3C9CFF9B8417FBACF8BB27810300" box="[1039,1421,1880,1903]" collectionCode="UHIM" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="24" specimenCount-female="10" specimenCount-male="14" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9B8417FBACF8BB26430300" box="[1039,1103,1880,1902]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="male">14 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9B8417FBC2F8BB26910300" box="[1121,1181,1880,1902]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="female">10 ♀</specimenCount>
, with same data as
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FCF0FF2426830577" blockId="11.[826,1441,197,679]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
Female genitalia (
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FB87FF24263404B5" box="[1060,1080,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
= 1) (
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9A8416FBD9FF2426D104B2" box="[1146,1245,198,220]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1744,1763]" captionTargetBox="[399,1166,216,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-3@14.[398,1167,939,1714]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of Hyposmocoma spp., ventral aspect. A, Hyposmocoma kahamanoa sp. nov. (slide PS153); B, Hyposmocoma uhauiole sp. nov. (slide PS143); C, Hyposmocoma kahaiao sp. nov. (slide PS149); D, Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov. (slide PS199); E, Hyposmocoma kamakou sp. nov. (slide PS166); F, Hyposmocoma wailua sp. nov. (slide PS201)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440253/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
). As for
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FA9FFF24218B0494" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahamanoa">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FA9FFF24218B0494" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H. kahamanoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except for posterior apophyses about 3.5 ¥ length of anterior apophyses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FCF0FEC0218506C9" blockId="11.[826,1441,197,679]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
Larval case (
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FC4DFEC0260E0559" box="[1006,1026,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
= 45) (
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9A8416FBF7FEC026A50556" box="[1108,1193,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,223,653,672]" captionTargetBox="[149,760,201,621]" captionTargetId="figure-721@4.[144,761,198,624]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Cone case types of aquatic Hyposmocoma spp., larvae. A, Hyposmocoma kahamanoa sp. nov., lateral aspect; B, Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov., lateral aspect; C, Hyposmocoma wailua sp. nov., dorsal aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440231/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Cone-shaped structure, 6.0–7.0 mm in length, large and broad, decorated with bits of dark grey sand woven with silver silk filaments; bicoloured, paler beneath and darker above; aperture of case covered with an operculum decorated with small beige, brown, white, and black pebbles fastened by silk, can be closed neatly and tightly by the larvae with its mandibles from the inside; case has silk extensions laterally from each side of the aperture giving the appearance of horns; pebbles extend on dorsal side until about half of the case; background colour ranging from grey to dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FC99FD2C2728074F" blockId="11.[826,1441,718,801]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FC99FD2C21B4068D" box="[826,952,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Etymology:</emphasis>
The name
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FB9BFD2D26CE068D" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[1080,1218,718,740]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kawaikoi">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FB9BFD2D26CE068D" box="[1080,1218,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H. kawaikoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from the Kawaikoi stream in the Alaka‘i swamp on the island of Kauai where this species can be found.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF496649FF9A8416FF07FCD8210707CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440247" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5440247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440247/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" startId="11.[164,243,826,845]" targetBox="[167,778,199,792]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FF07FCD8210707CB" blockId="11.[164,779,826,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FF07FCD823000723" bold="true" box="[164,268,826,845]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FE4AFCD9230F0705" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FE4AFCD921070723" authority="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff, 2011" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[489,779,826,846]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kawaikoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FE4AFCD921070723" bold="true" box="[489,779,826,846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Hyposmocoma kawaikoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27157A8FF9A8416FF07FCBA230F0705" box="[164,259,856,875]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from specimen on slide PS198. A, tegumen, ventral aspect; B, sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, dorsal aspect; C, valvae with phallus, ventral aspect.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FF07FC3422F600EA" blockId="11.[164,779,982,1156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<typeStatus id="548D8863FF9A8416FF07FC3423090782" box="[164,261,982,1004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
except date of emergence:
<date id="FF881001FF9A8416FDE0FC3420B50782" box="[579,697,982,1004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-03-31">31.iii.2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FD68FC3420F00782" box="[715,764,982,1004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
),
<date id="FF881001FF9A8416FF07FC1723040065" box="[164,264,1013,1035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-04-01">1.iv.2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FEBFFC1723460064" box="[284,330,1012,1034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FEF9FC17238B0064" box="[346,391,1012,1034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
),
<date id="FF881001FF9A8416FE3CFC17200F0065" box="[415,515,1013,1035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-04-03">3.iv.2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FDB6FC1720490064" box="[533,581,1012,1034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
),
<date id="FF881001FF9A8416FDFDFC1720CE0065" box="[606,706,1013,1035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-04-09">9.iv.2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FD77FC1721080064" box="[724,772,1012,1034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FF07FBF122C30047" box="[164,207,1043,1065]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
),
<date id="FF881001FF9A8416FF44FBF123550047" box="[231,345,1043,1065]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-04-10">10.iv.2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FEC9FBF123950047" box="[362,409,1043,1065]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
),
<date id="FF881001FF9A8416FE12FBF1202E0047" box="[433,546,1043,1065]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-04-13">13.iv.2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FD97FBF1206F0047" box="[564,611,1043,1065]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
, one dissected PS198,
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FF5EFBD023240029" box="[253,296,1073,1095]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
, one dissected PS199),
<date id="FF881001FF9A8416FD99FBD020A10026" box="[570,685,1074,1096]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-04-14">14.iv.2009</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FD63FBD020E10029" box="[704,749,1073,1095]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FD5EFBD022B50008" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
),
<materialsCitation id="3B5E3C9CFF9A8416FF6CFBB220D90008" box="[207,725,1104,1126]" collectingDate="2009-04-16" collectionCode="MHNG, UHIM" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" typeStatus="holotype">
<date id="FF881001FF9A8416FF6CFBB2234D0008" box="[207,321,1104,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-04-16">
<collectingDate id="EFCCE9E9FF9A8416FF6CFBB2234D0008" box="[207,321,1104,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" value="2009-04-16">16.iv.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D30FD48FF9A8416FEF2FBB323760008" box="[337,378,1104,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
). Deposited in
<collectionCode id="ED27AE04FF9A8416FD84FBB320710008" box="[551,637,1105,1126]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="Museum">MHNG</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED27AE04FF9A8416FD2BFBB320D90008" box="[648,725,1105,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">UHIM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
, and
<collectionCode id="ED27AE04FF9A8416FF07FB8D22FA00EA" box="[164,246,1135,1156]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FF07FB5020690111" blockId="11.[164,779,1202,1407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FF07FB50205900A9" box="[164,597,1202,1223]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
Diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FE90FB50205900A9" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[307,597,1202,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kawaikoi">Hyposmocoma kawaikoi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is a mostly uniform dark grey species. Based on external and genital characters, it can be easily separated from the closest looking species,
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FE16FAEC203A014C" authority="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff, 2011" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[437,566,1293,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahaiao" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FE16FAEC203A014C" box="[437,566,1293,1315]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H. kahaiao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27157A8FF9A8416FD9CFAEC2094014D" box="[575,664,1294,1315]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FD06FAEC22FD012C" authority="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff, 2011" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahamanoa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FD06FAEC22FD012C" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H. kahamanoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27157A8FF9A8416FF5BFACE2343012F" box="[248,335,1324,1345]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FEFAFACF20D8012F" authority="Walsingham, 1907" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[345,724,1324,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saccophora">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FEFAFACF23F6012F" box="[345,506,1324,1346]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H. saccophora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B30FF9A8416FDA3FACE20D8012F" author="Walsingham L" box="[512,724,1324,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref20935" refString="Walsingham L. 1907. Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp D, ed. Fauna hawaiiensis, Vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FF07FAA92329010E" authority="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff, 2011" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[164,293,1355,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uhauiole" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FF07FAA92329010E" box="[164,293,1355,1376]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H uhauiole</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27157A8FF9A8416FE8CFAA9238B010E" box="[303,391,1355,1376]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by its more uniform background colour, and the broad valvae in males.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FF07FA4E21070217" blockId="11.[164,779,1451,1902]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FF07FA4E232001AF" box="[164,300,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Description:</emphasis>
Male (
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FE2CFA4E23AF01AF" box="[399,419,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
= 19) (
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9A8416FE58FA4E205901AF" box="[507,597,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[164,243,1521,1540]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,201,1487]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[164,1445,196,1491]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Holotypes of aquatic cone-case Hyposmocoma spp., adult males. A, Hyposmocoma kahamanoa sp. nov.; B, Hyposmocoma uhauiole sp. nov.; C, Hyposmocoma kahaiao sp. nov.; D, Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov.; E, Hyposmocoma kamakou sp. nov.; F, Hyposmocoma wailua sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440229/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9A8416FDC8FA4E207601AC" box="[619,634,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[164,243,826,845]" captionTargetBox="[167,778,199,792]" captionTargetId="figure-647@11.[164,780,197,796]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Male genitalia of Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov. from specimen on slide PS198. A, tegumen, ventral aspect; B, sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, dorsal aspect; C, valvae with phallus, ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440247/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">8</figureCitation>
). Wingspan
<quantity id="4CCE9B24FF9A8416FF07FA28233A018E" box="[164,310,1482,1504]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" metricValueMax="10.3" metricValueMin="9.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="9.8" valueMax="10.3" valueMin="9.3">9.3–10.3 mm</quantity>
(
<typeStatus id="548D8863FF9A8416FEE4FA2823A0018E" box="[327,428,1482,1504]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
:
<quantity id="4CCE9B24FF9A8416FE1AFA282012018E" box="[441,542,1482,1504]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="10.1">10.1 mm</quantity>
). As
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FDFAFA29210F01B1" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[601,771,1482,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahamanoa">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FDFAFA29210F01B1" box="[601,771,1482,1504]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H. kahamanoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except antennal pecten present with up to seven thin setae, forewing ground colour mostly dark grey with some scattered off-white and light bluish tinge scales, off-white markings as a large notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FF1FF960235C037C" blockId="11.[164,779,1451,1902]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
Male genitalia (
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FE20F961239B02F6" box="[387,407,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
= 1) (
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9A8416FE42F960202F02F6" box="[481,547,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[164,243,826,845]" captionTargetBox="[167,778,199,792]" captionTargetId="figure-647@11.[164,780,197,796]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Male genitalia of Hyposmocoma kawaikoi sp. nov. from specimen on slide PS198. A, tegumen, ventral aspect; B, sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, dorsal aspect; C, valvae with phallus, ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440247/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). As for
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FD3DF96122FD02D8" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kahamanoa">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FD3DF96122FD02D8" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H. kahamanoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except for valvae with three rounded spurlike setae on right valva and three on left valva sequentially longer distally being six ¥ length of those on right valva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FF1FF8F920CC0300" blockId="11.[164,779,1451,1902]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
Female (
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FE80F8FE233B035F" box="[291,311,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
= 9). Wingspan
<quantity id="4CCE9B24FF9A8416FE56F8F92086035E" box="[501,650,1819,1840]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.025" metricValueMax="1.0699999999999998" metricValueMin="0.98" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="10.25" valueMax="10.7" valueMin="9.8">9.8–10.7 mm</quantity>
. Frenulum with three acanthae. Antennae slightly thinner than that of male. Otherwise externally like males.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FC99FCAA27550082" blockId="11.[826,1441,840,1260]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FC99FCAA21990733" box="[826,917,840,861]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Biology:</emphasis>
Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae were collected during the day on rocks in streams on the island of Kauai in February, and have been observed in May and August as well. These larvae are frequently found on relatively small, barely emergent rocks in fast flowing torrents. The climate at this high elevation site is much cooler and even wetter (nearby areas average over
<quantity id="4CCE9B24FF9A8416FCD1FBDF21A6003D" box="[882,938,1085,1107]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
of rain per year) than the Wailua river area on the east side of Kauai. Although the larvae of Kawaikoi are found year round, temperatures can approach freezing in this location. This is not the case for the lower elevation Wailua river area of Kauai, which remains much more tropical year round.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FC99FAF121C801EB" blockId="11.[826,1441,1299,1413]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FC99FAF121C00146" box="[826,972,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Distribution:</emphasis>
Known only from the Kawaikoi stream that drains the Alaka‘i swamp on the north-western plateau of the island of Kauai where it is presumed to be endemic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8936C1FF9A8416FC99FA4E26C10270" blockId="11.[826,1441,1452,1566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FC99FA4E21AA01AF" box="[826,934,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Remarks:</emphasis>
This aquatic species has the largest conecased larva, easily distinguished from the sympatric bugle-cased larva of
<taxonomicName id="4C364D42FF9A8416FB91FA0826B90191" authorityName="Schmitz &amp; Rubinoff" authorityYear="2011" box="[1074,1205,1514,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" genus="Hyposmocoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eepawai">
<emphasis id="B942EAD3FF9A8416FB91FA0826B90191" box="[1074,1205,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">H. eepawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="130D2A44FF9A8416FB5AFA082757026E" box="[1273,1371,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="17.[164,243,842,861]" captionTargetBox="[419,1187,196,812]" captionTargetId="figure-289@17.[419,1187,196,812]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 14. Case types of aquatic Hyposmocoma spp., larvae. A, Hyposmocoma eepawai sp. nov., lateral aspect; B, Hyposmocoma ipowainui sp. nov., dorsal aspect; C, Hyposmocoma aumakuawai sp. nov., dorsal aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440259/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
), also restricted to the Kawaikoi stream.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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