292 lines
35 KiB
XML
292 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="21BE105D7FCD3A98C1CC811DD6D7B26D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3055.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9bf75c7-70e5-4d32-b25d-77b45ed25187" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="278914" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1460398265123" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ríos, Sergio D. & González, Jorge M." docDate="2011" docId="03C4E64DFFB8D92CFF366C63FBA3FB0A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03055p061.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3055" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Gazera heliconioides subsp. micha H. Druce 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFFD9E35FFB2D927FFA16B45FFF5FFED" masterDocTitle="A synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Paraguay" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="53" updateTime="1707815058832" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B9DACD080B69ED352D3E7B91C7A16B48">
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<mods:title id="699F67BECCDA0F0E5864B0F65A7D99DB">A synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Paraguay</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8A1893F1F756AEE9A0F56348AEAAAF29">Ríos, Sergio D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="21A01072533B7D38B6FACC077FC13C4C">González, Jorge M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5FB8A844D24D5BF8331C23141BE86AA3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E8EBD7400E203FC4F10E9A405A91682F">
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<mods:date id="7FE4BEC15D9C40D900E6F3E08695970F">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="57334FEB5717D932E5F131D990A30314">2011-10-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F686A1CC5600AD1574101EC774CDF774">3055</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C4E64DFFB8D92CFF366C63FBA3FB0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6188126" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119418823" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6188126" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4E64DFFB8D92CFF366C63FBA3FB0A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4E64DFFB8D92CFF366C63FBA3FB0A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
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<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF366C63FD49F8AD" box="[151,700,1830,1856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF366C63FD49F8AD" blockId="10.[151,700,1830,1889]" box="[151,700,1830,1856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
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<heading id="D09AE037FFB8D92DFF366C63FD49F8AD" bold="true" box="[151,700,1830,1856]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFF366C63FD49F8AD" ID-CoL="3FG3V" authority="H. Druce, 1896" authorityName="H. Druce" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,700,1830,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="heliconioides" subSpecies="micha">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF366C63FD49F8AD" bold="true" box="[151,700,1830,1856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF366C63FE13F8AD" bold="true" box="[151,486,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Gazera heliconioides micha</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFE576C63FD41F8AD" author="Druce, H." box="[502,692,1830,1856]" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="28 - 42" part="17" refId="ref11877" refString="Druce, H. (1896) Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 6, 17 (99), 28 - 42." title="Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera" type="journal article" year="1896">H. Druce, 1896</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF366C0CFF0CF88C" box="[151,249,1865,1889]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF366C0CFF0CF88C" blockId="10.[151,700,1830,1889]" box="[151,249,1865,1889]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13564BDEFFB8D92DFF3E6C0CFF05F88C" box="[159,240,1865,1889]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 16" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1843,1866]" captionTargetBox="[180,1420,265,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1822]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 16. Adults of Castniidae. 10. Ceretes marcelserres (Godart), 3, Misiones, Argentina (CFP); 11, Ceretes marcelserres (Godart), Ƥ, Misiones, Argentina (CFP); 12. Prometheus cochrus (Fabricius), 3, Brazil (FMNH); 13. Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce), 3, Sapucay, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 14. Frostetola gramivora (Schaus), 3, Alto Paraná, Paraguay (DZUP); 15. Paysandisia archon (Burmeister), 3, Spain (RVC); 16. Yagra fonscolombe (Godart), 3, Brazil (FMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278917/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF366CD7FE28F84A" box="[151,477,1937,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF366CD7FE28F84A" blockId="10.[151,477,1937,1959]" box="[151,477,1937,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFF366CD7FE28F84A" ID-CoL="967KR" authority="H. Druce, 1896" authorityName="H. Druce" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,477,1937,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micha">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF366CD7FEDFF84A" box="[151,298,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Castnia micha</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFE996CD7FE23F84A" author="Druce, H." box="[312,470,1937,1959]" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="28 - 42" part="17" refId="ref11877" refString="Druce, H. (1896) Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 6, 17 (99), 28 - 42." title="Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera" type="journal article" year="1896">H. Druce, 1896</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF366BD2FF23FF1A" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF366BD2FF23FF1A" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF366BD2FE89FF5D" bold="true" box="[151,380,151,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
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Described in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFD326BDDFD1FFF42" ID-CoL="924QQ" box="[659,746,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFD326BDDFD1FFF42" box="[659,746,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Castnia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFCB96BDDFC45FF42" author="Druce, H." box="[792,944,151,175]" firstAuthor="Druce" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="28 - 42" part="17" refId="ref11877" refString="Druce, H. (1896) Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 6, 17 (99), 28 - 42." title="Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera" type="journal article" year="1896">Druce (1896)</bibRefCitation>
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but later included in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFABC6BDDFA82FF5D" ID-CoL="9247F" box="[1309,1399,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cabirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFABC6BDDFA82FF5D" box="[1309,1399,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Cabirus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFF366BF9FEA7FF39" author="Houlbert, C." box="[151,338,188,212]" firstAuthor="Houlbert" journalOrPublisher="Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 730" part="15" refId="ref12497" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." title="Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae" type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFEFF6BF9FE0CFF39" author="Talbot, G." box="[350,505,188,212]" firstAuthor="Talbot" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="28 - 34" part="26" refId="ref13650" refString="Talbot, G. (1919) Review of a monograph of the " Castniinae ". Novitates Zoologicae, 26, 28 - 34." title="Review of a monograph of the " Castniinae" type="journal article" year="1919">Talbot (1919)</bibRefCitation>
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mentions that
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFD046BF9FD1CFF39" ID-CoL="967KR" box="[677,745,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micha">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFD046BF9FD1CFF39" box="[677,745,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">micha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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“can only be considered as a race and not as a distinct species”.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF646A46FED6FDB2" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF646A46FED6FDB2" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF646A46FEABFEF1" bold="true" box="[197,350,259,284]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Distribution.</emphasis>
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This subspecies is known from
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<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFD776A41FCDEFEF1" box="[726,811,260,284]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFC986A40FC54FEF0" box="[825,929,261,285]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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and South East
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<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFBC06A41FB50FEF1" box="[1121,1189,260,284]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFB176A41FAB6FEF1" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[1206,1347,260,284]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFAF06A40FF27FED2" author="Lamas, G." firstAuthor="Lamas" journalOrPublisher="Revista Peruana de Entomologia" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="73 - 87" part="37" refId="ref12831" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." title="A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera)" type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFF406A62FE54FED2" author="Rothschild, W." box="[225,417,295,319]" firstAuthor="Rothschild" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 27" part="26" refId="ref13413" refString="Rothschild, W. (1919) Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur´s monograph of Castniidae By Talbot & Prout. Novitates Zoologicae, 26, 1 - 27." title="Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur´s monograph of Castniidae By Talbot & Prout" type="journal article" year="1919">Rothschild 1919</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFE196A6DFD89FED2" author="Jorgensen, P." box="[440,636,295,320]" firstAuthor="Jorgensen" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="175 - 180" part="3" refId="ref12562" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1930) Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 3 (14), 175 - 180." title="Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1930">Jörgensen (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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states that it is common in all the Eastern region of
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<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFB4F6A6DFAADFEAD" box="[1262,1368,296,320]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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. It is, apparently, together with
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFE176A08FD27FE89" box="[438,722,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="invaria" subSpecies="penelope">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFE176A08FD27FE89" box="[438,722,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Castnia invaria penelope</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the commonest castniid species in
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<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFBC76A08FB25FE88" box="[1126,1232,333,357]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFB7A6A08FA69FE89" author="Jorgensen, P." box="[1243,1436,332,357]" firstAuthor="Jorgensen" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="175 - 180" part="3" refId="ref12562" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1930) Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 3 (14), 175 - 180." title="Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1930">Jörgensen (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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mentions that it flies in forested areas, near bromeliads (
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFCAA6A35FC87FE65" box="[779,882,368,392]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Bromelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFCAA6A35FC87FE65" box="[779,882,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Bromelia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. and
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFC6E6A35FBD6FE65" box="[975,1059,368,392]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Ananas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFC6E6A35FBD6FE65" box="[975,1059,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Ananas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.). It is frequently found perching close to the ground at the base of leaves or grasses and the way the moth rests and its wing and body coloration (
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<figureCitation id="13564BDEFFB9D92CFF3E6AF2FF04FE22" box="[159,241,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 21" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[196,1401,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[196,1401,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 21. Adults of Castniidae are seeing here while perching in the typical stegopterous position. 20. Synpalamides rubrophalaris (Houlbert) on an unidentified Arum (Araceae) leaf (Alto Paraná, Estancia Dimes) (Picture: Ulf Drechsel). 21. Gazera heliconioides micha (H. Druce) on a twig, close to the soil surface (Amambay, Cerro Corá) (Picture: Sergio Ríos)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278919/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
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b) allows it to “disappear” in the surroundings. The first author observed individuals flying in urban places of Asunción, the capital city of
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<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFDA16A98FD9FFE18" box="[512,618,477,501]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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. He also observed them flying in Sapucay, Paraguarí Department and in Cerro Corá, Amambay Department. Ulf Drechsel (pers. comm.) collected and observed specimens in Sapucay, Paraguarí Department, and in Areguá, Central Department; while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFC2A6961FBBEFDD1" author="Contreras, A. O." box="[907,1099,548,572]" firstAuthor="Contreras" journalOrPublisher="Azariana" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="18 - 22" part="1" refId="ref11808" refString="Contreras, A. O. (2009) Registros de Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce, 1896) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) en la Ecoregion del Neembucu, Paraguay. Azariana, 1 (4), 18 - 22." title="Registros de Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce, 1896) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) en la Ecoregion del Neembucu, Paraguay" type="journal article" year="2009">Contreras (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
collected them in Ñeembucú Department.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF64692EFCECFC49" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF64692EFADCFD21" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF64692EFE3CFD69" bold="true" box="[197,457,619,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Biology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Like all taxa in the genus, they have a close resemblance to members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFAA06928FF14FD4A" authority="Doubleday" authorityName="Doubleday" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lycorea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFAA06928FAAEFD69" box="[1281,1371,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Lycorea</emphasis>
|
||
Doubleday
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFF5169CAFE78FD4A" box="[240,397,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFE3869CAFDF2FD4A" box="[409,519,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Danainae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFDBB69D5FD23FD4A" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[538,726,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Thyridia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFDBB69D5FD8EFD45" box="[538,635,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Thyridia</emphasis>
|
||
Hübner
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFCAF69D5FC01FD4A" authority="Doubleday" authorityName="Doubleday" box="[782,1012,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Methona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFCAF69D5FC87FD45" box="[782,882,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Methona</emphasis>
|
||
Doubleday
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFBA269CAFB55FD4A" box="[1027,1184,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFB0A69CAFAEDFD4A" box="[1195,1304,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Danainae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFA8269CAFA65FD4A" box="[1315,1424,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ithomiini">Ithomiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFF4269F1FD83FD21" authority="Swainson" authorityName="Swainson" box="[227,630,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Notophyson" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heliconides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF4269F1FE05FD21" box="[227,496,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Notophyson heliconides</emphasis>
|
||
(Swainson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFD2469F1FD1BFD21" box="[645,750,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFD5969F1FC96FD21" box="[760,867,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arctiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFCCE69F1FC11FD21" box="[879,996,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pericopini">Pericopini</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFC5B69F1FB71FD21" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[1018,1156,692,716]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFB2E69F0FAE8FD21" author="Lamas, G." bookContentInfo="225 pp." box="[1167,1309,692,716]" firstAuthor="Lamas" journalOrPublisher="Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="ref12754" refString="Lamas, G. (1973) Taxonomia e evolucao dos generos Ituna Doubleday (Danainae) e Paititia, gen. n., Thyridia Hubner e Methona Doubleday (Ithominae). Ph. D. thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. 225 pp." title="Taxonomia e evolucao dos generos Ituna Doubleday (Danainae) e Paititia, gen. n., Thyridia Hubner e Methona Doubleday (Ithominae). Ph. D. thesis" type="book" year="1973">Lamas 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF64699DFCECFC49" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Two males were observed by the first author in Paraguarí and Amambay Departments, while flying low and slowly, along paths surrounded with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFD9069B9FCCBFCF9" authority="Mez" authorityName="Mez" box="[561,830,764,788]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Bromelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balansae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFD9069B9FCF6FCF9" box="[561,771,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Bromelia balansae</emphasis>
|
||
Mez
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which allowed for easy collection. They also perched close to the ground (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13564BDEFFB9D92CFEDB685AFE38FCDA" box="[378,461,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 21" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[196,1401,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[196,1401,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 21. Adults of Castniidae are seeing here while perching in the typical stegopterous position. 20. Synpalamides rubrophalaris (Houlbert) on an unidentified Arum (Araceae) leaf (Alto Paraná, Estancia Dimes) (Picture: Ulf Drechsel). 21. Gazera heliconioides micha (H. Druce) on a twig, close to the soil surface (Amambay, Cerro Corá) (Picture: Sergio Ríos)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278919/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). These observations clearly contrast with those made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFBF0685AFAFAFCDA" author="Contreras, A. O." box="[1105,1295,799,823]" firstAuthor="Contreras" journalOrPublisher="Azariana" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="18 - 22" part="1" refId="ref11808" refString="Contreras, A. O. (2009) Registros de Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce, 1896) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) en la Ecoregion del Neembucu, Paraguay. Azariana, 1 (4), 18 - 22." title="Registros de Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce, 1896) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) en la Ecoregion del Neembucu, Paraguay" type="journal article" year="2009">Contreras (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in more disturbed habitats, where specimens were found flying fast, strongly and very high (
|
||
<quantity id="4C95FABEFFB9D92CFB9A6801FB70FCB1" box="[1083,1157,836,860]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7–8 m</quantity>
|
||
above ground).The host plant is unknown, but we suspect that the larvae feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFCB6682DFC8BFC6D" box="[791,894,872,896]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Bromelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFCB6682DFC8BFC6D" box="[791,894,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Bromelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFBAA682DFBAAFC6D" box="[1035,1119,872,896]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Ananas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFBAA682DFBAAFC6D" box="[1035,1119,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Ananas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFB3D6822FAAEFC92" author="Contreras, A. O." box="[1180,1371,871,895]" firstAuthor="Contreras" journalOrPublisher="Azariana" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="18 - 22" part="1" refId="ref11808" refString="Contreras, A. O. (2009) Registros de Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce, 1896) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) en la Ecoregion del Neembucu, Paraguay. Azariana, 1 (4), 18 - 22." title="Registros de Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce, 1896) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) en la Ecoregion del Neembucu, Paraguay" type="journal article" year="2009">Contreras (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentions that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFEA468C9FE64FC49" box="[261,401,908,932]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Orchidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
could also be hosts of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF6468EAFBA3FB0A" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF6468EAFBA3FB0A" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF6468EAFE4CFC25" bold="true" box="[197,441,943,968]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
13,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFDA668F5FCF8FC2A" authority="Druce" authorityName="Druce" box="[519,781,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFDA668F5FD40FC25" box="[519,693,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Castnia micha</emphasis>
|
||
Druce
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 494,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFCC768F5FC3BFC25" box="[870,974,944,968]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB9D92CFC4868EAFBB5FC2A" box="[1001,1088,943,967]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">SMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFBFC68EAFAEEFC25" bold="true" box="[1117,1307,943,968]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">CORDILLERA</emphasis>
|
||
: Caacupé,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFF366891FEE2FC01" box="[151,279,980,1004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="1969-09-22">22.IX.1969</date>
|
||
(FCA/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFECA6891FE67FC01" box="[363,402,980,1004]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">DE</collectingCountry>
|
||
); 1Ƥ, Atyrá,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFD8C6891FD77FC01" box="[557,642,980,1004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="2002-10">X.2002</date>
|
||
, Coll. C.Aguilar (MNHNPY).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFC466896FBADFC01" bold="true" box="[999,1112,979,1004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">GUAIRÁ</emphasis>
|
||
: 233,1Ƥ, “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFB466891FAA6FC01" box="[1255,1363,980,1004]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Independencia”, A. Breyer Collection (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB9D92CFDBB68B2FDACFBE2" box="[538,601,1015,1039]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">MLP</collectionCode>
|
||
); 13, 1Ƥ, Carlos Pfannl,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFCD268BDFC29FBFD" box="[883,988,1016,1040]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, no date (TPC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFB3368B2FAC1FBFD" bold="true" box="[1170,1332,1015,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">CAAGUAZÚ</emphasis>
|
||
: Coronel Oviedo,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFF5B6F59FE84FBD9" box="[250,369,1052,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="1972-10-25">25.X.1972</date>
|
||
(FCA/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFE646F59FE19FBD9" box="[453,492,1052,1076]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">DE</collectingCountry>
|
||
); 13, “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFDE06F59FD58FBD9" box="[577,685,1052,1076]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Caa-Guazú”,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFCF76F59FC35FBD9" box="[854,960,1052,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="1948-12">XII-1948</date>
|
||
, Coll. F.H. Schade, A. Breyer Collection (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB9D92CFF3E6F7AFF14FBBA" box="[159,225,1087,1111]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">MLP</collectionCode>
|
||
);.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF5B6F7AFE56FBB5" bold="true" box="[250,419,1087,1112]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">PARAGUARÍ</emphasis>
|
||
: 13, Sapucay.
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFDF26F7AFD3AFBBA" box="[595,719,1087,1111]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="2008-10-08">8. X. 2008</date>
|
||
. Coll. S.Ríos (MNHNPY); 13, Sapucay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFB0B6F05FAE7FBB5" box="[1194,1298,1088,1112]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFABA6F7AFA6DFBBA" box="[1307,1432,1087,1111]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="1997-11-08">8.XI. 1997</date>
|
||
. Coll. U. Drechsel (MNHNPY); 13, Sapucay,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFD026F21FD0FFB91" box="[675,762,1124,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="1924-10">Oct. 24</date>
|
||
, [1]900 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB9D92CFCC26F21FC2DFB91" box="[867,984,1124,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">NHMUM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFC4D6F26FB80FB91" bold="true" box="[1004,1141,1123,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">CENTRAL</emphasis>
|
||
: San Lorenzo,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFA876F21FA69FB91" box="[1318,1436,1124,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="1985-10-23">23.X.1985</date>
|
||
Coll. J.Estigarribia (FCA/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFE1A6FC2FE17FB72" box="[443,482,1159,1183]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">DE</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFE556FC2FD62FB4D" bold="true" box="[500,663,1159,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">ÑEEMBUCÚ</emphasis>
|
||
: 13, Distrito Humaitá, Arroyo Franco Cué,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFB296FC2FAFDFB72" box="[1160,1288,1159,1183]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="2006-11-15">15.XI.2006</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB9D92CFAB66FC2FABAFB72" box="[1303,1359,1159,1183]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">IBIS</collectionCode>
|
||
, 1719) (IBIS-UNP); 13, Distrito
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFE696FE9FE05FB29" box="[456,496,1196,1220]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
Umbú, Arroyo Hondo, paraje Itá Cajón,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFC7A6FE9FB91FB29" box="[987,1124,1196,1220]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="2006-12-13">13.XII.2006</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB9D92CFBD96FE9FB45FB29" box="[1144,1200,1196,1220]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">IBIS</collectionCode>
|
||
, 2109) (IBIS-UNP).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF366F8AFEDFFB05" bold="true" box="[151,298,1231,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">AMAMBAY</emphasis>
|
||
: 13, Parque Nacional Cerro Corá,
|
||
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFD176F8AFCD9FB0A" box="[694,812,1231,1255]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="2009-10-25">25.X.2009</date>
|
||
Coll. S.Ríos (MNHNPY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |