361 lines
45 KiB
XML
361 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791612" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bb0a745-07bd-4df6-99e7-4d8a6b242aa5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163977033" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791612" ID-ZooBank="DB5973A9-8CF6-400B-87C4-7A4521BD3117" checkinTime="1587971617180" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dunlop, Jason & Mitov, Plamen" docDate="2009" docId="0392774B785C106EB6DD53E0FB82FAE6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2024.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 16" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@18c8ecf5" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Caddo dentipalpus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="360" masterDocId="FFAB0F3378551063B6515743FFCCFF8B" masterDocTitle="Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber" masterLastPageNumber="375" masterPageNumber="347" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" updateTime="1643568438625" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dunlop, Jason</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Berlin, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mitov, Plamen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Sofia, Sofia ,, Bulgaria</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2009-07-29</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>347</mods:start>
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<mods:end>375</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.16.224</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">2bb0a745-07bd-4df6-99e7-4d8a6b242aa5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576490</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DB5973A9-8CF6-400B-87C4-7A4521BD3117</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791612" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163977033" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791612" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392774B785C106EB6DD53E0FB82FAE6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0392774B785C106EB6DD53E0FB82FAE6" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<subSubSection box="[140,666,1187,1214]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,666,1187,1249]" box="[140,666,1187,1214]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<heading box="[140,666,1187,1214]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Koch & Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[140,666,1187,1214]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,666,1187,1214]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,366,1187,1214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">Caddo dentipalpus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Koch & Berendt" box="[380,656,1187,1213]" firstAuthor="Koch" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" refId="ref10968" refString="Koch CL, Berendt GC (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. Edwin Groening, Berlin, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch & Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[140,260,1223,1249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,666,1187,1249]" box="[140,260,1223,1249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<figureCitation box="[140,260,1223,1249]" captionStart-0="Figures 10-11" captionStart-1="Figures 12-14" captionStartId-0="11.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionStartId-1="12.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox-0="[140,1108,165,1602]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1102,182,1523]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[135,1110,165,1603]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[136,1110,173,1535]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="Figures 10-11. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854) from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). 10 MB.A. 1655 11 MB.A. 1656. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm." captionText-1="Figures 12-14. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854). Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 10-11. 12 MB.A. 1655 13 MB.A 1656 14 the same, detail of the mouthparts showing the distal median apophysis of the pedipalp femur (ap). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (12-13) and 0.2 mm (14)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814835" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814837" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814835/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3814837/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">Figs 10-14</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[140,593,1292,1320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,1292,1672]" box="[140,593,1292,1320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,272,1292,1318]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis box="[140,267,1292,1318]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" reason="1">Synonymy</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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See
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<bibRefCitation author="Dunlop" box="[324,492,1293,1319]" firstAuthor="Dunlop" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" pagination="167 - 182" refId="ref10654" refString="Dunlop JA (2006) Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record 9: 167 - 182." type="journal article" year="2006">Dunlop (2006</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 169).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="356" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,1292,1672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610756301" collectionCode="MfN" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,306,1328,1354]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis box="[185,301,1328,1354]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" reason="1">
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<typeStatus box="[185,301,1328,1354]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode box="[318,379,1328,1354]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jp8y-i5nv" name="Museum für Naturkunde" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" type="Museum">MfN</collectionCode>
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, Berendt collection nr. 7340, redescribed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Dunlop" box="[921,1102,1328,1355]" firstAuthor="Dunlop" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" pagination="167 - 182" refId="ref10654" refString="Dunlop JA (2006) Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record 9: 167 - 182." type="journal article" year="2006">Dunlop (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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, from Baltic amber (Palaeogene, Eocene); precise locality unclear.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,1292,1672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,429,1398,1424]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis box="[185,313,1398,1424]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" reason="1">Additional</emphasis>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610756306" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<collectionCode box="[438,499,1399,1425]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jp8y-i5nv" name="Museum für Naturkunde" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" type="Museum">MfN</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[513,561,1399,1425]" country="Portugal" name="Universidade de Lisboa, Museu Bocage" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">MB</collectionCode>
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.A. 1655 (also bears the label “Ser. 12/13”) and
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<collectionCode box="[140,188,1434,1460]" country="Portugal" name="Universidade de Lisboa, Museu Bocage" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">MB</collectionCode>
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.A. 1656 (also bears the label “Ser. 8”), from Bitterfeld amber, probably from the site of the Goitsche open-cast Mine near Bitterfeld,
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<collectingRegion box="[718,897,1469,1495]" country="Germany" name="Sachsen-Anhalt" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">Sachsen-Anhalt</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[907,1016,1469,1495]" name="Germany" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">Germany</collectingCountry>
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; Palaeogene (Oligocene: Chattian).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="357" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,1292,1672]" lastBlockId="10.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="357" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,332,1539,1565]" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis box="[185,327,1539,1565]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" reason="1">Description</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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MB.A. 1655 (
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<figureCitation box="[497,581,1539,1566]" captionStart="Figures 10-11" captionStartId="11.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[135,1110,165,1603]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 10-11. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854) from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). 10 MB.A. 1655 11 MB.A. 1656. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">Figs 10</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[594,623,1540,1566]" captionStart="Figures 12-14" captionStartId="12.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[147,1102,182,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[136,1110,173,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 12-14. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854). Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 10-11. 12 MB.A. 1655 13 MB.A 1656 14 the same, detail of the mouthparts showing the distal median apophysis of the pedipalp femur (ap). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (12-13) and 0.2 mm (14)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814837/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="356">12</figureCitation>
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) is a relatively complete specimen in lateral view. Body compact, length ca.
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||
<quantity box="[497,590,1574,1601]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
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||
. Prosoma dominated dorsally by massive, oval eyes, maximum width
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<quantity box="[389,494,1610,1637]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="356" unit="mm" value="0.58">0.58 mm</quantity>
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, in the form of a bilobed ocular tubercle. Further details of carapace morphology concealed beneath eyes. Chelicerae and sternal region cannot be seen. Pedipalps stout, femur particularly robust with at least eleven stout setae on the inferior lateral surface opposing the more distal articles. Femoral dentition equivocal in this specimen. Palpal article lengths (in mm): femur, 0.46; patella, 0.40; tibia, 0.23; tarsus 0.42. Some setal positions on femur revealed as sockets only. More distal palpal articles also setose; tarsus ends in a single, gently curving claw. All legs elongate and slender, femora and patellae sometimes with a short, stout seta near the distal end; patella noticeably shorter than adjacent articles. Right legs 1, 2 and probably 4 relatively complete. Articles of leg 2 noticeably longer than corresponding articles of leg 1, e.g. patellae 0.26. and
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="0.29">0.29 mm</quantity>
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, tibiae 1.02 and
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<quantity box="[377,481,448,475]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="1.29">1.29 mm</quantity>
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and metatarsi 1.36 and
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<quantity box="[755,859,448,475]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="1.91">1.91 mm</quantity>
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respectively. Right leg 1 ends in a distally annulate tarsus with at least 11 annulations; distal annulus bears a single, hook-shaped claw. Left leg 3 relatively complete, other legs on left side truncated. A disarticulated leg fragment, probably a distal region bearing an annulate tarsus, crosses the distal part of left leg 3. Opisthosoma covered dorsally with a shield-like sclerite, length
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||
<quantity box="[215,319,624,651]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="0.67">0.67 mm</quantity>
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, lacking obvious segmental divisions. Ventral region equivocal, but some hints of up to four sternites towards the posterior end of opisthosoma preserved.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">
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MB.A. 1656 (
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<figureCitation box="[347,470,695,721]" captionStart="Figures 12-14" captionStartId="12.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[147,1102,182,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[136,1110,173,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 12-14. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854). Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 10-11. 12 MB.A. 1655 13 MB.A 1656 14 the same, detail of the mouthparts showing the distal median apophysis of the pedipalp femur (ap). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (12-13) and 0.2 mm (14)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814837/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">Figs 13-14</figureCitation>
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) is another excellent specimen, also in lateral view, and preserving the mouthparts in some detail. Body compact, length c.
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||
<quantity box="[905,999,730,757]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
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. Prosoma with large eyes, maximum diameter
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<quantity box="[548,656,765,792]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="0.56">0.56 mm</quantity>
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||
, remainder of carapace obscured. Chelicerae robust, composed of three articles. First cheliceral article tubular, total length not preserved, ornamented with sparse setae. Second cheliceral article somewhat swollen and globose proximally, tapering distally and becoming recurved at the very end to form the fixed finger of the claw (= chela). Total length
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||
<quantity box="[752,859,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.699999999999999" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="0.57">0.57 mm</quantity>
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. Movable finger short, length 0.16, forming the free finger of the claw. Pedipalps robust. Right trochanter bears one thorn medially. One femur preserves a prominent, dentate thorn on the inferior surface (hence the name
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[418,540,1011,1037]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
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<emphasis box="[418,540,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">dentipalpus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
) and both femora exhibit a blunt, mesal protuberance at the distal end of the article, bearing setae. Patella, tibia and tarsus of pedipalp strongly setose. Leg 1 complete, folded across the body, with podomere lengths (in mm) of femur, 0.60; patella, 0.32; tibia, 0.79; metatarsus, 1.79; and tarsus, 0.59. Total length 4.09. Tarsus multi-articulate, composed of ten elements with the longest located proximally, and ending in a single tarsal claw. Remaining legs incomplete, but longer than leg 1. Dorsal opisthosoma with evidence for at least five tergites. Ventral surface equivocal.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,295,1258,1284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">
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<emphasis box="[185,290,1258,1284]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName authority="(Koch & Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[303,785,1258,1285]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
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<emphasis box="[303,501,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">Caddo dentipalpus</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation author="Koch & Berendt" box="[516,777,1258,1285]" firstAuthor="Koch" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" refId="ref10968" refString="Koch CL, Berendt GC (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. Edwin Groening, Berlin, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch & Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</taxonomicName>
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is present in both Baltic and Bitterfeld amber. It is of particular interest given that there are no Recent records of caddids in Europe, or much of Asia for that matter. According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Shear" box="[842,988,1328,1355]" firstAuthor="Shear" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" pagination="65 - 88" refId="ref11539" refString="Shear WA (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Arachnology 2: 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1893" box="[1002,1107,1328,1354]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caddidae</taxonomicName>
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is currently restricted to North America,
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<collectingCountry box="[596,681,1363,1389]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[693,756,1363,1389]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">Chile</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry box="[769,833,1364,1390]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[846,945,1363,1389]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[957,1107,1363,1390]" name="New Zealand" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[188,329,1399,1425]" name="South Africa" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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. Like these amber inclusions, the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[768,838,1399,1425]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[768,838,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">Caddo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted today to the northern hemisphere. The amber shows that it used to occur more widely, being present in north-central Europe during the Palaeogene, but subsequently became extinct in this region. The Bitterfeld specimens described here are probably juveniles. Their body lengths of
|
||
<quantity box="[170,258,1539,1566]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
are shorter than the
|
||
<quantity box="[490,579,1540,1566]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[659,755,1539,1565]" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in Baltic amber and are slightly outside the published minimum ranges for adults of the very similar extant species
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="357">Caddo agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity box="[207,309,1610,1636]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="1.64">1.64 mm</quantity>
|
||
for females,
|
||
<quantity box="[449,537,1610,1636]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
for males (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suzuki" box="[692,893,1610,1636]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Suzuki" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" pagination="121 - 138" refId="ref11955" refString="Suzuki S, Tomishima K, Yano S, Tsurusaki N (1977) Discontinuous distributions in relict harvestmen (Opiliones, Arachnida). Acta arachnologica 27 (Special Number): 121 - 138. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1977">Suzuki et al. 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suzuki" box="[904,1046,1610,1637]" firstAuthor="Suzuki" pageId="10" pageNumber="357" pagination="7 - 45" refId="ref11884" refString="Suzuki S (1986) Opilionids of Hiroshima Prefecture (Arachnida). Hibakagaku, Journal of the Hiba Society of Natural History 132: 7 - 45. [in Japanese]." type="journal article" year="1986">Suzuki 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Minor differences in morphology can be observed in the Bitterfeld fossils, but compared to
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814835" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814835/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="358" startId="11.[140,222,1622,1644]" targetBox="[140,1108,165,1602]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,1622,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,299,1622,1644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="358">Figures 10-11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Koch & Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[307,721,1622,1644]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="11" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[307,475,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="358">Caddo dentipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koch & Berendt" box="[490,714,1622,1644]" firstAuthor="Koch" pageId="11" pageNumber="358" refId="ref10968" refString="Koch CL, Berendt GC (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. Edwin Groening, Berlin, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch & Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[223,249,1654,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="358">1 0</emphasis>
|
||
MB.A. 1655
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[380,406,1654,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="358">11</emphasis>
|
||
MB.A. 1656. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814837" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814837/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="359" startId="12.[140,222,1558,1580]" targetBox="[147,1102,182,1523]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1109,1558,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,297,1558,1580]" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">Figures 12-14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Koch & Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[304,713,1558,1580]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="12" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[304,470,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">Caddo dentipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koch & Berendt" box="[484,707,1558,1580]" firstAuthor="Koch" pageId="12" pageNumber="359" refId="ref10968" refString="Koch CL, Berendt GC (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. Edwin Groening, Berlin, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch & Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="P. C. Boyce & S. Y. Wong" authorityYear="2014" box="[723,855,1558,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Camera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis box="[723,855,1558,1580]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">Camera lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
drawings of the specimens shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[234,294,1590,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">1 0-11</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[309,335,1590,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">1 2</emphasis>
|
||
MB.A. 1655
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[470,497,1590,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">1 3</emphasis>
|
||
MB.A 1656
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[626,652,1590,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">1 4</emphasis>
|
||
the same, detail of the mouthparts showing the distal median apophysis of the pedipalp femur (ap). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[379,439,1654,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">1 2-1 3</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity box="[494,568,1655,1676]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="359" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[581,607,1654,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="359">1 4</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,166,1390]" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">
|
||
extant taxa these are probably sexually dimorphic. For example, MB.A. 1655 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1011,1093,167,193]" captionStart="Figures 12-14" captionStartId="12.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[147,1102,182,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[136,1110,173,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 12-14. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854). Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 10-11. 12 MB.A. 1655 13 MB.A 1656 14 the same, detail of the mouthparts showing the distal median apophysis of the pedipalp femur (ap). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (12-13) and 0.2 mm (14)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814837/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), without obvious spines or thorns on the pedipalp femur, is probably male, whereas MB.A. 1656 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[214,297,237,263]" captionStart="Figures 12-14" captionStartId="12.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[147,1102,182,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[136,1110,173,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 12-14. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854). Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 10-11. 12 MB.A. 1655 13 MB.A 1656 14 the same, detail of the mouthparts showing the distal median apophysis of the pedipalp femur (ap). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (12-13) and 0.2 mm (14)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814837/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
), which has such spination, is probably female. The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[889,985,237,263]" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">C. dentipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly has three femoral thorns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bishop and Crosby" box="[580,856,272,298]" firstAuthor="Bishop" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref10405" refString="Bishop SC, Crosby CR (1924) A fossil species of Caddo (Opiliones) from the Baltic Amber, and its living relatives. New York State Museum Bulletin 253: 83 - 87." type="journal article" year="1924">Bishop and Crosby 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1). By comparison there are three such thorns in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[472,603,307,333]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[472,603,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Caddo agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females, whereas males have only one strong, finger-like protuberance (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gruber" box="[464,610,343,369]" firstAuthor="Gruber" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="237 - 259" refId="ref10770" refString="Gruber J (1974) Bemerkungen zur Morphologie und systematischen Stellung von Caddo, Acropsopilio und verwandter Formen (Opiliones, Arachnida). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 78: 237 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">Gruber 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 18-22;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suzuki and Tsurusaki" box="[745,1053,343,369]" firstAuthor="Suzuki" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="195 - 243" refId="ref11918" refString="Suzuki S, Tsurusaki N (1983) Opilionid fauna of Hokkaido and its adjacent areas. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology 23: 195 - 243." type="journal article" year="1983">Suzuki and Tsurusaki, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,166,1390]" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">
|
||
A distal mesal protuberance of the femur – as in MB.A. 1656 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[856,930,378,404]" captionStart="Figures 12-14" captionStartId="12.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[147,1102,182,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[136,1110,173,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 12-14. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854). Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 10-11. 12 MB.A. 1655 13 MB.A 1656 14 the same, detail of the mouthparts showing the distal median apophysis of the pedipalp femur (ap). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (12-13) and 0.2 mm (14)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814837/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Fig 14</figureCitation>
|
||
: ap) – is of some significance. Visible in both
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bishop and Crosby's" box="[454,756,413,439]" firstAuthor="Bishop" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref10405" refString="Bishop SC, Crosby CR (1924) A fossil species of Caddo (Opiliones) from the Baltic Amber, and its living relatives. New York State Museum Bulletin 253: 83 - 87." type="journal article" year="1924">Bishop and Crosby’s (1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dunlop's" box="[891,1068,413,439]" firstAuthor="Dunlop's" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="167 - 182" refId="ref10654" refString="Dunlop JA (2006) Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record 9: 167 - 182." type="journal article" year="2006">Dunlop’s (2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig 2A) drawings of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[372,527,448,475]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,527,448,475]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">C. dentipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[536,632,448,474]" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
too, this apophysis has also been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[171,258,483,510]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[171,258,483,510]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">C. agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In detail,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bishop" box="[383,544,483,510]" firstAuthor="Bishop" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="159 - 235" refId="ref10442" refString="Bishop SC (1949) The Phalangida (Opiliones) of New York with special reference to the species of the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve, Rensselaerville, New York. Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science 9: 159 - 235." type="journal article" year="1949">Bishop (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported this structure at the distal mesal angle of the pedipalp femur in juveniles from North America.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suzuki" box="[729,885,518,545]" firstAuthor="Suzuki" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="225 - 228" refId="ref11817" refString="Suzuki S (1958) Occurrence in Japan of Caddo agilis Banks (Opiliones). Annotationes zoologicae Japonenses 31: 225 - 228." type="journal article" year="1958">Suzuki (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported it from his (Japanese) females and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gruber" box="[400,564,554,580]" firstAuthor="Gruber" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="237 - 259" refId="ref10770" refString="Gruber J (1974) Bemerkungen zur Morphologie und systematischen Stellung von Caddo, Acropsopilio und verwandter Formen (Opiliones, Arachnida). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 78: 237 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">Gruber (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figured it in adult females from North America. It appears to be generally absent from males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gruber" box="[633,782,589,615]" firstAuthor="Gruber" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="237 - 259" refId="ref10770" refString="Gruber J (1974) Bemerkungen zur Morphologie und systematischen Stellung von Caddo, Acropsopilio und verwandter Formen (Opiliones, Arachnida). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 78: 237 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">Gruber 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suzuki and Tsurusaki" box="[793,1095,589,615]" firstAuthor="Suzuki" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="195 - 243" refId="ref11918" refString="Suzuki S, Tsurusaki N (1983) Opilionid fauna of Hokkaido and its adjacent areas. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology 23: 195 - 243." type="journal article" year="1983">Suzuki and Tsurusaki 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This femoral protuberance again emphasises the similarities – if not the conspecificity
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shear" box="[169,312,659,686]" firstAuthor="Shear" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="65 - 88" refId="ref11539" refString="Shear WA (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Arachnology 2: 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
– between fossil and living
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[619,689,659,685]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[619,689,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Caddo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
harvestmen. The question of whether the amber examples merit a separate species is difficult to answer and further fossils would be welcome to test the stability of characters both between genders and instars.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bishop and Crosby's" firstAuthor="Bishop" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref10405" refString="Bishop SC, Crosby CR (1924) A fossil species of Caddo (Opiliones) from the Baltic Amber, and its living relatives. New York State Museum Bulletin 253: 83 - 87." type="journal article" year="1924">Bishop and Crosby’s (1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1) illustrations also hint at a protuberance on the mesal side of the patella and a rather poorly defined feature in this area – or at least a group of setae – was observed here in MB.A. 1655 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[524,604,835,862]" captionStart="Figures 12-14" captionStartId="12.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[147,1102,182,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[136,1110,173,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 12-14. Caddo dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt, 1854). Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 10-11. 12 MB.A. 1655 13 MB.A 1656 14 the same, detail of the mouthparts showing the distal median apophysis of the pedipalp femur (ap). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (12-13) and 0.2 mm (14)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814837/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). If this character could be confirmed in other specimens it would offer a possible diagnostic character compared to Recent species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,166,1390]" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">
|
||
Conceivably, Eocene–Oligocene populations of European
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[838,909,906,932]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[838,909,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Caddo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupied specialized habitats and expressed subtle differences from modern Asian and North American forms which are difficult to assess in the available fossils. To complicate matters further, some modern
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[307,378,1011,1037]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[307,378,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Caddo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are thought to have arisen through neotony of isolated populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shear" box="[287,420,1046,1073]" firstAuthor="Shear" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="65 - 88" refId="ref11539" refString="Shear WA (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Arachnology 2: 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rambla" box="[433,586,1047,1073]" firstAuthor="Rambla" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="1 - 506" refId="ref11230" refString="Rambla M (1980) Neoteny in Opiliones. pp. 489 - 492. In: Gruber J. (Ed) Verhandlungen 8. Internationaler Arachnologen Kongr. abgehalten an der Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, 1980, Wien: 1 - 506." type="journal article" year="1980">Rambla 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and there are also frequent reports of parthenogenesis among the Recent fauna (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gruber" box="[582,730,1082,1108]" firstAuthor="Gruber" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="237 - 259" refId="ref10770" refString="Gruber J (1974) Bemerkungen zur Morphologie und systematischen Stellung von Caddo, Acropsopilio und verwandter Formen (Opiliones, Arachnida). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 78: 237 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">Gruber 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shear" box="[740,869,1082,1109]" firstAuthor="Shear" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="65 - 88" refId="ref11539" refString="Shear WA (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Arachnology 2: 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suzuki" box="[879,1021,1082,1108]" firstAuthor="Suzuki" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="261 - 273" refId="ref11842" refString="Suzuki S (1976) The harvestmen of family Caddidae in Japan (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 26: 261 - 273." type="journal article" year="1976">Suzuki 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suzuki and Tsurusaki" firstAuthor="Suzuki" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="195 - 243" refId="ref11918" refString="Suzuki S, Tsurusaki N (1983) Opilionid fauna of Hokkaido and its adjacent areas. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology 23: 195 - 243." type="journal article" year="1983">Suzuki and Tsurusaki 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) all of which may hinder the resolution of unequivocal apomorphies for the amber species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shultz and Regier" box="[453,735,1152,1178]" firstAuthor="Shultz" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="238 - 240" refId="ref11576" refString="Shultz JW, Regier JC (2009) Caddo agilis and C. pepperella (Opiliones, Caddidae) diverged phylogenetically before acquiring their disjunct, sympatric distributions in Japan and North America. Journal of Arachnology 37: 238 - 240." type="journal article" year="2009">Shultz and Regier (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recently argued that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[971,1059,1152,1179]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[971,1059,1152,1179]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">C. agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its potential neonate
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Shear, 1975" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="1975" box="[372,635,1187,1214]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peperella">
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,497,1187,1214]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">C. peperella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shear" box="[503,635,1187,1214]" firstAuthor="Shear" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" pagination="65 - 88" refId="ref11539" refString="Shear WA (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Arachnology 2: 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– both of which occur disjunctly in North America and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[292,354,1223,1249]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
– evolved as distinct species, prior to their separation into American and Asian populations. Questioning the neotony hypothesis, they further discussed the potential role of paedo- and peramorphosis in understanding
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[874,945,1293,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[874,945,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Caddo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
evolution and noted the need for further data from ancestral
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1892" box="[677,748,1328,1354]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[677,748,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">Caddo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations. With these provisions in mind, we prefer to retain
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Koch & Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[518,673,1363,1390]" class="Arachnida" family="Caddidae" genus="Caddo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentipalpus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[518,673,1363,1390]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="360">C. dentipalpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate taxon for the time being.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |