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138 lines
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<document id="74C8CCF186BC425C2894B0583E4291E3" ID-DOI="10.1093/isd/ixaa003" ID-ISSN="2399-3421" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630298270055" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Buffington, Matthew L., Forshage, Mattias, Liljeblad, Johan, Tang, Chang-Ti & Noort, Simon van" docDate="2020" docId="039F00036C58FF96FF6CCA81FAFAFB5C" docLanguage="en" docName="ixaa003.pdf" docOrigin="Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (4), No. 1" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20C34595BA01015AC07A3B955E96DF74.8:InsectSystDivers.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="20C34595BA01015AC07A3B955E96DF74" docStyleName="InsectSystDivers.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Emargininae Kovalev 1994" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="FFA6787B6C6EFFA0FFFECE02FF8DFFCE" masterDocTitle="World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher- Level Groups" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1699219653636" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E6B249502DB670340B991549C31AD9E0">
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<mods:title id="14322B17EAE6BFE267400F3FE51A11AD">World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher- Level Groups</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2D02B0E42B0A1F9D4FA1F705363D952A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="97E2DE3916550909BC24B77E326012C4">Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6E52D56EE5F2DCD9413C75C556A90CDB">Systematic EntomologyLaboratory, ARS-USDAc / oNational Museumof NaturalHistory, SmithsonianInstitution, 10 th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20013, USA,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4A97F76131FCE3CB5ACE5E4FC8956D32" type="email">matt.buffington@usda.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="80291B3AF41E2879B4AE7DD7070E3740">Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FD6EF9331C2767A66C3E16CAABD85742">Department of Zoology, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="D0B9FC48D5EC55F2D85B9381DCD16471" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="07FA43D51EC299E9C570D0DD83641008">Liljeblad, Johan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6BAA601658F4F56AD8AA61C322C105B9">Swedish Species Information Centre, PO Box 7007, SE- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="67C4882B345D7EE3908E8F5D1B64123F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="81641D182631D45CEC18099C20D30D6F">Tang, Chang-Ti</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A164E4FE5B55B67442C879171B47C80A">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, SEH, Suite 6300, 800 22 nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="97D8AE2872911AB0FC7BB25EB5CBC20B">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="697B8173BC1BD588B0B2EB065A13D6CC">Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="CE9DA01DE330132C918CBDD431F4DABB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="30CA1B6E245A02517C18543885E3587A">Insect Systematics and Diversity</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2E09520C9EF9FFD6C4CD22F69CD2C96C">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4E895DA8C787E04FA825138AEC0AC691">2020-07-01</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="4549AF6BC264FCF9C91177A76D6D6064">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="59AC7941B28B58D7D83158C2AF1859E3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0B7539DD6103F21EFA91CA47D8CDA534" type="DOI">10.1093/isd/ixaa003</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1AB979552C4D889B00A51CCF60728E1A" type="ISSN">2399-3421</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039F00036C58FF96FF6CCA81FAFAFB5C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F00036C58FF96FF6CCA81FAFAFB5C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F00036C58FF96FF6CCA81FAFAFB5C" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection id="C32CE29E6C58FF96FF6CCA81FEAFFB54" box="[146,290,1155,1178]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FF6CCA81FEAFFB54" blockId="54.[146,290,1155,1178]" box="[146,290,1155,1178]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<heading id="D0C106796C58FF96FF6CCA81FEAFFB54" box="[146,290,1155,1178]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C58FF96FF6CCA81FEAFFB54" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1994" box="[146,290,1155,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Emargininae">Emargininae</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32CE29E6C58FF96FF6CCAA4FAFAFB5C" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FF6CCAA4FEB5FB74" blockId="54.[146,770,1190,1474]" box="[146,312,1190,1210]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<figureCitation id="130DAD906C58FF96FF6CCAA4FEB5FB74" box="[146,312,1190,1210]" captionStart="Plate 19" captionStartId="54.[146,187,1014,1031]" captionTargetBox="[165,1442,147,979]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Plate 19. Emargininae. Fig. 249, Thoreauella sp., USNMENT01022106. Fig. 250, Thoreauella sp., USNMENT01525887." pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Figs. 249 and 250</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FF6CCAC1FE21FA0F" blockId="54.[146,770,1190,1474]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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This unusual group of diminutive wasps has been variously classified, often as eucoilines.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C58FF96FE68CAE2FDB9FB3A" author="Ronquist, F." box="[406,564,1248,1268]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="139 - 164" refId="ref27728" refString="Ronquist, F. 1999. Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zool. Scr. 28: 139 - 164." type="journal article" year="1999">Ronquist (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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clarified the circumscription of the group and recognized them as their own subfamily (reviewed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C58FF96FEF3CB19FE36FAE1" author="Pujade-Villar, J." box="[269,443,1307,1327]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="18 - 65" refId="ref26801" refString="Pujade-Villar, J. 2019. Reclasificacion de los grandes taxa de Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera) desde Weld (1952) hasta 2017: la historia de una lucha evolutiva entre el parasitoidismo y la fitofagia. Folia Entomol. Mex. 5: 18 - 65." type="journal article" year="2019">Pujade-Villar 2019</bibRefCitation>
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). While typically rare in most parts of the world, they are a dominant figitid group in
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<collectingCountry id="F321F1856C58FF96FD9CCB3AFD5EFA82" box="[610,723,1336,1356]" name="Madagascar" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C58FF96FD1FCB3BFEBEFAA4" author="van Noort, S. & M. L. Buffington & M. Forshage" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref26147" refString="van Noort, S., M. L. Buffington, and M. Forshage. 2015. Afrotropical Cynipoidea. Zookeys. 493: 1 - 176. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 493.6353." type="journal article" year="2015">van Noort et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). Several genera have been described, but all have been synonymized under
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C58FF96FE6FCB71FDDCFA49" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1930" box="[401,593,1395,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Thoreauella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C58FF96FE6FCB71FE72FA49" box="[401,511,1395,1415]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Thoreauella</emphasis>
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Girault
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</taxonomicName>
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; considering that, nothing less than a world-wide revision would be able to find phylogenetically meaningful groups.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FF6CCBE1FE5BF9DA" blockId="54.[146,770,1507,1556]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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Biology. Host unknown, but adults have been collected from formicid refuse piles (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C58FF96FEA7C802FE44F9DA" author="Weld, L. H." box="[345,457,1536,1556]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="195 - 196" refId="ref28962" refString="Weld, L. H. 1960 b. A new genus in Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 62: 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Weld 1960b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FF6CC831FD8BF9AA" blockId="54.[146,770,1587,1636]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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Distribution. Pantropical and transgressing into Eastern Palearctic, but rarely collected outside
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<collectingCountry id="F321F1856C58FF96FE6FC852FD8FF9AA" box="[401,514,1616,1636]" name="Madagascar" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FF6CC881FE8BF921" blockId="54.[146,771,1667,1775]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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Relevant literature.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C58FF96FEA4C881FE76F959" author="Ronquist, F." box="[346,507,1667,1687]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="139 - 164" refId="ref27728" refString="Ronquist, F. 1999. Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zool. Scr. 28: 139 - 164." type="journal article" year="1999">Ronquist (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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circumscribed the group;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C58FF96FF6CC8A2FE9FF97A" author="Weld, L. H." box="[146,274,1696,1716]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="195 - 196" refId="ref28962" refString="Weld, L. H. 1960 b. A new genus in Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 62: 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Weld (1960b)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested species are ant associates.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA7CCE46C58FF96FD94C8A3FF5DF91C" author="van Noort, S. & M. L. Buffington & M. Forshage" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref26147" refString="van Noort, S., M. L. Buffington, and M. Forshage. 2015. Afrotropical Cynipoidea. Zookeys. 493: 1 - 176. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 493.6353." type="journal article" year="2015">Van Noort et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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reviewed the Afrotropical species and moved all species into
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C58FF96FF6CC8D9FE8DF921" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1930" box="[146,256,1755,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Thoreauella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C58FF96FF6CC8D9FE8DF921" box="[146,256,1755,1775]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Thoreauella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FF6CC912FE99F8EA" blockId="54.[146,276,1808,1828]" box="[146,276,1808,1828]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Classification.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FF4AC942FE3CF89A" blockId="54.[180,433,1856,1876]" box="[180,433,1856,1876]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C58FF96FF4AC942FE3CF89A" authority="Kovalev, 1994" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1994" box="[180,433,1856,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Emargininae">Emargininae Kovalev, 1994</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89B1156C58FF96FC9CCA7CFAFAFB5C" blockId="54.[866,1399,1150,1170]" box="[866,1399,1150,1170]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C36CA966C58FF96FC9CCA7CFBD8FB5C" authority="Girault, 1930" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1930" box="[866,1109,1150,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Thoreauella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9426D076C58FF96FC9CCA7CFC5DFB5C" box="[866,976,1150,1170]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Thoreauella</emphasis>
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Girault, 1930
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</taxonomicName>
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; 15 species pantropical ePAePA
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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