303 lines
40 KiB
XML
303 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="50D9E7859EADE63A37D8D0F76C89E34A">Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BCD7C2F523C31EB45CFAA87376705119">Martinez, Jose I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E30A957137B830201ED6EEE24B8E693">Crane, Jonathan H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B916A9B05F29900D540EDDB962582E82">Wasielewski, Jeff</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="563A22B063209A26E1ED7B5894F345A6">Miller, Jacqueline Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6C37C0D2A72E5CF2515B19C0AAEC37C8">Carrillo, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B5F8358264176C62E2749D9D3E854DCA">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="98A1F2082164C079B9D6ADC4A7508B0F">
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<mods:date id="E1F32777EA950193E4A8DA7BED5170DE">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E629273B4E07069F3FA78E904DF8CCB8">2019-12-03</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3EE59914C0A60B592483307557AA830F" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="605687A7FFF9FFCAFF0CF5E9F964FD17" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3681453" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162233509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3681453" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:605687A7FFF9FFCAFF0CF5E9F964FD17" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/605687A7FFF9FFCAFF0CF5E9F964FD17" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF9FFCDFF0CF5E9FF5FFDA7" box="[192,632,491,516]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF0CF5E9FF5FFDA7" blockId="11.[192,632,491,516]" box="[192,632,491,516]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFF0CF5E9FF5FFDA7" ID-CoL="7GDK7" authority="(Zeller, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Zeller" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[192,632,491,516]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Zamagiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laidion">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF5E9FF5FFDA7" bold="true" box="[192,632,491,516]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF5E9FC98FDA7" bold="true" box="[192,447,491,516]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Zamagiria laidion</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFE03F5EEFF48FDA7" author="Zeller, P. C." box="[463,623,491,515]" journalOrPublisher="Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="154 - 256" part="16" refId="ref18501" refString="Zeller, P. C. 1881. Columbische, Chiloniden, Crambiden und Phycideen. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 16: 154 - 256" title="Columbische, Chiloniden, Crambiden und Phycideen" type="journal article" year="1881">Zeller, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF9FFCDFF0CF61FFF2BFDCE" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF0CF61FFCD6FD94" blockId="11.[192,524,538,618]" box="[192,497,538,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFF9FFCDFF0CF61FFCD6FD94" box="[192,497,538,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFF0CF61FFCD6FD94" authority="Zeller, 1881" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1881" box="[192,497,538,561]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Myelois" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laidion">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF61FFC4DFD8B" box="[192,362,538,559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Myelois laidion</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF9FFCDFEBDF61EFCD6FD94" author="Zeller" box="[369,497,539,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1881">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFEBDF61EFCD6FD94" author="Zeller, P. C." box="[369,497,539,561]" journalOrPublisher="Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="154 - 256" part="16" refId="ref18501" refString="Zeller, P. C. 1881. Columbische, Chiloniden, Crambiden und Phycideen. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 16: 154 - 256" title="Columbische, Chiloniden, Crambiden und Phycideen" type="journal article" year="1881">Zeller, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF0CF63DFCCAFDE9" blockId="11.[192,524,538,618]" box="[192,493,567,589]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFF9FFCDFF0CF63DFCCAFDE9" box="[192,493,567,589]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFF0CF63DFCCAFDE9" ID-CoL="98PLR" authority="Dyar, 1919" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1919" box="[192,493,567,589]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Zamagiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deia">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF63DFC49FDE8" box="[192,366,567,589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Zamagiria deia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF9FFCDFEB9F63DFCCAFDE9" author="Dyar" box="[373,493,568,589]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1919">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFEB9F63DFCCAFDE9" author="Dyar" box="[373,493,568,589]" firstAuthor="Dyar" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="40 - 63" refId="ref13975" refString="Dyar, H. G. 1919. Some tropical American Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insecutor inscitiae menstruus 7: 40 - 63." type="journal article" year="1919">Dyar, 1919</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF0CF650FF2BFDCE" blockId="11.[192,524,538,618]" box="[192,524,597,618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFF9FFCDFF0CF650FF2BFDCE" box="[192,524,597,618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFF0CF650FF2BFDCE" ID-CoL="98PLS" authority="Dyar, 1919" authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1919" box="[192,524,597,618]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Zamagiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striella">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF650FCAAFDCE" box="[192,397,597,618]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Zamagiria striella</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF9FFCDFE58F650FF2BFDCE" author="Dyar" box="[404,524,597,618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1919">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFE58F650FF2BFDCE" author="Dyar" box="[404,524,597,618]" firstAuthor="Dyar" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="40 - 63" refId="ref13975" refString="Dyar, H. G. 1919. Some tropical American Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insecutor inscitiae menstruus 7: 40 - 63." type="journal article" year="1919">Dyar, 1919</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF9FFCDFF24F681FF07FD18" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF24F681FF07FD18" blockId="11.[192,1440,643,700]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFF24F681FCA5FD38" author="Zeller, P. C." box="[232,386,644,668]" journalOrPublisher="Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="154 - 256" part="16" refId="ref18501" refString="Zeller, P. C. 1881. Columbische, Chiloniden, Crambiden und Phycideen. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 16: 154 - 256" title="Columbische, Chiloniden, Crambiden und Phycideen" type="journal article" year="1881">Zeller (1881)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFDCEF681FFC5FD3F" baseAuthorityName="Zeller" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[514,738,643,667]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Zamagiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laidion">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFDCEF681FFC5FD3F" box="[514,738,643,667]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Zamagiria laidion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on a specimen captured by Petersen from
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<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFAE0F681F887FD38" box="[1324,1440,644,668]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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and deposited in the BMNH.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF9FFCDFF0CF6D1FF4BFAF7" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF0CF6D1FF4BFAF7" blockId="11.[192,1441,724,1363]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF6D1FC8BFD48" bold="true" box="[192,428,724,748]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Description. Egg.</emphasis>
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Whitish-green and flat changing to grayish green just before hatching.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFAC9F6D1F879FD48" bold="true" box="[1285,1374,724,748]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Larva.</emphasis>
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First and second instar grayish-green with dark lines throughout the body. Third to fifth instar variable in color; yellowish-green, reddish-brown or brownish-black; the latter color form with grayish mid dorsal line; the head mottled with white dots. Mature larva length,
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<quantity id="2F079B54FFF9FFCDFC61F730F96CFCE9" box="[941,1099,821,845]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" metricValueMax="1.1099999999999999" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="10.3" valueMax="11.1" valueMin="9.5">9.5–11.1 mm</quantity>
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(
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<figureCitation id="70C42A34FFF9FFCDFB90F730F99EFCEA" box="[1116,1209,821,846]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="25.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[377,1254,213,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[377,1254,213,1785]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 1. Larvae of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676601" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3676601/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFB03F730F870FCE9" bold="true" box="[1231,1367,821,845]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Pre-pupa.</emphasis>
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Paler and wider than the last instar.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFDF3F753FFA8FCCA" bold="true" box="[575,655,854,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Pupa.</emphasis>
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Greenish-brown and changing to dark-brown before emergence.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF773FC33FC2A" bold="true" box="[192,276,886,910]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Adult.</emphasis>
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Sexually dimorphic, males are larger than females.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFC45F773F909FC2A" box="[905,1070,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Wing expanse</emphasis>
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: males
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<quantity id="2F079B54FFF9FFCDFB45F773F810FC2A" box="[1161,1335,886,910]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.155" metricValueMax="2.29" metricValueMin="2.02" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="21.549999999999997" valueMax="22.9" valueMin="20.2">20.2–22.9 mm</quantity>
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, females
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<quantity id="2F079B54FFF9FFCDFF0CF793FC49FC0A" box="[192,366,918,942]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.935" metricValueMax="2.05" metricValueMin="1.8199999999999998" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="19.35" valueMax="20.5" valueMin="18.2">18.2–20.5 mm</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFEBBF793FCF5FC09" bold="true" box="[375,466,918,942]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Wings.</emphasis>
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Forewings elongated, very narrow posterad and gently extended without a sharp tip.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF3EF7B3FC84FC6B" box="[242,419,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Dorsal surface</emphasis>
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: whitish-gray basally; costal margin mottled with scattered gray scales; two darkbrown transverse curved lines, which are serrated distally (First on postdiscal area and the second on discal area); fold with rough scales from the inner edge to ¾ of the wing width; yellow patch between two dark-brown transverse curved lines; two long dark black bands with a brown patch inside them equidistant from the two transverse lines; whitish line in inner margin along with brown shadows; outer margin with dark line and small square dots; fringe pale brownish-gray anterad and darker posterad. Hindwings glassy; yellowish shimmer along the costal margin gray; anal margin with scattered brown scales.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFEA2F09CFF0EFB15" box="[366,553,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Ventral surface</emphasis>
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: both wings pale-gray, forewings darker than hindwings.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFB3BF09CF860FB15" bold="true" box="[1271,1351,1177,1201]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Head.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFA83F09CFDCCFB75" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Antennae</emphasis>
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: Filiform; length extended to middle of body; male with tuft of scales modified at the base.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFA80F0BFF8BEFB75" box="[1356,1433,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Vertex</emphasis>
|
||
: Grayish-brown.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFE44F0DFFF30FB56" box="[392,535,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
: Labial palp marbled in gray and brown; elongated with second segment larger than first and third.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFDC5F0FFFF7FFAB6" bold="true" box="[521,600,1274,1298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Body.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFD92F0FFFE46FAB6" box="[606,865,1274,1298]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Thorax and abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: Grayish-brown dorsally and pale whitish-gray ventrally.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFEF1F11EFC53FA96" box="[317,372,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: Forelegs dark-brown dorsally and pale grayish-brown ventrally; mid-legs and hindlegs uniformly grayish-brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70C42A34FFF9FFCDFDCDF13EFF78FAF7" box="[513,607,1339,1363]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="26.[192,275,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[379,1254,213,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[379,1254,213,1756]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 2. Adults of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. The unlabeled images in the top half of the figure are to scale, whereas the labeled images in the bottom half of the figure have been resized. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3676603/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF9FFCDFF0CF16EFCA0F981" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF0CF16EFCA0F981" blockId="11.[192,1440,1387,1573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF16EFC54FA27" bold="true" box="[192,371,1387,1411]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFEB7F169FF79FA27" baseAuthorityName="Zeller" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[379,606,1387,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Zamagiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laidion">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFEB7F169FF79FA27" box="[379,606,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Zamagiria laidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported in Neotropical regions especially in Central and South America and some Caribbean Islands (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFD14F189FE02FA00" box="[728,805,1420,1444]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFCE3F189FEA0FA00" box="[815,903,1420,1444]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFC5DF189F921FA00" box="[913,1030,1420,1444]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFBC3F189F975FA00" box="[1039,1106,1420,1444]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFB90F189F9CDFA00" box="[1116,1258,1420,1444]" name="El Salvador" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Guana Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFF0CF1A9FC6CFA60" box="[192,331,1452,1476]" name="Guatemala" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Hispaniola;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFE21F1A9FF72FA67" box="[493,597,1452,1475]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFDAEF1A9FE7DFA60" box="[610,858,1452,1476]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFC55F1A9F93EFA60" box="[921,1049,1452,1476]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFB82F1A9F9CAFA60" author="Zeller, P. C." box="[1102,1261,1452,1476]" journalOrPublisher="Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="154 - 256" part="16" refId="ref18501" refString="Zeller, P. C. 1881. Columbische, Chiloniden, Crambiden und Phycideen. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 16: 154 - 256" title="Columbische, Chiloniden, Crambiden und Phycideen" type="journal article" year="1881">Zeller (1881)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFB35F1A9FC37FA40" author="Rubio-Espina, E." journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia (LUZ)" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 24" part="1" refId="ref17404" refString="Rubio-Espina, E. 1968. Estudio preliminar de los insectos perjudiciales a los arboles de nispero (Achras Zapota Linnaeus) en el estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia (LUZ) 1: 1 - 24." title="Estudio preliminar de los insectos perjudiciales a los arboles de nispero (Achras Zapota Linnaeus) en el estado Zulia, Venezuela" type="journal article" year="1968">Rubio-Espina (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFED6F1C9FC9CFA40" author="Marin" box="[282,443,1484,1508]" firstAuthor="Marin" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" refId="ref15498" refString="Marin, J. C. 1973. Preliminary list of pests of Annonaceae, sapodilla (Achras zapota L.) and guava" type="book" year="1973">Marin (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFE09F1C8FF9FFA40" author="Iruegas" box="[453,696,1484,1509]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Iruegas" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="394 - 397" refId="ref14896" refString="Iruegas, R., B. Gomez, L. Cruz-Lopez, E. A. Malo, and J. C. Rojas. 2002. A new record of a moth attacking sapodilla, with descriptions of female genitalia and the last instar larva. Florida Entomologist 85: 394 - 397." type="journal article" year="2002">Iruegas et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFD0FF1C9FE59FA40" author="Neunzig, H. H." box="[707,894,1484,1508]" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="7 - 12" part="11" refId="ref16357" refString="Neunzig, H. H. 2000. New Phycitine records for the Dominican Republic and description of a new species of Nefundella (Lepidoptera: Phycitinae). Tropical Lepidoptera 11: 7 - 12" title="New Phycitine records for the Dominican Republic and description of a new species of Nefundella (Lepidoptera: Phycitinae)" type="journal article" year="2000">Neunzig (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFC45F1C9F9ACFA40" author="Carneiro, J. S. & P. H. S. Silva & H. U. Sousa" box="[905,1163,1484,1508]" journalOrPublisher="Embrapa: Comunicado Tecnico" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 3" part="156" refId="ref13052" refString="Carneiro, J. S., P. H. S. Silva, and H. U. Sousa. 2003. Ocorrencia de Zamagiria laidion (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) atacando sapotizeiros na Regiao dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Piaui. Embrapa: Comunicado Tecnico 156: 1 - 3." title="Ocorrencia de Zamagiria laidion (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) atacando sapotizeiros na Regiao dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Piaui" type="journal article" year="2003">Carneiro et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFB59F1C9F8BCFA40" author="Monteiro, R. F. & M. V. Macedo & M. D. S. Nascimento & R. S. Cury" box="[1173,1435,1484,1508]" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="313 - 320" part="51" refId="ref15981" refString="Monteiro, R. F., M. V. Macedo, M. D. S. Nascimento, and R. S. Cury. 2007. Composicao, abundancia e notas sobre a ecologia de especies de larvas de lepidopteros associadas a cinco especies de plantas hospedeiras no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, RJ. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 51: 313 - 320." title="Composicao, abundancia e notas sobre a ecologia de especies de larvas de lepidopteros associadas a cinco especies de plantas hospedeiras no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, RJ" type="journal article" year="2007">Monteiro et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFF0CF1E8FC5AF9A1" accessDate="invalid" author="Vanegas, M. J." box="[192,381,1517,1541]" journalOrPublisher="Direccion de Innovacion y Calidad del Ministerio de Economia (MINEC)" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 63" publicationUrl="http://www.innovacion.gob.sv/inventa/attachments/article/4319/A4743E.pdf" refId="ref17952" refString="Vanegas, M. J. 2008. Oportunidades de las cadenas fruticolas para contribuir al desarrollo rural de la zona alta de Chalatenango. Direccion de Innovacion y Calidad del Ministerio de Economia (MINEC). 1 - 63. Available at http: // www. innovacion. gob. sv / inventa / attachments / article / 4319 / A 4743 E. pdf. (Last accessed October 6, 2015)." title="Oportunidades de las cadenas fruticolas para contribuir al desarrollo rural de la zona alta de Chalatenango" type="book chapter" year="2008">Vanegas (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Núñez and Barro (2003). It has also been recorded in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF9FFCDFB4EF1E8F99BF9A1" box="[1154,1212,1517,1541]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(south
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFF9FFCDFAD5F1E8F854F9A1" box="[1305,1395,1517,1541]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFF0CF208FCA4F981" author="Heppner" box="[192,387,1549,1573]" firstAuthor="Heppner" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14453" refString="Heppner, J. B. 2003. Lepidoptera of Florida. Part 1. Introduction and catalog. Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas Vol. 17. Florida Department of Agriculture; Gainesville, FL. 670 p." type="book" year="2003">Heppner (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF9FFCAFF0CF238F964FD17" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF0CF238F81AF932" blockId="11.[192,1440,1597,1687]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF238FC32F9F1" bold="true" box="[192,277,1597,1621]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Hosts.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFED1F238FFC9F9F1" authority="Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." box="[285,750,1597,1621]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Eriobotyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFED1F238FF37F9F1" box="[285,528,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Eriobotyra japonica</emphasis>
|
||
Lindl. (Rosaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFD36F238F99CF9F1" box="[762,1211,1597,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Manilkara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="jaimiqui" subSpecies="emarginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFD36F238FEC8F9F1" box="[762,1007,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Manilkara jaimiqui</emphasis>
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFBE2F23BF99CF9F1" box="[1070,1211,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">emarginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Cronquist,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFA4CF23BFF24F9D2" authority="(Mart.) Dubard" authorityName="Dubard" authorityYear="1915" baseAuthorityName="Mart." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Manilkara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subsericea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFA4CF23BFC19F9D1" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">M. subsericea</emphasis>
|
||
(Mart.) Dubard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFDDCF25BFFAEF9D1" box="[528,649,1630,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Manilkara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zapota">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFDDCF25BFFAEF9D1" box="[528,649,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">M. zapota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) van Royen,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFC9DF25BF938F9D1" box="[849,1055,1629,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Mimusops" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elengi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFC9DF25BF938F9D1" box="[849,1055,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Mimusops elengi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF9FFCDFB9AF25BF9C6F9D2" box="[1110,1249,1630,1654]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFB35F25BFDD9F932" author="Rubio-Espina, E." journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia (LUZ)" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 24" part="1" refId="ref17404" refString="Rubio-Espina, E. 1968. Estudio preliminar de los insectos perjudiciales a los arboles de nispero (Achras Zapota Linnaeus) en el estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia (LUZ) 1: 1 - 24." title="Estudio preliminar de los insectos perjudiciales a los arboles de nispero (Achras Zapota Linnaeus) en el estado Zulia, Venezuela" type="journal article" year="1968">Rubio-Espina 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFEC6F27BFCE7F932" author="Robinson, G. S." box="[266,448,1662,1686]" journalOrPublisher="Nota Lepidopterologica" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="35 - 47" part="22" refId="ref17139" refString="Robinson, G. S. 1999. HOSTS-a database of the hostplants of the world's Lepidoptera. Nota Lepidopterologica 22: 35 - 47." title="HOSTS-a database of the hostplants of the world's Lepidoptera" type="journal article" year="1999">Robinson 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFE00F27AFF48F932" author="Iruegas" box="[460,623,1662,1687]" firstAuthor="Iruegas" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="394 - 397" refId="ref14896" refString="Iruegas, R., B. Gomez, L. Cruz-Lopez, E. A. Malo, and J. C. Rojas. 2002. A new record of a moth attacking sapodilla, with descriptions of female genitalia and the last instar larva. Florida Entomologist 85: 394 - 397." type="journal article" year="2002">Iruegas 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFDB6F27BFE56F932" author="Carneiro, J. S. & P. H. S. Silva & H. U. Sousa" box="[634,881,1662,1686]" journalOrPublisher="Embrapa: Comunicado Tecnico" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 3" part="156" refId="ref13052" refString="Carneiro, J. S., P. H. S. Silva, and H. U. Sousa. 2003. Ocorrencia de Zamagiria laidion (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) atacando sapotizeiros na Regiao dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Piaui. Embrapa: Comunicado Tecnico 156: 1 - 3." title="Ocorrencia de Zamagiria laidion (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) atacando sapotizeiros na Regiao dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Piaui" type="journal article" year="2003">Carneiro et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFCB0F27BF951F932" author="Monteiro, R. F. & M. V. Macedo & M. D. S. Nascimento & R. S. Cury" box="[892,1142,1662,1686]" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="313 - 320" part="51" refId="ref15981" refString="Monteiro, R. F., M. V. Macedo, M. D. S. Nascimento, and R. S. Cury. 2007. Composicao, abundancia e notas sobre a ecologia de especies de larvas de lepidopteros associadas a cinco especies de plantas hospedeiras no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, RJ. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 51: 313 - 320." title="Composicao, abundancia e notas sobre a ecologia de especies de larvas de lepidopteros associadas a cinco especies de plantas hospedeiras no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, RJ" type="journal article" year="2007">Monteiro et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF9FFCDFB4DF27AF817F932" accessDate="invalid" author="Vanegas, M. J." box="[1153,1328,1662,1687]" journalOrPublisher="Direccion de Innovacion y Calidad del Ministerio de Economia (MINEC)" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 63" publicationUrl="http://www.innovacion.gob.sv/inventa/attachments/article/4319/A4743E.pdf" refId="ref17952" refString="Vanegas, M. J. 2008. Oportunidades de las cadenas fruticolas para contribuir al desarrollo rural de la zona alta de Chalatenango. Direccion de Innovacion y Calidad del Ministerio de Economia (MINEC). 1 - 63. Available at http: // www. innovacion. gob. sv / inventa / attachments / article / 4319 / A 4743 E. pdf. (Last accessed October 6, 2015)." title="Oportunidades de las cadenas fruticolas para contribuir al desarrollo rural de la zona alta de Chalatenango" type="book chapter" year="2008">Vanegas 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCDFF0CF2ABFF01F8EC" blockId="11.[192,1440,1710,1928]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF9FFCDFF0CF2ABFCBAF962" bold="true" box="[192,413,1710,1734]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults are nocturnal and were observed mostly during the summer (late August) to fall (early November) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFF9FFCDFE27F2CAFF63F943" box="[491,580,1743,1767]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
when there was a considerable increase in population. The population decreased in the winter and increased again in early spring (March-April) but spring populations were still smaller than in the summer. The females commonly oviposit on floral buds, mature flowers, leaf buds, and leaves of sapodilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF9FFCAFF24F355F861FEF6" blockId="11.[192,1440,1710,1928]" lastBlockId="12.[192,1440,217,434]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The egg hatches after three to four days and immediately the caterpillar begins boring into the flow- ers and leaves, which gives the caterpillar a characteristic coloration depending upon what it feeds on. Individuals that feed on floral parts are reddish green, and those that eat leaf buds are grayish green.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF0CF4FFFC64FEB6" box="[192,323,250,274]" genus="The" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="larvae">The larvae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that feed on mature flowers are dark brown with a paler mid-dorsal line and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB27F4FFF841FEB6" box="[1259,1382,250,274]" genus="The" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="larvae">the larvae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that feed on leaves are yellowish green. Some larvae stay inside the flower during all development stages (18–24 days) until they reach the pupal stage and others prefer to make a cocoon in the leaves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF24F55FFF45FE15" blockId="12.[192,1440,217,434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">The pupal stage is about 19–23 days. The adult life span is seven to nine days feeding only on sugar water. However, we observed some adults feeding on the nectar of sapodilla flowers, but we do not know how this affect the adult life span.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF5CFFEACFDE6" blockId="12.[192,1440,458,579]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF5CFFC12FE46" bold="true" box="[192,309,458,482]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Damage.</emphasis>
|
||
This species feeds on everything inside the flowers, including sepals and pedicels; these flowers turn reddish green then desiccate and abscise. The entire inflorescence, including leaf buds, is destroyed, with silk tunnels and frass attached to the outside.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFCF7F60FFE98FD86" box="[827,959,522,546]" genus="The" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="larvae">The larvae</taxonomicName>
|
||
also feed on leaves, preferring the new leaves and sometimes eating every part except the midrib.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF65FF964FD17" blockId="12.[192,1440,602,691]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF65FFC5EFDD6" bold="true" box="[192,377,602,626]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Management.</emphasis>
|
||
Some species of parasitic wasps were observed parasitizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB9EF65EF9EEFDD6" baseAuthorityName="Zeller" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1106,1225,602,626]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Zamagiria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laidion">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB9EF65EF9EEFDD6" box="[1106,1225,602,626]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Z. laidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFA85F65EF887FDD6" box="[1353,1440,603,626]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Bracon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFA85F65EF887FDD6" box="[1353,1440,603,626]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Bracon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFED0F67EFFBBFD36" authority="(Ashmead)" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" box="[284,668,634,658]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Goniozus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFED0F67EFF28FD36" box="[284,527,634,658]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Goniozus floridanus</emphasis>
|
||
(Ashmead)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We also found some adults eaten by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB99F67EF8BAFD37" authority="(Lucas)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1109,1437,634,659]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Neoscona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crucifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB99F67EF81EFD36" box="[1109,1337,634,658]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Neoscona crucifera</emphasis>
|
||
(Lucas)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, some pesticides have been used without a significant result.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |