408 lines
43 KiB
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408 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.44.58871" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c29055b3-07b4-4b0b-a5fa-8c8bfec6ae68" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177423708" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2367-5365-44-17" ID-Pensoft-UUID="68166FB4CC97532BA516E2D07ACC60F6" ID-ZooBank="7669F4FCEB0C4EB7A0F48BDD14D3EF6F" ModsDocID="2367-5365-44-17" checkinTime="1613660837574" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hausmann, Axel, Huemer, Peter, Lee, Kyung Min & Mutanen, Marko" docDate="2021" docId="D6CD8279936954E68DED6B9A207A467A" docLanguage="en" docName="NotaLepidopt 44: 17-28" docOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 44" docPubDate="2021-02-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.44.58871" docTitle="Perizoma barrassoi Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann 2006" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="68166FB4CC97532BA516E2D07ACC60F6" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="68166FB4CC97532BA516E2D07ACC60F6" masterDocTitle="DNA barcoding and genomics reveal Perizoma barrassoi Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann, 2006 as new for the fauna of Central Europe (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="17" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1643434257822" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>DNA barcoding and genomics reveal Perizoma barrassoi Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann, 2006 as new for the fauna of Central Europe (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hausmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0358-9928</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>SNSB - Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (Zoologische Staatssammlung), Munich, Muenchhausenstr. 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany, hausmann. a @ snsb. de (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">hausmann.a@snsb.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Huemer, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0630-545X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Sammlungs- und Forschungszentrum, Tiroler Landesmuseen Betriebsgesellschaft m. b. H., Krajnc-Strasse 1, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria, p. huemer @ tiroler-landesmuseen. at</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lee, Kyung Min</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9055-1073</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, P. O. Box 3000, FI- 90014 University of Oulu, Finland; kyungmin. lee @ oulu. fi, marko. mutanen @ oulu. fi, kyungmin. lee @ oulu. fi</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mutanen, Marko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4464-6308</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, P. O. Box 3000, FI- 90014 University of Oulu, Finland; kyungmin. lee @ oulu. fi, marko. mutanen @ oulu. fi, kyungmin. lee @ oulu. fi</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Nota Lepidopterologica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-02-16</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>44</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>17</mods:start>
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<mods:end>28</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.44.58871</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.44.58871</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2367-5365-44-17</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7669F4FCEB0C4EB7A0F48BDD14D3EF6F</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="177423708" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D6CD8279936954E68DED6B9A207A467A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D6CD8279936954E68DED6B9A207A467A" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName LSID="D6CD8279-9369-54E6-8DED-6B9A207A467A" authority="Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann, 2006" authorityName="Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma barrassoi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barrassoi">Perizoma barrassoi Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann, 2006</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma barrassoi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barrassoi">Perizoma barrassoi</taxonomicName>
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Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann, 2006: 95:31, figs 1a, b, 2a, b (Locus typicus: Italy, Abruzzo: Maiella Mts., Valle Cannella,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Manzini-Hütte">Manzini-Huette</normalizedToken>
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). Holotype male (coll. Zahm/ ZSM, examined and dissected, DNA barcoding failed). Associated female paratype a misidentification of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1813" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Colostygia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colostygia aqueata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aqueata">Colostygia aqueata</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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Italy:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Holotype</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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male, central Italy, Abruzzo, Maiella, Valle Cannella,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Manzini-Hütte">Manzini-Huette</normalizedToken>
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, 2530 m, 23.vii.1988, leg. N. Zahm, coll. ZSM (gen.prp. ZSM G 20836; DNA barcode sample ID BC ZSM Lep 54528, 77874 (failures); 1 female, central Italy, Lazio, Rieti, Mt. Terminillo, 1800 m, 18.vii.2004, DNA barcode sample ID BC ZSM Lep 82927, gen.prp. ZSM G 15840; 2 males, Trentino, Adamello, Rifugio Mandrone, 2450 m, 26.vi.2014, leg. T. Mayr, DNA barcode sample ID TLMF Lep 25428 (RCTM);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">France</emphasis>
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: 1 male, France, Hautes Alpes, Pelvoux, [2000 m], 1.-10.viii.1972, leg. L. Hinterholzer, gen.prp. ZSM G 21237 (ZSM); 1 male, France, Alpes Maritimes, Col des Champs, [2100 m], 5.vii.1931, [leg. C. Herbulot], gen.prp. ZSM G 21238 (ZSM); 1 female, France, Alpes Maritimes, Cayolle, 2100 m, 31.vii.1975, leg. Lukasch, gen.prp. ZSM G 21259 (ZSM); 1 female, France, Hautes Alpes, la Moutieres, 2100 m, 3. viii.1975, leg. Lukasch (ZSM); 1 female, France, Valloire, 1500 m, 31. vii.1954, leg. G. Bernardi (ZSM); 1 male, France, Pyrenees orientales,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Porté">Porte</normalizedToken>
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, 1650-2100 m, 25.VI.-21. vii.1948, leg. H. de Toulgoet, gen.prp. ZSM G 14302 (ZSM); 1 female, France, Pyrenees orientales, Col de Puymorens, 1900 m, 10.vii.1975, leg. G. Behounek, gen.prp. ZSM G 21255 (ZSM);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Germany</emphasis>
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: 1 female, Germany, Bavaria,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Allgäu">Allgaeu</normalizedToken>
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, Oberstdorf, Oytal, Oybach E Oytalhaus, 1036 m, 01.vi.2014, leg. D. Doczkal, DNA barcode sample ID BC ZSM Lep 86512, gen.prp. ZSM G 21249 (malaise trapping, ZSM); 2 males, Germany, Bavaria, Eschenlohe, [700 m], 12.vi.1977, leg. L. Hinterholzer, gen.prp. 21229 (ZSM); 3 females, Germany, Bavaria, Bergen,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Weißachental">Weissachental</normalizedToken>
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, 700 m, 24.v.1980, leg. A. Beyerl (ZSM);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Austria</emphasis>
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: 16 males and females, Austria, North Tyrol, Riedenberg / Landl, 800-900 m, 16.v-19.vi.1974-1979 leg. Scheuringer, Wolfsberger, gen.prp. ZSM G 21228, 21248 (ZSM); 1 male, Austria, northern Tyrol,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ötztaler">Oetztaler</normalizedToken>
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Alps, Feichten, 1300 m, late May 1986, leg. E. Scheuringer, gen.prp. ZSM G 21233 (ZSM); 1 male, id., late May 1992 (ZSM); 1 female, id., early June 1983, gen.prp. ZSM G 21257 (ZSM); 1 female, id., leg. [coll.] Wolfsberger (ZSM); 2 males, Austria, North Tyrol, unterhalb Farst / Umhausen N, 1100 m, 10.iv.2017, leg. P. Huemer, DNA barcode sample ID TLMF Lep 22852, 22853 (TLMF); 1 male, id., 28.v.2013, DNA barcode sample ID TLMF Lep 12589; 1 male, Austria, East Tyrol, Matreier Tauerntal, Aussergschloess Umgebung, 1700 m, 14.vi.2013, leg. P. Huemer, DNA barcode sample ID TLMF Lep 13024 (TLMF).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">External characters and abdomen</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1, 2" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1, 2. Adults (females). 1. Perizoma barrassoi (Austria, Riedenberg); 2. Perizoma incultaria (Germany, Hirschberg). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures1-2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510134" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">1</figureCitation>
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). See description in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" author="Mueller, B" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B20" refString="Mueller, B, Erlacher, S, Hausmann, A, Rajaei, H, Sihvonen, P, Skou, P, 2019. Ennominae II. In: Hausmann A, Sihvonen P, Rajaei H (Eds) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 6. Brill, Leiden, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" title="Ennominae II. In: Hausmann A, Sihvonen P, Rajaei H (Eds) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 6." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" year="2019">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2019)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. The newly attributed Alpine populations with wingspan of 17-21 mm in males, 19-22 mm in females. Ground colour whitish pale grey, silky shining. Wing pattern varying in a similar way as in the sister species
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, no constant and reliable differential feature in wing pattern and coloration was found that would allow discrimination between the two sibling species. Palpi short, length 0.5-0.7 mm, hardly exceeding frons. Male antennae ciliate-setose, flagellum dorsally chequered grey and white.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Male genitalia</emphasis>
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(n = 7; Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 3–8" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 3 - 8. Male genitalia. 3 - 5. Perizoma barrassoi (3. Austria, Riedenberg; 4. Germany: Eschenlohe; 5. France, Pyrenees, Porte); 6 - 8. Perizoma incultaria (6. Austria, Brandenberg; 7. Italy, Friuli, Altiplano Montasio; 8. Italy, southern Tyrol, Sulden). Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures3-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510135" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">3-5</figureCitation>
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). The genitalia of the newly attributed Alpine populations are well matched to those of the holotype, i.e. showing comparatively narrow valvae, ventral and dorsal margins approximately parallel, costa of valva narrow from base to apex, at apex narrowly tapering (cf.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" author="Mueller, B" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B20" refString="Mueller, B, Erlacher, S, Hausmann, A, Rajaei, H, Sihvonen, P, Skou, P, 2019. Ennominae II. In: Hausmann A, Sihvonen P, Rajaei H (Eds) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 6. Brill, Leiden, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" title="Ennominae II. In: Hausmann A, Sihvonen P, Rajaei H (Eds) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 6." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" year="2019">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Anal tube strongly developed, spinulose at tip. Head of (fused) labides comparatively large. Aedeagus with five to nine small cornuti of 0.1 mm (basalmost) to 0.25 mm (distalmost), cornuti not dilated at base. Length of aedeagus 0.9-1.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures1-2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510134" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figures 1, 2" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figures 1, 2.</emphasis>
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Adults (females).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma barrassoi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma barrassoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Austria, Riedenberg);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma incultaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incultaria">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma incultaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Germany, Hirschberg). Scale bars: 1 cm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures3-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510135" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figures 3–8" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figures 3-8.</emphasis>
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Male genitalia.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">3-5.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma barrassoi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma barrassoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">3.</emphasis>
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Austria, Riedenberg;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">4.</emphasis>
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Germany: Eschenlohe;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">5.</emphasis>
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France, Pyrenees,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Porté">Porte</normalizedToken>
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);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">6-8.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma incultaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incultaria">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma incultaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">6.</emphasis>
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Austria, Brandenberg;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">7.</emphasis>
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Italy, Friuli, Altiplano Montasio;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">8.</emphasis>
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Italy, southern Tyrol, Sulden). Scale bar: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Female genitalia</emphasis>
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(n = 6; Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–14" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 9 - 14. Female genitalia. 9 - 11. Perizoma barrassoi (9. Austria, Feichten; 10. French Alps: Cayolle; 11. France, Pyrenees, Col de Puymorens); 12 - 14. Perizoma incultaria (12. Germany, Hochfelln; 13. Germany, Koblat; 14. Italy, Mt. Grappa). Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures9-14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510136" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">9-11</figureCitation>
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||
). The genitalia of the newly attributed Alpine populations are well matched to those of the central Italian female as figured in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" author="Mueller, B" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B20" refString="Mueller, B, Erlacher, S, Hausmann, A, Rajaei, H, Sihvonen, P, Skou, P, 2019. Ennominae II. In: Hausmann A, Sihvonen P, Rajaei H (Eds) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 6. Brill, Leiden, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" title="Ennominae II. In: Hausmann A, Sihvonen P, Rajaei H (Eds) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 6." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485" year="2019">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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||
et al. (2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
. Apophyses fine, tapered at apices. Colliculum (in earlier publications referred to as 'ductus
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<normalizedToken originalValue="bursae’">bursae'</normalizedToken>
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but homology with colliculum postulated in
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Mironov, V" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B19" refString="Mironov, V, 2003. Larentinae II. In: Hausmann A (Ed.) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup" title="Larentinae II. In: Hausmann A (Ed.) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 4." year="2003">Mironov 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) elongate, length 0.37-0.5 mm, in one specimen 0.6 mm), parallel-sided almost over the whole length. Corpus bursae small, often globular. Scobinate signum small, round, lateral spinules weak, diameter 0.10-0.17 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="differential diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In external appearance (wing shape, wing coloration, pattern), the newly attributed populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. barrassoi" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Alps and the Pyrenees do not exhibit significant and constant differences from the sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter differs in male genitalia (n = 23; Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 3–8" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 3 - 8. Male genitalia. 3 - 5. Perizoma barrassoi (3. Austria, Riedenberg; 4. Germany: Eschenlohe; 5. France, Pyrenees, Porte); 6 - 8. Perizoma incultaria (6. Austria, Brandenberg; 7. Italy, Friuli, Altiplano Montasio; 8. Italy, southern Tyrol, Sulden). Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures3-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510135" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">6-8</figureCitation>
|
||
) with much broader costa of valva which is dilated towards apex and ending in a small, sclerotized, beak-shaped process and bearing a conspicuous setal tuft. Aedeagus with stout cornuti (5-7), the distalmost being the largest, usually curved and dilated at base. Female genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 10; Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–14" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 9 - 14. Female genitalia. 9 - 11. Perizoma barrassoi (9. Austria, Feichten; 10. French Alps: Cayolle; 11. France, Pyrenees, Col de Puymorens); 12 - 14. Perizoma incultaria (12. Germany, Hochfelln; 13. Germany, Koblat; 14. Italy, Mt. Grappa). Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures9-14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510136" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">12-14</figureCitation>
|
||
) are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. barrassoi" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in the former the colliculum is longer (0.6-0.7 mm), signum larger, more elongate, often triangular, length 0.13-0.3 mm, lateral spinules stout.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Recorded in central Italy (locus typicus: Maiella mountains; Mt. Terminillo), Pyrenees, French Alps, and in a section of the central part of the Alps with records, so far, restricted to eastern and northern Tyrol (Austria) and to southernmost Bavaria (Germany), as a sympatric, sibling species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see examined material and genetic data). Furthermore an isolated occurrence was detected in northern Italy (Adamello).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="phenology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Phenology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Univoltine, the two central Italian records are from mid-July and late July, in the Pyrenees and French Alps the species flies from early July to early August. The remaining records from the Alps, however, refer to much earlier dates, from mid-April to late May, the single specimen from eastern Tyrol in mid-June and specimens from northern Italy in late June. Therefore, when occurring sympatrically,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. barrassoi" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flies earlier than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
whose Alpine populations are usually on the wing from early June to early August.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The larval stages are unknown. Larvae of the sister species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Primulaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Primulales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(first stages), later instars also on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Saxifragaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Representatives of both plant families are abundant at the collecting sites of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. barrassoi" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Montane. Collected on karstic slopes at 2500 m in the Maiella and 1800 m on Mt. Terminillo. In French Alps and Pyrenees from 1500 m up to 2100 m and in northern Italy (Adamello) occurring at 2450 m. In the Bavarian and Austrian Alps collected from much lower elevations in valleys from 1000 m up to 1300 m (Bavaria; northern Tyrol) (n = 29) with only one specimen from eastern Tyrol recorded at 1700 m, while the vertical distribution of sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranges from 1700 m up to 3200 m, with very few exceptions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="genetic data">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Genetic data</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">(DNA barcodes and nuclear genomic data).</emphasis>
|
||
The specimen from Mt. Terminillo was DNA barcoded with an HTS approach, resulting in a 658 bp sequence including an 89 bp n-gap. BIN: BOLD:ACJ5976 (n = 1 from central Italy). Six specimens from Austria, south-western Bavaria and northern Italy are BIN-sharing, at a distance of only 1.1% from central Italian
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. barrassoi" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The genetic divergence from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strongly correlated with the differential features in genitalia and bionomic traits (see above). Nearest species:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8.5%; n = 19 from Germany, Austria and northern Italy; BIN BOLD:AAF5044). The distinctness of Alpine
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. barrassoi" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at species level was confirmed by ddRAD-sequencing involving nuclear loci (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mutanen, M" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B21" refString="Mutanen, M, Lee, KM, Hausmann, A, Hebert, PDN, Huemer, P, Lopez Vaamonde, C, Rougerie, R, Segerer, A, 2017. A genomic perspective on deep DNA barcode splits in European Lepidoptera. Abstracts 20th European Congress of Lepidopterology, Podgora, Croatia: 70." title="A genomic perspective on deep DNA barcode splits in European Lepidoptera. Abstracts 20 th European Congress of Lepidopterology, Podgora, Croatia: 70." year="2017">Mutanen et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the type locality near Gastein (Austria, Salzburg) could be sequenced, using the HTS approach for old museum material and revealed to belong to BIN BOLD:AAF5044, confirming the suggestion of species identity as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as inferred from the comparatively high elevation (1800-2000 m).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures9-14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510136" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figures 9–14" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figures 9-14.</emphasis>
|
||
Female genitalia.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">9-11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma barrassoi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">9.</emphasis>
|
||
Austria, Feichten;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">10.</emphasis>
|
||
French Alps: Cayolle;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">11.</emphasis>
|
||
France, Pyrenees, Col de Puymorens);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">12-14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma incultaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">12.</emphasis>
|
||
Germany, Hochfelln;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">13.</emphasis>
|
||
Germany, Koblat;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">14.</emphasis>
|
||
Italy, Mt. Grappa). Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures15-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510137" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figures 15–20" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figures 15-20.</emphasis>
|
||
Details of female genitalia: Signum.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">15-17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zahm, Cieslak & Hausmann" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma barrassoi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(same slides as Figures
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–14" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 9 - 14. Female genitalia. 9 - 11. Perizoma barrassoi (9. Austria, Feichten; 10. French Alps: Cayolle; 11. France, Pyrenees, Col de Puymorens); 12 - 14. Perizoma incultaria (12. Germany, Hochfelln; 13. Germany, Koblat; 14. Italy, Mt. Grappa). Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures9-14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510136" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">9-11</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">18-20.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma incultaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(same slides as Figures
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–14" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 9 - 14. Female genitalia. 9 - 11. Perizoma barrassoi (9. Austria, Feichten; 10. French Alps: Cayolle; 11. France, Pyrenees, Col de Puymorens); 12 - 14. Perizoma incultaria (12. Germany, Hochfelln; 13. Germany, Koblat; 14. Italy, Mt. Grappa). Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figures9-14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510136" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">12-14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="data exploration and phylogenetic analyses based on snp data">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Data exploration and phylogenetic analyses based on SNP data.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
||
We generated a genome-wide set of genetic clusters from 8 individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma incultaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using ddRAD sequencing, and used this data set to perform phylogenetic analyses. We obtained 1.54 million reads per individual on average, of which 84.8% were retained after stringent quality filtering steps. After filtering and clustering at 95% sequence similarity using '
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">de novo</emphasis>
|
||
' assembly method, we recovered 1,042 putative orthologues shared across more than three samples, for a total length of 193,994 base pairs (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 21. Maximum likelihood trees inferred from the ddRAD data matrices based on (a.) de novo assembly and (b.) reference assembly method against Operophtera brumata genome (GCA _ 001266575). Bootstrap support values are indicated above the branches and only the values> 50 % are shown. The barplot shows the assignments of individuals into two genetic clusters, the green clusters referring to Perizoma incultaria, the orange clusters to P. barrassoi. Each bar represents one individual and colors represent the proportion of the individuals that belong to each of the genetic cluster. Samples infected with Wolbachia are marked with an asterisk." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510138" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">21A</figureCitation>
|
||
). These data include 1,678 SNPs, of which 200 are parsimony informative. For the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘reference’">'reference'</normalizedToken>
|
||
assembly, an average of 1,298 reads per sample was mapped to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Geometridae" genus="Operophtera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Operophtera brumata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brumata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Operophtera brumata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genome, while an average of 107,289 reads per sample remained unmapped. Because the reference species is only distantly related to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Perizoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perizoma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Perizoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sample 'BC ZSM Lep 84546' was dropped out in the reference assembly due to the lack of mapped reads to the reference genome. After filtering, 222 clusters per sample were obtained, with 45.13 per sample for cluster depth on average. The final dataset from the reference assembly consisted of 50 recovered loci across more than three individuals (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 21. Maximum likelihood trees inferred from the ddRAD data matrices based on (a.) de novo assembly and (b.) reference assembly method against Operophtera brumata genome (GCA _ 001266575). Bootstrap support values are indicated above the branches and only the values> 50 % are shown. The barplot shows the assignments of individuals into two genetic clusters, the green clusters referring to Perizoma incultaria, the orange clusters to P. barrassoi. Each bar represents one individual and colors represent the proportion of the individuals that belong to each of the genetic cluster. Samples infected with Wolbachia are marked with an asterisk." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510138" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">21B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated ddRAD dataset produced robust support for the relationship between the individuals (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 21. Maximum likelihood trees inferred from the ddRAD data matrices based on (a.) de novo assembly and (b.) reference assembly method against Operophtera brumata genome (GCA _ 001266575). Bootstrap support values are indicated above the branches and only the values> 50 % are shown. The barplot shows the assignments of individuals into two genetic clusters, the green clusters referring to Perizoma incultaria, the orange clusters to P. barrassoi. Each bar represents one individual and colors represent the proportion of the individuals that belong to each of the genetic cluster. Samples infected with Wolbachia are marked with an asterisk." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510138" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">21</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ML tree based on the reference assembly produced a remarkably congruent tree with the tree of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">de novo</emphasis>
|
||
assembly. In both ML trees, the two revealed lineages correspond to cluster A (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. incultaria" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incultaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. incultaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, marked with green) and cluster B (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. barrassoi" order="Saxifragales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barrassoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">P. barrassoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, marked with orange) that was supported by 100% bootstrap support values. STRUCTURE also identified two discrete clusters (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 21. Maximum likelihood trees inferred from the ddRAD data matrices based on (a.) de novo assembly and (b.) reference assembly method against Operophtera brumata genome (GCA _ 001266575). Bootstrap support values are indicated above the branches and only the values> 50 % are shown. The barplot shows the assignments of individuals into two genetic clusters, the green clusters referring to Perizoma incultaria, the orange clusters to P. barrassoi. Each bar represents one individual and colors represent the proportion of the individuals that belong to each of the genetic cluster. Samples infected with Wolbachia are marked with an asterisk." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.44.58871.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/510138" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Only one of the eight examined samples (' TLMF Lep 00264') was
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Bacteria" lsidName="Wolbachia" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |