213 lines
26 KiB
XML
213 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="324E147A9E79CD725153E2F7EE290EB0" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5353564" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5353564" ID-ZooBank="6EFBCE81-9C2C-44C6-82C8-4AEBDCA885EF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630210686272" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Masek, Michal, Ivie, Michael A., Palata, Vaclav & Bocak, Ladislav" docDate="2014" docId="C701A33B5F75FF9EFC2AFA9CA7500411" docLanguage="en" docName="62rbz136-145.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F2D34FF25DBF9998BB8DF6F24A5B097A.5:RafflesBZool.2014-2018.journal_article" docStyleId="F2D34FF25DBF9998BB8DF6F24A5B097A" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2014-2018.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Lyropaeus Waterhouse 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="141" masterDocId="3B38DB435F71FF9BFFCCFFE4A3560605" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny and classification of Lyropaeini (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of larvae and new species of Lyropaeus" masterLastPageNumber="145" masterPageNumber="136" pageNumber="140" updateTime="1699187152733" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="10426F36527EB56C9FD74A415E273B07">Molecular phylogeny and classification of Lyropaeini (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of larvae and new species of Lyropaeus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A15E6E205E541E55678E073458413B9F">Masek, Michal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2ACEEC7540EBF0DE18F5B02223B83A6F">Ivie, Michael A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E9FA6B89C1D4F0D89A2522CE1D11F8F9">Palata, Vaclav</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C05D166135D6F80B52AD8895C768C97C">Bocak, Ladislav</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="850B01B94626B4395A741F3688BE147B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="83BF0668AAB7173F056BF444AADB7E16">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1E134F7F109D544F8C4BF3D236C7B5B1">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F372C91EC00760389F6350E4AFF790E6">2014-03-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="39AFFF5308C348D7DF2B68BF7B3065C7">62</mods:number>
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<treatment id="C701A33B5F75FF9EFC2AFA9CA7500411" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5450635" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5450635" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C701A33B5F75FF9EFC2AFA9CA7500411" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C701A33B5F75FF9EFC2AFA9CA7500411" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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<subSubSection id="07B241A65F75FF9FFC2AFA9CA7A4038A" box="[998,1266,1400,1423]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4F17122D5F75FF9FFC2AFA9CA7A4038A" blockId="4.[998,1266,1400,1455]" box="[998,1266,1400,1423]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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<heading id="145FA5415F75FF9FFC2AFA9CA7A4038A" bold="true" box="[998,1266,1400,1423]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFC2AFA9CA7A4038A" bold="true" box="[998,1266,1400,1423]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F75FF9FFC2AFA9CA70F038A" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[998,1113,1400,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFC2AFA9CA70F038A" bold="true" box="[998,1113,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(s. str.) sp. C
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="07B241A65F75FF9FFBEFFA7CA7E303AA" box="[1059,1205,1432,1455]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4F17122D5F75FF9FFBEFFA7CA7E303AA" blockId="4.[998,1266,1400,1455]" box="[1059,1205,1432,1455]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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(
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<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F75FF9FFBE7FA7CA7FB03AA" box="[1067,1197,1432,1455]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[113,157,1976,1997]" captionTargetBox="[198,1365,645,1950]" captionTargetId="figure-109@2.[183,1383,618,1968]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 2–16. Adult male, general appearance: 2, Lyropaeus (s. str.) aurantiacus Bourgeois; 3, L. (s. str.) ceylonicus Bocak & Bocakova; 4, L. (Lyroneces) rubrostriatus Kleine; 5, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis Kleine; 6, L. (Lyroneces) philippinensis Kleine; 7, L. (Lyroneces) ritsemae Gorham; 8, L. (Lyroneces) waterhousei Gorham; 9, L. (Lyroneces) dominator Kleine; 10, L. (s. str.) kejvali, new species; 11, L. (s. str.) nepalensis, new species. Larva, general appearance: 12, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A; 13–14, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. B; 15, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. C. Scale bars = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353568/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Figs. 15, 16</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="07B241A65F75FF9FFCE1FA33A0810047" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="4F17122D5F75FF9FFCE1FA33A0810047" blockId="4.[813,1452,1495,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFCE1FA33A0A503E9" bold="true" box="[813,1011,1495,1516]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="FFC018705F75FF9FFC34FA33A0850047" collectingDate="2006-07-02" collectionCode="MAIC, LMBC" country="India" elevation="1970" latitude="11.43638" location="Longwood Shola" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="76.87417" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">
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<specimenCount id="59AED9A45F75FF9FFC34FA33A71C03E9" box="[1016,1098,1495,1516]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="female">3 female</specimenCount>
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larvae (
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<collectionCode id="29B98AE85F75FF9FFB5AFA33A78E03E9" box="[1174,1240,1495,1516]" country="Greece" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13566" name="Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="Herbarium">MAIC</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="29B98AE85F75FF9FFB2DFA33A67F03E9" box="[1249,1321,1495,1516]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">LMBC</collectionCode>
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||
).
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||
<collectingCountry id="37BF52BD5F75FF9FFAF4FA33A63A03E9" box="[1336,1388,1495,1516]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="8D6CDCCF5F75FF9FFAB8FA33A035000C" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
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,
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<locationDeviation id="5EA50B0F5F75FF9FFCA7FA10A747000C" box="[875,1041,1524,1545]" location="Kotagiri" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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<quantity id="8850BFC85F75FF9FFCA7FA10A0C3000C" box="[875,917,1524,1545]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="km" value="2.0">2km</quantity>
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NE Kotagiri
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</locationDeviation>
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,
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<location id="4A7744F65F75FF9FFBD5FA10A7E8000C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C701A33B5F75FF9EFC2AFA9CA7500411:4A7744F65F75FF9FFBD5FA10A7E8000C" box="[1049,1214,1524,1545]" country="India" latitude="11.43638" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="76.87417" name="Longwood Shola" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Longwood Shola</location>
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,
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||
<quantity id="8850BFC85F75FF9FFB0AFA10A646000C" box="[1222,1296,1524,1545]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="m" value="1970.0">
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<elevation id="C485F51E5F75FF9FFB0AFA10A646000C" box="[1222,1296,1524,1545]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="m" value="1970.0">1970 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="2A9C74EA5F75FF9FFAD4FA10A6F1000C" box="[1304,1447,1524,1545]" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" precision="1" seconds="10.97" value="11.43638">11°26'10.97"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="2A9C74EA5F75FF9FFCE1F9F5A0F50023" box="[813,931,1553,1574]" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" precision="15" seconds="27" value="76.87417">76°52'27"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<date id="3B1634ED5F75FF9FFC7DF9F5A7670023" box="[945,1073,1553,1574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" value="2006-07-02">
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||
<collectingDate id="2B52CD055F75FF9FFC7DF9F5A7670023" box="[945,1073,1553,1574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" value="2006-07-02">2 July 2006</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, one feeding on mushy fungus, one possibly on snail
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="07B241A65F75FF9FFCE1F988A7E90186" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="4F17122D5F75FF9FFCE1F988A7E90186" blockId="4.[813,1452,1644,1923]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFCE1F988A7FC00A6" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Differential diagnosis of lower instar larvae (Species C, Voucher No. UPOL VP2312).</emphasis>
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Body shape similar to
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<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F75FF9FFCE1F948A0B000C6" box="[813,998,1708,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFCE1F948A0C800C6" box="[813,926,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
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sp. A
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</taxonomicName>
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, pronotum broader, 4 points on anterior margin of pronotum rounded, not acute, dark brown with symmetrical small irregular patches in thoracic terga, lateral parts of pleurae and parts of abdominal sterna, head, trochanters and femora, testaceous. Spiracular plates reach epimeron posteriorly, abdominal sternal tubercles of A2–A8 minute, lateral tergal processes short.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="07B241A65F75FF9FFCE1F848A6DD01C6" box="[813,1419,1964,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="4F17122D5F75FF9FFCE1F848A6DD01C6" blockId="4.[813,1419,1964,1987]" box="[813,1419,1964,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFCE1F848A08D01C6" bold="true" box="[813,987,1964,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Measurements.</emphasis>
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BL
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<quantity id="8850BFC85F75FF9FFBC7F848A73801C6" box="[1035,1134,1964,1987]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="mm" value="16.5">16.5 mm</quantity>
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, PL
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<quantity id="8850BFC85F75FF9FFB6CF848A7A301C6" box="[1184,1269,1964,1987]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
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, PW
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<quantity id="8850BFC85F75FF9FFAFDF848A6D101C6" box="[1329,1415,1964,1987]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="1BD742A55F75FF9FFFBDF816A2A70E45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353572" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5353572" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353572/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" startId="4.[113,148,2034,2055]" targetBox="[114,754,1599,2012]" targetPageId="4">
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||
<paragraph id="4F17122D5F75FF9FFFBDF816A2A70E45" blockId="4.[113,752,2034,2112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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Fig. 27. Ratio between width at humeri and width of pronotum at basal margin in selected species of
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<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F75FF9FFE04F7EAA17A0E26" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[456,556,2062,2083]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFE04F7EAA17A0E26" box="[456,556,2062,2083]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(s. str.) (black bars) and
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<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F75FF9FFF50F7CFA22E0E45" authority="" authorityName="Kazantsev" authorityYear="1998" box="[156,376,2091,2112]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Lyroneces">
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFF50F7CFA2560E45" box="[156,256,2091,2112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
|
||
(
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<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFEC3F7CFA2260E45" box="[271,368,2091,2112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Lyroneces</emphasis>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(gray bars).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
<subSubSection id="07B241A65F75FF9EFCE1F808A7500411" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F17122D5F75FF9EFCE1F808A2300513" blockId="4.[813,1452,2028,2115]" lastBlockId="5.[136,776,191,790]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
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||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFCE1F808A0CF0E06" bold="true" box="[813,921,2028,2051]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The known ‘trilobite larvae’ known to date represent two genera:
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<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F75FF9FFC7FF7E8A7160E26" authorityName="Pic" authorityYear="1921" box="[947,1088,2060,2083]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Platerodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFC7FF7E8A7160E26" box="[947,1088,2060,2083]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Platerodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
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<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F75FF9FFBACF7E8A6200E26" authority="Mjoberg, 1925" authorityName="Mjoberg" authorityYear="1925" box="[1120,1398,2060,2083]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Duliticola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFBACF7E8A79A0E26" box="[1120,1228,2060,2083]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Duliticola</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B396FDC5F75FF9FFB18F7E8A6200E26" author="Mjoberg E" box="[1236,1398,2060,2083]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="119 - 153" refId="ref7095" refString="Mjoberg E (1925) The mystery of the so called " Trilobite " or " Perty's larvae " definitely solved. Psyche, 22: 119 - 153." type="journal article" year="1925">Mjöberg, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and here redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F75FF9FFC26F7C8A70F0E46" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[1002,1113,2092,2115]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F75FF9FFC26F7C8A70F0E46" box="[1002,1113,2092,2115]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although they resemble each other in many characters, the analysis of molecular data shows that their similarity is a result of convergent evolution within Lyropaeinae. The unique spiracular sieve plate with 10 openings arranged in a circle was found only on the meso- and metathoracic segments in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F74FF9EFDEBFEDBA1C10753" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[551,663,319,342]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F74FF9EFDEBFEDBA1C10753" box="[551,663,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they are placed in a distinct ovoid depression (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F74FF9EFDA1FEBBA1AC0773" box="[621,762,351,374]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[136,180,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[200,1407,1214,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-415@3.[162,1447,1181,1995]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 17–26. Larva of Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A: 17, head in lateral view; 18, ditto in dorsal view; 19–20, general appearance in ventral view; 21, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1; 22, abdominal tergite 1; 23, mesothoracic spiracular plate; 24, abdominal spiracle of the segment 1 from Fig. 21. Larva of Platerodrilus sp.: 25, spiracular plate of the segment 1 from Fig. 26; 26, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1. Scale bars = 2 mm (Figs. 17–23, 25–26); scale bar = 0.25 mm (Fig. 24)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353570/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Figs. 19, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
), unlike the circular spiracles of the abdomen that are small, simple, not depressed below the normal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F74FF9EFD6BFE7BA3F007D3" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[136,180,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[200,1407,1214,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-415@3.[162,1447,1181,1995]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 17–26. Larva of Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A: 17, head in lateral view; 18, ditto in dorsal view; 19–20, general appearance in ventral view; 21, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1; 22, abdominal tergite 1; 23, mesothoracic spiracular plate; 24, abdominal spiracle of the segment 1 from Fig. 21. Larva of Platerodrilus sp.: 25, spiracular plate of the segment 1 from Fig. 26; 26, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1. Scale bars = 2 mm (Figs. 17–23, 25–26); scale bar = 0.25 mm (Fig. 24)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353570/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Figs. 21, 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). This differs from the situation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F74FF9EFDC3FE5BA1CA07D3" authorityName="Pic" authorityYear="1921" box="[527,668,447,470]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Platerodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F74FF9EFDC3FE5BA1CA07D3" box="[527,668,447,470]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Platerodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the ovoid spiracular depression is present on both thoracic and abdominal segments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F74FF9EFEBDFE1BA2970413" box="[369,449,511,534]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[136,180,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[200,1407,1214,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-415@3.[162,1447,1181,1995]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 17–26. Larva of Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A: 17, head in lateral view; 18, ditto in dorsal view; 19–20, general appearance in ventral view; 21, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1; 22, abdominal tergite 1; 23, mesothoracic spiracular plate; 24, abdominal spiracle of the segment 1 from Fig. 21. Larva of Platerodrilus sp.: 25, spiracular plate of the segment 1 from Fig. 26; 26, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1. Scale bars = 2 mm (Figs. 17–23, 25–26); scale bar = 0.25 mm (Fig. 24)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353570/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
), and there is a linear group of openings on the sieve plate of the thoracic spiracles. Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F74FF9EFF44FDDBA3AC0453" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[136,250,575,598]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F74FF9EFF44FDDBA3AC0453" box="[136,250,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F74FF9EFEE0FDDBA2E80453" authorityName="Pic" authorityYear="1921" box="[300,446,575,598]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Platerodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F74FF9EFEE0FDDBA2E80453" box="[300,446,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Platerodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a single opening is at upper margin of the cavity and the connecting trachea runs along the inner wall of sieve plate from the margin of the cavity to the opposite margin with several openings arranged in a row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F74FF9EFF0CFD5BA24704D3" box="[192,273,703,726]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[136,180,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[200,1407,1214,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-415@3.[162,1447,1181,1995]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 17–26. Larva of Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A: 17, head in lateral view; 18, ditto in dorsal view; 19–20, general appearance in ventral view; 21, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1; 22, abdominal tergite 1; 23, mesothoracic spiracular plate; 24, abdominal spiracle of the segment 1 from Fig. 21. Larva of Platerodrilus sp.: 25, spiracular plate of the segment 1 from Fig. 26; 26, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1. Scale bars = 2 mm (Figs. 17–23, 25–26); scale bar = 0.25 mm (Fig. 24)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353570/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
). The origins of these large bodied larvae were ascribed to K-selection in a lineage with neotenic females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B396FDC5F74FF9EFF43FD1BA20D0513" author="Bocak L & Bocakova M & Hunt T & Vogler AP" box="[143,347,767,790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="2015 - 2023" refId="ref6458" refString="Bocak L, Bocakova M, Hunt T & Vogler AP (2008) Multiple ancient origins of neoteny in Lycidae (Coleoptera): consequences for ecology and macroevolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275: 2015 - 2023." type="journal article" year="2008">Bocak et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4F17122D5F74FF9EFC88FF59A7500411" blockId="5.[836,1474,189,532]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B396FDC5F74FF9EFC88FF59A0A106D1" author="Gravely FH" box="[836,1015,189,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="354 - 366" refId="ref6685" refString="Gravely FH (1915) The larvae and pupae of some beetles from Cochin. Records of the Indian Museum, 11: 354 - 366." type="journal article" year="1915">Gravely (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F74FF9EFB37FF59A62706D1" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[1275,1393,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F74FF9EFB37FF59A62706D1" box="[1275,1393,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which developed from a smaller larvae. We are not able to discriminate at the moment the male larvae from early instar female larvae and we can only say that the large bodied larvae (Voucher UPOLVP0016–7) must be females. We have only small-bodied specimens of the species C (Voucher UPOLVP2312) and these could be both late instar males and early instar females. Surprisingly, no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F74FF9EFACAFE79A62C07B1" authorityName="Bocak & Bocakova" authorityYear="1989" box="[1286,1402,413,436]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lyropaeini">Lyropaeini</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have been collected in Southeast Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B396FDC5F74FF9EFB33FE59A6DF07D1" author="Wong ATC" box="[1279,1417,445,468]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="173 - 187" refId="ref7434" refString="Wong ATC (1996) A new species of neotenous beetle, Duliticola hoiseni (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cantharoidea: Lycidae) from peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 44: 173 - 187." type="journal article" year="1996">Wong, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and large bodied larvae are now confirmed only in the south Indian
|
||
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F74FF9EFC5CFE19A7500411" box="[912,1030,509,532]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F74FF9EFC5CFE19A7540411" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[912,1026,509,532]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lyropaeus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |