516 lines
78 KiB
XML
516 lines
78 KiB
XML
<document id="EC2F726D1DDD44F5FC02EC37166F1687" ID-CLB-Dataset="7746" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e42658a2-0e15-4e90-9bc5-0d00cbcbd781" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4605963" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:697FC553-E37B-4EF9-97A4-950E4DEE246C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615828395930" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Zouhri, Samir, Gingerich, Philip D., Khalloufi, Bouziane, Bourdon, Estelle, Adnet, Sylvain, Jouve, Stéphane, Elboudali, Najia, Amane, Ayoub, Rage, Jean-Claude & Tabuce, Rodolphe" docDate="2021" docId="03923C45FF92FF9E343DF8CDFDBE12E0" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.43.5.121-150.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 43 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pelagornis sp. Lartet 1857" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="141" masterDocId="FFAB443DFF81FF883018FFDFFF95166E" masterDocTitle="Middle Eocene vertebrate fauna from the Aridal Formation, Sabkha of Gueran, southwestern Morocco" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="121" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1698933443279" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:mods id="79C366204DBF7920F55D7A05AA643B43" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3BBB95FA97414D43D357D03EBF1B8678">
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<mods:title id="3C175C0C91068E866E09942EA183B616">Middle Eocene vertebrate fauna from the Aridal Formation, Sabkha of Gueran, southwestern Morocco</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="A8D32940C14A8C6A200F7CB4094A2A08" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6EE573DD70BDE24CCB84D99BD2818F6D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="71A77F90E5F7C93F588BB16925FE8C3B">Zouhri, Samir</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="3AF4BCA5AB5B48BB4E2CBC86DEEB5600" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E780F68FB87E228661903A80AA898E2F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="CAAAC82146C21688F9D26C80010C1F7F">Gingerich, Philip D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="3EA0C9CEC501BD5E67BF744D2EFD346F" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="47540E0501BF341FD8CD2A5DE523B4AB">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B7534A0597803F6ACD2C3E14EAE09037">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="29B985267A6A035E90E630BE20358227">Khalloufi, Bouziane</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="62FEEAA511E979B3EA0C436CB7BC7FF7" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="59D06B4EEF8B49F403A2571D715568A6">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8023826C7D635844281C88CE3B84FB1A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E4109FD62F86D72191B32561A6ACD768">Bourdon, Estelle</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="674F6F0BDD8BE91871E36B6902B4530A" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="9B4E71B4EA1FE76154CE734BD4BF341E">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C73429ECC80332C83063805A8FFCFC36">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3C595F3B3D180C62C278EFBB21C24755">Adnet, Sylvain</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="64FEDF1E7D5053FB5C43F44DEE7AE81F" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="E8487879D8973231DCCD50E25203D660">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D5D8D7674017A4A267694C7A9397B966">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0A765535586C9AB8562F2E558267D3D1">Jouve, Stéphane</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E6A7C67727A3D1EB040AAA0B9D655AE1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A6F94E3FEAC62E080E2CF0E7BAA3C2B4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1047F477BFEA919383F42D0F5B9D8E84">Elboudali, Najia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="4C24486F600DACAB1C9F72DE4947EA66" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="9BDCDA40845953F83D3DAD9650B4F63E">
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<mods:roleTerm id="61A0A715B044454F7E65003878A6450B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7B7D4F8F5AF784071B745248E5FBAFCB">Amane, Ayoub</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="FB92FD607853B443A9977EAC7C293C5C" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="FF85925E5BA44E52AF60E0F47B68308F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E084018B576BD37760B367BB1B9B7DE8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="145A80E4CECE45A99654C4F6481E0EAA">Rage, Jean-Claude</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="DF5F98E6A68B04121365CF682E05213B" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="665BF5152486D6774E92AA804378CAFB">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C68E3F08565461C43FC5D45FCC28F00D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="99803BBC08567857269CCBD2A42779BD">Tabuce, Rodolphe</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B155D9233038B8E2D9009A754780597B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="E9AED8486F00B6EDEC84314EA265F296" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A0674679F7F47848F884309432DED935">
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<mods:title id="C8BD0637BB006B0E422165746A37712F">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="92A03EFE2A6617F75E8E030609A0DBC3">
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<mods:date id="4F3AA91B54EABD1FBB495DC26ACBCF58">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="9301511256B3AD7F873DBB2A426C68C0" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="94D09C58549EC9BF2AEE99776FE5C1A4">2021-03-11</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="70D90F694EC1A724590EAD82DA8D1C1C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="45749371184901B4C43EB736325DBF91">43</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="1721C012AC07E6D6B1CE3735A6DE376A" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="0837FC06E6419E1BF4AE02994CBA8032">5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="B8131DA165AFB5DB5703ABE5F746D424" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="8CD59271F6AEC1DD1BF9BA98C0D93459">121</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="41EAFB83750D4A480EC8B4F259D47FFE">150</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="54F69A09820E2169871811E17BACE74E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D1E2DE6EC56CD73EE61D43228A5CCC3C" type="CLB-Dataset">7746</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8E20EA08B18B49AD532C2A0D8409AF01" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1A63D9FDEC2760E5E9A473A4DBBE9903" type="GBIF-Dataset">e42658a2-0e15-4e90-9bc5-0d00cbcbd781</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="916340128E1DDF591D588ABDC19594C3" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F16644686623CD34D5E20984A7AD25BE" type="Zenodo-Dep">4605963</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DDB089684B916F63A495D59788B85F86" type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:697FC553-E37B-4EF9-97A4-950E4DEE246C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03923C45FF92FF9E343DF8CDFDBE12E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4606653" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180569445" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4606653" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03923C45FF92FF9E343DF8CDFDBE12E0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03923C45FF92FF9E343DF8CDFDBE12E0" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
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<subSubSection id="C321DED8FF92FF9B343DF8CDFB221142" box="[1061,1207,1810,1836]" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B848D53FF92FF9B343DF8CDFB221142" blockId="19.[1061,1207,1810,1836]" box="[1061,1207,1810,1836]" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0CC3A3FFF92FF9B343DF8CDFB221142" box="[1061,1207,1810,1836]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF92FF9B343DF8CDFB041142" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[1061,1169,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sp.">
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF92FF9B343DF8CDFB041142" box="[1061,1169,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">Pelagornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C321DED8FF92FF9B3335F88FFAA011EC" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B848D53FF92FF9B3335F88FFAA011EC" blockId="19.[813,1455,1871,1922]" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
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EXAMINED MATERIAL. —
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<materialsCitation id="3B53870EFF92FF9B343BF890FAA011EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053068325" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">FSAC Bouj-373, distal portion of maxillary rostrum bearing pseudo-teeth (two fragments).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C321DED8FF92FF9E3335F841FDBE12E0" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="19" pageNumber="138" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B848D53FF92FF9C3335F841FC7F10A6" blockId="19.[813,1455,1950,2027]" lastBlockId="20.[812,1456,1632,1736]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">
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MEASUREMENTS (in mm; pseudo-teeth are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal).
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF92FF9B3536F867FAD211BE" bold="true" box="[1326,1351,1976,2000]" pageId="19" pageNumber="138">—</emphasis>
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Preserved length of proximal portion of maxillary rostrum = 163.0; preserved length of distal portion of maxillary rostrum = 86.0; minimum length of maxillary rostrum anterior to narial openings = 243.0; length between transverse furrow and tip of maxillary rostrum = 44.0; distance between rostral end of longitudinal sulcus (left side) and tip of maxillary rostrum = 19.2; distance between distalmost rank 1 pseudo-tooth (PT6) and tip of maxillary rostrum = 32.6; length between TPT2 (left side) and tip of maxillary rostrum = 14.0; height of maxillary rostrum (apex to culmen) at the level of PT6 = 23.4; maximal width of bill tip = 18.6; PT1, anteroposterior length at base = 6.0; PT1, height = 4.5; PT2, anteroposterior length at base = 3.7; PT2, height = 1.3; PT4, anteroposterior length at base = 13.6; PT4, height = 10.6; PT6, anteroposterior length at base = 10.3; PT6, height = 8.8; TPT1, anteroposterior length at base = 4.2; TPT1, height = 2.4; distance between PT1 and PT4 = 47.4; distance between PT1 and PT2 = 19.2; distance between PT2 and PT3 = 12.2; distance between PT3 and PT4 = 16.0; distance between PT5 and PT6 = 10.7; distance between PT6 and TPT1 = 10.2.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF44DDDBFF95FF9C309CFAA0FE3C1041" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605979" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4605979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605979/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="139" startId="20.[132,143,1407,1424]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1365]" targetPageId="20">
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<paragraph id="8B848D53FF95FF9C309CFAA0FE3C1041" blockId="20.[132,1457,1407,1583]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">
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FIG. 7. —
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF95FF9C30CFFAA0FEF113FE" authorityName="Hay, 1930 sensu Benton & Clark" authorityYear="1988" box="[215,356,1407,1424]" order="Crocodyliformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" rank="order">Crocodyliformes</taxonomicName>
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remains from Gueran:
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3231FAA0FDDD13FE" bold="true" box="[553,584,1407,1424]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">A -J</emphasis>
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, Eusuchia indet.:
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C32FAFAA0FD7A13FE" bold="true" box="[738,751,1407,1424]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">A</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-410, last cervical (ninth) vertebra in left lateral view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C353EFAA0FAA613FE" bold="true" box="[1318,1331,1407,1424]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">B</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ- 1b, anterior cervical vertebra in left lateral view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3205FA49FDBE13C9" bold="true" box="[541,555,1430,1447]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">C</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-400, posterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3450FA49FBC313C9" bold="true" box="[1096,1110,1430,1447]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">D</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-1a, first caudal vertebra in left lateral view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3108FA73FE8913D3" bold="true" box="[272,284,1452,1469]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">E</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-124, caudal vertebra in left lateral view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C32F5FA73FD6D13D3" bold="true" box="[749,760,1452,1469]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">F</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-94, osteoderm in dorsal view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C346EFA73FB1113D3" bold="true" box="[1142,1156,1452,1469]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">G</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-96, posterior portion of a dorsal osteoderm;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3151FA1CFEC213BA" bold="true" box="[329,343,1475,1492]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">H</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-96, lateral portion of a dorsal osteoderm in dorsal views;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C33AAFA1CFC2D13BA" bold="true" box="[946,952,1475,1492]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">I</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C33DAFA1CFC5913BA" bold="true" box="[962,972,1475,1492]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">J</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF95FF9C33CFFA1CFBF113BA" authorityName="Hay, 1930 sensu Benton & Clark" authorityYear="1988" box="[983,1124,1475,1492]" order="Crocodyliformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" rank="order">Crocodyliformes</taxonomicName>
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indet.:
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C34BBFA1CFB3C13BA" bold="true" box="[1187,1193,1475,1492]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">I</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-355, mid portion of a dentary in dorsal view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3169FA05FEEE1385" bold="true" box="[369,379,1498,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">J</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-406, posterior fragment of a left mandibular ramus in dorsal view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3436FA05FBDA1385" bold="true" box="[1070,1103,1498,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">K -P</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF95FF9C3442FA05FB2A1385" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1930" box="[1114,1215,1498,1515]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="138" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Gavialoidea">Gavialoidea</taxonomicName>
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indet.:
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3518FA05FA981385" bold="true" box="[1280,1293,1498,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">K</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-405, portion of a left dentary in dorsal view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C31C6FA2FFE7C106F" bold="true" box="[478,489,1520,1537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">L</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-402, mid portion of a right maxilla in ventral view;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3438FA2FFBA4106F" bold="true" box="[1056,1073,1520,1537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">M</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3425FA2FFBDE106F" bold="true" box="[1085,1099,1520,1537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">N</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-404, FSAC BOUJ-403 and FSAC BOUJ-401, anterior (
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3175F9D8FEEB1076" bold="true" box="[365,382,1543,1560]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">M</emphasis>
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) and mid portion (
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3203F9D8FDBC1076" bold="true" box="[539,553,1543,1560]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">N</emphasis>
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) of left maxilla in ventral views;
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C3322F9D8FCDC1076" bold="true" box="[826,841,1543,1560]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C334CF9D8FCF51076" bold="true" box="[852,864,1543,1560]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">P</emphasis>
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, FSAC BOUJ-407, posterior portion of a left maxilla in lateral (
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C356EF9D8FA101076" bold="true" box="[1398,1413,1543,1560]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
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) and ventral (
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF95FF9C30D1F9C1FF401041" bold="true" box="[201,213,1566,1583]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">P</emphasis>
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) views. Scale bar: 1 cm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B848D53FF95FF9C3335F92DFC281164" blockId="20.[810,1457,1778,2028]" box="[813,957,1778,1804]" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B848D53FF95FF9D3335F8CDFC92177C" blockId="20.[810,1457,1778,2028]" lastBlockId="21.[131,777,215,2028]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">
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Anatomical terminology followsBaumel &Witmer (1993), with English equivalents of the Latin nomenclature.FSAC Bouj-373 consists of two fragments of maxillary rostrum that are almost contiguous (
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<figureCitation id="130091D6FF95FF9C33A9F8AEFC7B11E5" box="[945,1006,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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G-K). The posterior fragment consists of a large portion of maxillary rostrum located anterior to the narial openings (
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<figureCitation id="130091D6FF95FF9C3384F86EFB8111A2" box="[924,1044,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="139">Fig. 6G, K</figureCitation>
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). It is mediolaterally crushed and only preserves part of the right side of the maxillary rostrum. The poorly distorted anterior fragment mainly preserves the right side of the maxillary rostrum and the tip of the beak (
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<figureCitation id="130091D6FF94FF9D328FFF28FD5A177F" box="[663,719,247,273]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Fig.6</figureCitation>
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H-J).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B848D53FF94FF9D3083FEC8FD6712A0" blockId="21.[131,777,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">
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As in other pseudo-toothed birds (
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D321FFEC8FD23175C" authorityName="Furbringer" authorityYear="1888" box="[519,694,279,306]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pelagornithidae</taxonomicName>
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), spikelike projections called pseudo-teeth are present along the tomial crest of the beak (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D31BEFE88FD04171F" author="LOUCHART A. & BUFFRENIL V. DE & BOURDON E. & DUMONT M. & VIRIOT L. & SIRE J. Y." box="[422,657,343,369]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="12952" refId="ref23013" refString="LOUCHART A., BUFFRENIL V. DE, BOURDON E., DUMONT M., VIRIOT L. & SIRE J. Y. 2018. - Bony pseudoteeth of extinct pelagic birds (Aves, Odontopterygiformes) formed through a response of bone cells to tooth-specific epithelial signals under unique conditions. Scientific Reports 8 (1): 12952. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 018 - 31022 - 3" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Louchart
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D320EFE87FDDB171F" box="[534,590,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The tips of preserved pseudo-teeth are eroded. In spite of the bad preservation, pseudo-teeth seem to be arranged in a regular pattern similar to that found in other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D3283FE69FC9217BE" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[667,775,438,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3283FE69FC9217BE" box="[667,775,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Pelagornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3095FE09FEB7179F" author="HOWARD H." box="[141,290,470,497]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref21880" refString="HOWARD H. 1957. - A gigantic " toothed " marine bird from the Miocene of California. Bulletin of Department of Geology, Santa Barbara Museum of National History 1: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1957">Howard 1957</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3136FE09FE53179E" author="STIDHAM T. A." box="[302,454,470,496]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="7 - 12" refId="ref25484" refString="STIDHAM T. A. 2004. - New skull material of Osteodontornis orri (Aves: Pelagornithidae) from the Miocene of California. Paleo- Bios 24 (2): 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="2004">Stidham 2004</bibRefCitation>
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; Mourer-Chauviré & Geraads 2008; Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3232FE29FD2E147E" author="KSEPKA D. T." box="[554,699,502,528]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka 2014</bibRefCitation>
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), with large rank 1 pseudo-teeth being separated by three smaller ones, the central rank 2 pseudo-tooth being larger than the adjacent rank 3 pseudo-teeth. In addition, rudimentary rank 4 pseudo-teeth occur in the middle of the space between rank 3 and rank 1-2 pseudo-teeth. In the Gueran specimen, the right tomial crest of the posterior fragment preserves four pseudo-teeth (
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<figureCitation id="130091D6FF94FF9D3143FD0AFE26149E" box="[347,435,725,752]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
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), including one medium-sized pseudo-tooth (PT1, rank 2) and one large pseudo-tooth (PT4, rank 1). A small pseudo-tooth (PT2, rank 3) and a tiny knob-like pseudo-tooth (PT3, rank 4) are located in the space between the larger pseudo-teeth (PT1 and PT4). The anterior portion of the maxillary rostrum preserves two pseudo-teeth on the right side (
|
|
<figureCitation id="130091D6FF94FF9D31ECFC4AFDC515C1" box="[500,592,917,943]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
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), including one rudimentary knob-like pseudo-tooth (PT5, rank 4) and one large pseudo-tooth (PT6, rank 1). Rank 1 to rank 3 pseudo-teeth are conical in shape and stand vertically. On the left side (
|
|
<figureCitation id="130091D6FF94FF9D3101FBCBFEF21241" box="[281,359,1044,1071]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Fig. 6J</figureCitation>
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), two tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1 and TT2) are located between the anterior tip of the rostrum and the first rank 1 pseudo-tooth. These tomial pseudo-teeth are sub-equal in size and more rounded than the other pseudoteeth. Only one tomial pseudo-tooth (TT1) is preserved on the right side, the anterior one (TT2) being broken.
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="8B848D53FF94FF9D3083FB0BFC45177C" blockId="21.[131,777,215,2028]" lastBlockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">
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Neurovascular foramina are visible on the bone surface. As in other pseudo-toothed birds, the lateral surface of the maxillary rostrum exhibits a deep longitudinal sulcus (
|
|
<figureCitation id="130091D6FF94FF9D3095FAECFE931320" box="[141,262,1331,1358]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Fig. 6G, H</figureCitation>
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), which roughly parallels the culmen just above mid-height of the maxillary rostrum, and curves down at the level of the first rank 1 pseudo-tooth. The anterior end of the longitudinal sulcus lies between the two tomial pseudo-teeth. The anterior tip of the bill is downturned and broadly rounded. It is set apart from the rest of the maxillary rostrum by a transverse furrow (
|
|
<figureCitation id="130091D6FF94FF9D324EFA2CFD3B1063" box="[598,686,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
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), which is positioned just posterior to the first large pseudo-tooth, as in other species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D3165F9EDFE7C1022" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[381,489,1586,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3165F9EDFE7C1022" box="[381,489,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Pelagornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D31E2F9EDFD0F1023" author="STIDHAM T. A." box="[506,666,1586,1613]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="7 - 12" refId="ref25484" refString="STIDHAM T. A. 2004. - New skull material of Osteodontornis orri (Aves: Pelagornithidae) from the Miocene of California. Paleo- Bios 24 (2): 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="2004">Stidham 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
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; Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3166F98DFD9A1002" author="KSEPKA D. T." box="[382,527,1618,1644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3207F98DFF2810E3" author="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="995188" refId="ref25405" refString="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D. 2015. - The earliest record (early Miocene) of a bony-toothed bird from South America and a reexamination of Venezuelan pelagornithids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (6): e 995188. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2014.995188" type="journal article" year="2015">Solórzano & Rincón 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
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). The transverse furrow was originally complete across the dorsal surface of the rostrum. However, the specimen only preserves the right side of this structure. The transverse furrow turns anteroventrally near the point where it joins the longitudinal sulcus. As in other pseudo-toothed birds, the ventral surface of the maxillary rostrum bears two longitudinal sulci for reception of mandibular tomial crests and deep fossae for reception of mandibular pseudoteeth (
|
|
<figureCitation id="130091D6FF94FF9D30D7F8AEFE8811E2" box="[207,285,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1540,1557]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-140@18.[698,1267,781,1349]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 6. — Serpentes and Aves from Sabkha of Gueran: A-F, Serpentes, vertebrae: A-E, FSAC Bouj-317, in anterior (A), right lateral (B), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views; F, FSAC Bouj-300 in anterior view; G-K, Aves from Sabkha of Gueran, Pelagornis sp. (Pelagornithidae), FSAC Bouj-373, two fragments of maxillary rostrum: G, K, posterior fragment in right lateral (G) and left lateral (K) views; H-J, tip of maxillary rostrum in right lateral (H), ventral (I) and left lateral (J) views. Abbreviations: c, culmen; fos, fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth; ls, longitudinal sulcus; plr, palatal ridge; r1-r4, rank 1-rank 4 pseudoteeth; tc, tomial crest; tf, transverse furrow. Pseudo-teeth (PT1-PT6) and tomial pseudo-teeth (TT1-TT2) are numbered consecutively from the most proximal to the most distal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4605977/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
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). A palatal ridge runs along the midline of the ventral surface and extends to the anterior tip of the beak. This palatal ridge is strongly convex and devoid of median sulcus, as in several fossils referable to
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D3285F80EFC9C1185" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[669,777,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3285F80EFC9C1185" box="[669,777,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Pelagornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D332EFF08FC50169F" author="SPULSKI B." box="[822,965,215,241]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="507 - 524" refId="ref25461" refString="SPULSKI B. 1910. - Odontopteryx longirostris n. sp. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 62: 507 - 524." type="journal article" year="1910">Spulski 1910</bibRefCitation>
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; Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D353CFF08FC2A177C" author="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="995188" refId="ref25405" refString="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D. 2015. - The earliest record (early Miocene) of a bony-toothed bird from South America and a reexamination of Venezuelan pelagornithids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (6): e 995188. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2014.995188" type="journal article" year="2015">Solórzano & Rincón 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B848D53FF94FF9D335BFEC8FB5912C0" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">
|
|
The pseudo-toothed birds (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D347EFEC8FA86175C" authorityName="Furbringer" authorityYear="1888" box="[1126,1299,279,306]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pelagornithidae</taxonomicName>
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|
) are an extinct group of large seabirds that included gigantic forms with wingspans above
|
|
<quantity id="4CC320B6FF94FF9D33E7FE88FBBB171F" box="[1023,1070,343,370]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
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(Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3335FEA8FC2917FF" author="KSEPKA D. T." box="[813,956,375,401]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Phylogenetic studies have shown that these highly specialized soaring birds are not part of the neoavian radiation (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D33BBFE69FBD217BF" author="BOURDON E." box="[931,1095,438,465]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="586 - 591" refId="ref19867" refString="BOURDON E. 2005. - Osteological evidence for sister group relationship between pseudo-toothed birds (Aves: Odontopterygiformes) and waterfowls (Anseriformes). Naturwissenschaften 92 (12): 586 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 005 - 0047 - 0" type="journal article" year="2005">Bourdon 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D344FFE68FB4117BF" author="MAYR G." box="[1111,1236,439,465]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="448 - 467" refId="ref23457" refString="MAYR G. 2011. - Cenozoic mystery birds - on the phylogenetic affinities of bony-toothed birds (Pelagornithidae). Zoologica scripta 40 (5): 448 - 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2011.00484" type="journal article" year="2011">Mayr 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D34FCFE68FA0B17BF" author="MAYR G. & PIETRI V. L. DE & LOVE L. & MANNERING A. & SCOFIELD R. P." box="[1252,1438,438,465]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref23731" refString="MAYR G., PIETRI V. L. DE, LOVE L., MANNERING A. & SCOFIELD R. P. 2019. - Oldest, smallest and phylogenetically most basal pelagornithid, from the early Paleocene of New Zealand, sheds light on the evolutionary history of the largest flying birds. Papers in Palaeontology: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1284" type="book chapter" year="2019">
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|
Mayr
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D353FFE68FAC817BE" box="[1319,1373,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2019
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Pelagornithids had a worldwide distribution and occur in late Paleocene to late Pliocene marine deposits (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3553FE29FCF3145F" author="HARRISON C. J. O." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="23 - 25" refId="ref21609" refString="HARRISON C. J. O. 1985. - A bony-toothed bird (Odontopterygiformes) from the Palaeocene of England. Tertiary Research 7 (1): 23 - 25." type="journal article" year="1985">Harrison 1985</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D336CFDC9FBCB145E" author="AVERIANOV A. O. & PANTELEYEVA V. & POTAPOVA O. R. & NESSOV L. A." box="[884,1118,534,560]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="3 - 12" refId="ref19268" refString="AVERIANOV A. O., PANTELEYEVA V., POTAPOVA O. R. & NESSOV L. A. 1991. - Bony-toothed birds (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Odontopterygia) from the late Paleocene and Eocene of the Western margin of ancient Asia. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences 239: 3 - 12." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
|
Averianov
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D33F2FDC8FB8B145E" box="[1002,1054,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1991
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Mourer-Chauviré & Geraads 2008;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D336CFDE9FBC4143E" author="BOURDON E. & AMAGHZAZ M. & BOUYA B." box="[884,1105,566,592]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref19920" refString="BOURDON E., AMAGHZAZ M. & BOUYA B. 2010. - Pseudotoothed birds (Aves, Odontopterygiformes) from the early Tertiary of Morocco. American Museum Novitates 3704: 1 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3704.2" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
|
Bourdon
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D33C6FDE8FB87143E" box="[990,1042,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2010
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3335FD89FBF5141E" author="BOESSENECKER R. W. & SMITH N. A." box="[813,1120,598,624]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="652 - 657" refId="ref19752" refString="BOESSENECKER R. W. & SMITH N. A. 2011. - Latest Pacific basin record of a bony-toothed bird (Aves, Pelagornithidae) from the Pliocene Purisima Formation of California, U. S. A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (3): 652 - 657. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2011.562268" type="journal article" year="2011">Boessenecker & Smith 2011</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3475FD89FADA141E" author="FITZGERALD E. M. G. & PARK T. & WORTHY T. H." box="[1133,1359,598,624]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="971 - 974" refId="ref20862" refString="FITZGERALD E. M. G., PARK T. & WORTHY T. H. 2012. - First giant bony-toothed bird (Pelagornithidae) from Australia. Journal Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (4): 971 - 974. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2012.664596" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
|
Fitzgerald
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D34C6FD88FA84141E" box="[1246,1297,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2012
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3578FD89FC3614FF" author="CENIZO M. & REGUERO M." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="870 - 881" refId="ref20540" refString="CENIZO M., HOSPITALECHEC. A. & REGUERO M. 2015. - Diversity of pseudo-toothed birds (Pelagornithidae) from the Eocene of Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology 89 (5): 870 - 881. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / jpa. 2015.48" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
|
Cenizo
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3335FDA8FCF614FE" box="[813,867,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2015
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D33ABFDA9FBF814FE" author="MAYR G. & PIETRI V. L. DE & LOVE L. & MANNERING A. & SCOFIELD R. P." box="[947,1133,630,656]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref23731" refString="MAYR G., PIETRI V. L. DE, LOVE L., MANNERING A. & SCOFIELD R. P. 2019. - Oldest, smallest and phylogenetically most basal pelagornithid, from the early Paleocene of New Zealand, sheds light on the evolutionary history of the largest flying birds. Papers in Palaeontology: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1284" type="book chapter" year="2019">
|
|
Mayr
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D33EFFDA8FBB914FE" box="[1015,1068,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2019
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Pseudo-toothed birds have an extensive stratigraphic range in Africa. Abundant pelagornithid remains assigned to the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D34E7FD69FCF3149E" authority="Owen, 1870" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1870" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Dasornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D34E7FD69FAC814A1" box="[1279,1373,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Dasornis</emphasis>
|
|
Owen, 1870
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are known from the late Paleocene (Thanetian)-early Eocene (Ypresian) phosphate deposits of the Oulad Abdoun Basin in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32CCDC3FF94FF9D339EFCC9FC72155E" box="[902,999,790,816]" name="Morocco" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D33EFFCCAFB591541" author="BOURDON E. & AMAGHZAZ M. & BOUYA B." box="[1015,1228,789,815]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref19920" refString="BOURDON E., AMAGHZAZ M. & BOUYA B. 2010. - Pseudotoothed birds (Aves, Odontopterygiformes) from the early Tertiary of Morocco. American Museum Novitates 3704: 1 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3704.2" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
|
Bourdon
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3445FCC9FB1B1541" box="[1117,1166,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2010
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). A sternum assigned to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D3354FCE9FBEB1521" authority="Andrews, 1916" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1916" box="[844,1150,821,848]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Gigantornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3354FCE9FC5E153E" box="[844,971,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Gigantornis</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D33CCFCEAFBEB1521" author="ANDREWS C. W." box="[980,1150,821,847]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="519 - 524" refId="ref19077" refString="ANDREWS C. W. 1916. - Note on the sternum of a large carinate bird from the (?) Eocene of Southern Nigeria. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1916: 519 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1916. tb 02030" type="journal article" year="1916">Andrews, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is known from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) Ameki Formation of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32CCDC3FF94FF9D34F4FC8AFAAB1501" box="[1260,1342,853,879]" name="Nigeria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3556FC8AFCFD15E1" author="ANDREWS C. W." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="519 - 524" refId="ref19077" refString="ANDREWS C. W. 1916. - Note on the sternum of a large carinate bird from the (?) Eocene of Southern Nigeria. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1916: 519 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1916. tb 02030" type="journal article" year="1916">Andrews 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Fragmentary wing bones tentatively assigned to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D3335FC4AFC3915C1" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1916" box="[813,940,917,943]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Gigantornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3335FC4AFC3915C1" box="[813,940,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Gigantornis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have been described from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) deposits of Kpogamé-Hahotoé,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32CCDC3FF94FF9D3539FC6AFACF15A1" box="[1313,1370,949,975]" name="Togo" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3575FC6AFB881581" author="BOURDON E. & CAPPETTA H." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="965 - 970" refId="ref19967" refString="BOURDON E. & CAPPETTA H. 2012. - Pseudo-toothed birds (Aves, Odontopterygiformes) from the Eocene phosphate deposits of Togo, Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (4): 965 - 970. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2012.676113" type="journal article" year="2012">Bourdon & Cappetta 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Indeterminate mandibular remains of pseudo-toothed birds are known from the late Eocene (Priabonian) deposits of the Samlat Formation in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32CCDC3FF94FF9D3556FBCAFA241241" box="[1358,1457,1045,1071]" name="Morocco" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D332FFBEBFB801220" author="ZOUHRI S. & KHALLOUFI B. & BOURDON E. & LAPPARENT DE BROIN F. DE & RAGE J. - C. & M'HAIDRAT L. & GINGERICH P. D. & DALI N." box="[823,1045,1076,1102]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="1596 - 1620" refId="ref26440" refString="ZOUHRI S., KHALLOUFI B., BOURDON E., LAPPARENT DE BROIN F. DE, RAGE J. - C., M'HAIDRAT L., GINGERICH P. D. & ELBOU- DALI N. 2017. - Marine vertebrate fauna from the late Eocene Samlat Formation of Ad-Dakhla, southwestern Morocco. Geological Magazine 155 (7): 1596 - 1620. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756817000759" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
|
Zouhri
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D338CFBEAFC5B1220" box="[916,974,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2017
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Cranial and postcranial remains assigned to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D33ADFB8BFB231201" authority="Lartet, 1857" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[949,1206,1108,1135]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D33ADFB8BFBB41200" box="[949,1057,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Pelagornis</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3431FB8AFB231201" author="LARTET E." box="[1065,1206,1108,1135]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="736 - 741" refId="ref22704" refString="LARTET E. 1857. - Note sur un humerus fossile d'oiseau, attribue a un tres grand palmipede de la section des Longipennes. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) 44: 736 - 741. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 3001 w / f 749. item" type="journal article" year="1857">Lartet, 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have been discovered in the late Pliocene deposits of Ahl Al Oughlam,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32CCDC3FF94FF9D3556FBAAFA2412E1" box="[1358,1457,1141,1167]" name="Morocco" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Mourer-Chauviré & Geraads 2008).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B848D53FF94FF9D335BFB6BFCE21042" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">
|
|
The Gueran specimen exhibits several diagnostic features of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D336FFB0BFBBD1280" authorityName="Furbringer" authorityYear="1888" box="[887,1064,1236,1262]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pelagornithidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
: tomial crest bearing pseudo-teeth arranged in a regular pattern; presence of longitudinal sulcus on the lateral surface of the maxillary rostrum; ventral surface of maxillary rostrum bearing deep fossae for reception of mandibular pseudo-teeth and median palatal ridge (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3374FAACFBD813E3" author="BOURDON E. & AMAGHZAZ M. & BOUYA B." box="[876,1101,1395,1421]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref19920" refString="BOURDON E., AMAGHZAZ M. & BOUYA B. 2010. - Pseudotoothed birds (Aves, Odontopterygiformes) from the early Tertiary of Morocco. American Museum Novitates 3704: 1 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3704.2" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
|
Bourdon
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D33CFFAABFB9913E3" box="[983,1036,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2010
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3335FA4BFBB913C3" author="MAYR G. & ZVONOK E." box="[813,1068,1427,1454]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="914 - 925" refId="ref23608" refString="MAYR G. & ZVONOK E. 2012. - A new genus and species of Pelagornithidae with well-preserved pseudodentition and further avian remains from the middle Eocene of the Ukraine. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (4): 914 - 925. https: // doi. org / 10.1 080 / 02724634.2012.676114" type="journal article" year="2012">Mayr & Zvonok 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3425FA4CFA9A13C0" author="CENIZO M. & REGUERO M." box="[1085,1295,1427,1454]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="870 - 881" refId="ref20540" refString="CENIZO M., HOSPITALECHEC. A. & REGUERO M. 2015. - Diversity of pseudo-toothed birds (Pelagornithidae) from the Eocene of Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology 89 (5): 870 - 881. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / jpa. 2015.48" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
|
Cenizo
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D348DFA4BFB5813C3" box="[1173,1229,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2015
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3538FA4CFC2A13A0" author="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="995188" refId="ref25405" refString="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D. 2015. - The earliest record (early Miocene) of a bony-toothed bird from South America and a reexamination of Venezuelan pelagornithids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (6): e 995188. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2014.995188" type="journal article" year="2015">Solórzano & Rincón 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The partial rostrum described here is from the upper middle Eocene (Bartonian), and constitute the second oldest record of the pseudo-toothed birds in North Africa.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B848D53FF94FF9D335BF9EDFB6711E2" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">
|
|
The first appearance of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D344DF9EDFB561022" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[1109,1219,1586,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D344DF9EDFB561022" box="[1109,1219,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Pelagornis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
comes from the late Oligocene of North America (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3493F98CFAD91002" author="MAYR G. & GOEDERT J. L. & MCLEOD S. A." box="[1163,1356,1618,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="922 - 929" refId="ref23664" refString="MAYR G., GOEDERT J. L. & MCLEOD S. A. 2013. - Partial skeleton of a bony-toothed bird from the late Oligocene / early Miocene of Oregon (USA) and the systematics of Neogene Pelagornithidae. Journal of Paleontology 87 (5): 922 - 929. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 13 - 025" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
|
Mayr
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D34C9F98CFA9C1002" box="[1233,1289,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2013
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3546F98DFCF310E2" author="KSEPKA D. T." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and its latest record is in the late Pliocene of North America and Africa (Mourer-Chauviré & Geraads 2008;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3335F96DFBFD10A2" author="BOESSENECKER R. W. & SMITH N. A." box="[813,1128,1714,1740]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="652 - 657" refId="ref19752" refString="BOESSENECKER R. W. & SMITH N. A. 2011. - Latest Pacific basin record of a bony-toothed bird (Aves, Pelagornithidae) from the Pliocene Purisima Formation of California, U. S. A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (3): 652 - 657. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2011.562268" type="journal article" year="2011">Boessenecker & Smith 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). With the exception of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32CCDC3FF94FF9D3564F96DFCED1082" name="Antarctica" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D339AF90DFC781082" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[898,1005,1746,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D339AF90DFC781082" box="[898,1005,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Pelagornis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
achieved a global distribution during the Neogene (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3381F92DFB801163" author="LARTET E." box="[921,1045,1778,1805]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="736 - 741" refId="ref22704" refString="LARTET E. 1857. - Note sur un humerus fossile d'oiseau, attribue a un tres grand palmipede de la section des Longipennes. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) 44: 736 - 741. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 3001 w / f 749. item" type="journal article" year="1857">Lartet 1857</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3439F92DFA8B1162" author="HOWARD H. & WARTER S. L." box="[1057,1310,1778,1804]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="345 - 357" refId="ref21917" refString="HOWARD H. & WARTER S. L. 1969. - A new species of bonytoothed bird (Family Pseudodontornithidae) from the Tertiary of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 8 (4): 345 - 357." type="journal article" year="1969">Howard & Warter 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3532F92DFA3D1163" author="OLSON S. L." box="[1322,1448,1778,1805]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="79 - 256" refId="ref24198" refString="OLSON S. L. 1985. - The fossil record of birds, in FARNER D. S., KING J. R. & PARKES K. C. (eds), Avian Biology. Vol. 8. Academic Press, New York: 79 - 256." type="book chapter" year="1985">Olson 1985</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3335F8CDFC351142" author="ONO K." box="[813,928,1810,1836]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="33 - 38" refId="ref24251" refString="ONO K. 1989. - A bony-toothed bird from the middle Miocene, Chichibu Basin. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 15 (1): 33 - 38." type="journal article" year="1989">Ono 1989</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D33B6F8CDFB021142" author="MATSUOKA H. & SAKAKURA F. & OHE F." box="[942,1175,1810,1836]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="246 - 252" refId="ref23347" refString="MATSUOKA H., SAKAKURA F. & OHE F. 1998. - A Miocene pseudodontorn (Pelecaniformes: Pelagornithidae) from the Ichishi Group of Misato, Mie Prefecture, Central Japan. Paleontological Research 2: 246 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / prpsj. 2.246" type="journal article" year="1998">
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Matsuoka
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D343BF8CDFBCD1142" box="[1059,1112,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
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1998
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D34BEF8CDFAD61142" author="STIDHAM T. A." box="[1190,1347,1810,1836]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="7 - 12" refId="ref25484" refString="STIDHAM T. A. 2004. - New skull material of Osteodontornis orri (Aves: Pelagornithidae) from the Miocene of California. Paleo- Bios 24 (2): 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="2004">Stidham 2004</bibRefCitation>
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; Mourer-
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3335F8EEFBC41122" author="CHAUVIRE C. & GERAADS D." box="[813,1105,1841,1868]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="169 - 194" refId="ref24017" refString="MOURER- CHAUVIRE C. & GERAADS D. 2008. - The Struthionidae and Pelagornithidae (Aves: Struthioniformes, Odontopterygiformes) from the late Pliocene of Ahl al Oughlam, Morocco. Oryctos 7: 169 - 194." type="journal article" year="2008">Chauviré & Geraads 2008</bibRefCitation>
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|
; Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D3335F88EFBF21102" author="BOESSENECKER R. W. & SMITH N. A." box="[813,1127,1873,1900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="652 - 657" refId="ref19752" refString="BOESSENECKER R. W. & SMITH N. A. 2011. - Latest Pacific basin record of a bony-toothed bird (Aves, Pelagornithidae) from the Pliocene Purisima Formation of California, U. S. A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (3): 652 - 657. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2011.562268" type="journal article" year="2011">Boessenecker & Smith 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D346EF88EFACB1102" author="FITZGERALD E. M. G. & PARK T. & WORTHY T. H." box="[1142,1374,1873,1900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="971 - 974" refId="ref20862" refString="FITZGERALD E. M. G., PARK T. & WORTHY T. H. 2012. - First giant bony-toothed bird (Pelagornithidae) from Australia. Journal Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (4): 971 - 974. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2012.664596" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Fitzgerald
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D34F2F88DFA8A1105" box="[1258,1311,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D356BF88DFC3711E5" author="MAYR G. & GOEDERT J. L. & MCLEOD S. A." pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="922 - 929" refId="ref23664" refString="MAYR G., GOEDERT J. L. & MCLEOD S. A. 2013. - Partial skeleton of a bony-toothed bird from the late Oligocene / early Miocene of Oregon (USA) and the systematics of Neogene Pelagornithidae. Journal of Paleontology 87 (5): 922 - 929. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 13 - 025" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Mayr
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|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3335F8ADFCF711E5" box="[813,866,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
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2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF94FF9D33A2F8AEFB7411E2" author="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D." box="[954,1249,1905,1932]" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" pagination="995188" refId="ref25405" refString="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D. 2015. - The earliest record (early Miocene) of a bony-toothed bird from South America and a reexamination of Venezuelan pelagornithids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (6): e 995188. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2014.995188" type="journal article" year="2015">Solórzano & Rincón 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="8B848D53FF94FF9E335BF84EFEE9157E" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" lastBlockId="22.[131,775,215,1167]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">
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|
The taxonomic assignment of the Gueran specimen to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF94FF9D3337F86EFC0911A5" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[815,924,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF94FF9D3337F86EFC0911A5" box="[815,924,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="140">Pelagornis</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
is based on the presence of a transverse furrow positioned just posterior to the first large pseudo-tooth, which is a diagnostic feature of the genus (Mayr & Rubilar- Rogers 2010). Such a transverse furrow is absent in the early Paleocene
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E3129FEC8FDA4175F" box="[305,561,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Protodontopteryx ruthae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E3220FEC7FE5F173F" author="MAYR G. & PIETRI V. L. DE & LOVE L. & MANNERING A. & SCOFIELD R. P." pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref23731" refString="MAYR G., PIETRI V. L. DE, LOVE L., MANNERING A. & SCOFIELD R. P. 2019. - Oldest, smallest and phylogenetically most basal pelagornithid, from the early Paleocene of New Zealand, sheds light on the evolutionary history of the largest flying birds. Papers in Palaeontology: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1284" type="book chapter" year="2019">Mayr, Pietri, Love, Mannering & Scofield, 2019</bibRefCitation>
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(
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E31C5FEE8FD0F173F" author="MAYR G. & PIETRI V. L. DE & LOVE L. & MANNERING A. & SCOFIELD R. P." box="[477,666,311,337]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref23731" refString="MAYR G., PIETRI V. L. DE, LOVE L., MANNERING A. & SCOFIELD R. P. 2019. - Oldest, smallest and phylogenetically most basal pelagornithid, from the early Paleocene of New Zealand, sheds light on the evolutionary history of the largest flying birds. Papers in Palaeontology: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1284" type="book chapter" year="2019">
|
|
Mayr
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E323AFEE7FDCD173F" box="[546,600,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2019
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), the late Paleocene/early Eocene
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E318BFE87FEEF17FF" authority="(Owen, 1873) (Bourdon et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Dasornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toliapicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E318BFE87FDCA171F" box="[403,607,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Dasornis toliapicus</emphasis>
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|
(Owen, 1873) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E3096FEA8FEFA17FF" author="BOURDON E. & AMAGHZAZ M. & BOUYA B." box="[142,367,375,401]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref19920" refString="BOURDON E., AMAGHZAZ M. & BOUYA B. 2010. - Pseudotoothed birds (Aves, Odontopterygiformes) from the early Tertiary of Morocco. American Museum Novitates 3704: 1 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3704.2" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Bourdon
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|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E30E1FEA8FEBB17FF" box="[249,302,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2010
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and the middle Eocene
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E3289FEA8FDD417DF" authority="Mayr & Zvonok, 2021" authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2021" class="Aves" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Lutetodontopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tethyensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E3289FEA8FED417DE" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Lutetodontopteryx tethyensis</emphasis>
|
|
Mayr & Zvonok, 2021
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E324AFE48FF2817BF" author="MAYR G. & ZVONOK E." pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="914 - 925" refId="ref23608" refString="MAYR G. & ZVONOK E. 2012. - A new genus and species of Pelagornithidae with well-preserved pseudodentition and further avian remains from the middle Eocene of the Ukraine. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (4): 914 - 925. https: // doi. org / 10.1 080 / 02724634.2012.676114" type="journal article" year="2012">Mayr & Zvonok 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In addition, in FSAC Bouj-373, several features including pseudo-tooth pattern, presence of tomial pseudoteeth, down-curved bill and convex median palatal ridge, match well with species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E3184FDC9FD91145E" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[412,516,534,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E3184FDC9FD91145E" box="[412,516,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Pelagornis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E320CFDC9FD35145E" author="SPULSKI B." box="[532,672,534,560]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="507 - 524" refId="ref25461" refString="SPULSKI B. 1910. - Odontopteryx longirostris n. sp. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 62: 507 - 524." type="journal article" year="1910">Spulski 1910</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E32B4FDC9FF29143E" author="STIDHAM T. A." pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="7 - 12" refId="ref25484" refString="STIDHAM T. A. 2004. - New skull material of Osteodontornis orri (Aves: Pelagornithidae) from the Miocene of California. Paleo- Bios 24 (2): 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="2004">Stidham 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Mourer-Chauviré & Geraads 2008; Mayr & Rubilar- Rogers 2010;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E313CFD89FE2D141E" author="KSEPKA D. T." box="[292,440,598,624]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E31D0FD89FD63141F" author="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D." box="[456,758,598,625]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="995188" refId="ref25405" refString="SOLORZANO A. & RINCON A. D. 2015. - The earliest record (early Miocene) of a bony-toothed bird from South America and a reexamination of Venezuelan pelagornithids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (6): e 995188. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 02724634.2014.995188" type="journal article" year="2015">Solórzano & Rincón 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The earliest ascertained record of the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E3299FDA9FD7B14FE" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[641,750,630,656]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E3299FDA9FD7B14FE" box="[641,750,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Pelagornis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is late Oligocene (Chattian) in age (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E31EAFD49FD1414DE" author="KSEPKA D. T." box="[498,641,662,688]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The specimen from Gueran is upper middle Eocene (Bartonian) in age and extends the fossil record of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E3206FD0AFD1E1481" authorityName="Lartet" authorityYear="1857" box="[542,651,725,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E3206FD0AFD1E1481" box="[542,651,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Pelagornis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
back by at least 10 million years.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B848D53FF97FF9E3083FCCAFDBE12E0" blockId="22.[131,775,215,1167]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">
|
|
The anterior hook of the beak is longer in FSAC Bouj- 373 than in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E311FFCEAFDC2153E" authority="(Howard, 1957)" baseAuthorityName="Howard" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[263,599,821,848]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orri">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E311FFCEAFE0A1521" box="[263,415,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Pelagornis orri</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E31B5FCEAFDDA153E" author="HOWARD H." box="[429,591,821,848]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref21880" refString="HOWARD H. 1957. - A gigantic " toothed " marine bird from the Miocene of California. Bulletin of Department of Geology, Santa Barbara Museum of National History 1: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1957">Howard, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E327FFCEAFC95153E" author="HOWARD H." box="[615,768,821,848]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref21880" refString="HOWARD H. 1957. - A gigantic " toothed " marine bird from the Miocene of California. Bulletin of Department of Geology, Santa Barbara Museum of National History 1: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1957">Howard 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E309CFC8AFE891501" author="STIDHAM T. A." box="[132,284,853,879]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="7 - 12" refId="ref25484" refString="STIDHAM T. A. 2004. - New skull material of Osteodontornis orri (Aves: Pelagornithidae) from the Miocene of California. Paleo- Bios 24 (2): 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="2004">Stidham 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E314DFC8AFF5C15E1" authority="Ksepka, 2014" authorityName="Ksepka" authorityYear="2014" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandersi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E314DFC8AFD861501" box="[341,531,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Pelagornis sandersi</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E3200FC8AFD3F1501" author="KSEPKA D. T." box="[536,682,853,879]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E32A1FC8AFF2815E1" author="KSEPKA D. T." pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Moreover, the presence of two tomial pseudo-teeth on either side of the anterior end of the longitudinal sulcus is similar to the condition found in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E3217FC6AFC9215A1" authority="(Stidham 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Stidham" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[527,775,949,975]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orri">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E3217FC6AFDC515A0" box="[527,592,949,974]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">P. orri</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E3278FC6AFD6815A1" author="STIDHAM T. A." box="[608,765,949,975]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="7 - 12" refId="ref25484" refString="STIDHAM T. A. 2004. - New skull material of Osteodontornis orri (Aves: Pelagornithidae) from the Miocene of California. Paleo- Bios 24 (2): 7 - 12." type="journal article" year="2004">Stidham 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E30A2FC0BFC921581" authority="Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers, 2010" authorityName="Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers" authorityYear="2010" box="[186,775,980,1007]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilensis">
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|
<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E30A2FC0BFE071580" box="[186,402,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">Pelagornis chilensis</emphasis>
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Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers, 2010
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</taxonomicName>
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(Mayr & Rubilar-Rogers 2010). In contrast, in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BF6D0FF97FF9E328AFC2AFD6A1260" authorityName="Ksepka" authorityYear="2014" box="[658,767,1012,1038]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelagornithidae" genus="Pelagornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandersi">
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<emphasis id="B94F5141FF97FF9E328AFC2AFD6A1260" box="[658,767,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="141">P. sandersi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, there is only one tomial pseudo-tooth between the tip of the beak and the first large pseudo-tooth (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAAF0A2FF97FF9E327CFBEBFD631220" author="KSEPKA D. T." box="[612,758,1076,1102]" pageId="22" pageNumber="141" pagination="10624 - 10629" refId="ref22512" refString="KSEPKA D. T. 2014. - Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (29): 10624 - 10629. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1320297111" type="journal article" year="2014">Ksepka 2014</bibRefCitation>
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|
). However, the fragmentary nature of FSAC Bouj-373 precludes assignment to the species level.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |