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<document id="3DD7970C3EDC7C3FFEEC88922F7DFFA3" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4664755" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4664755" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1617711452867" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lukševičs, Erwin" docDate="2001" docId="03CC6624FF94FFC5FCA3FAEE9B7BFDAF" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.23.4.489-609.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 23 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EA833BFD04EE0E3F39962C07E351CEA5.3:Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EA833BFD04EE0E3F39962C07E351CEA5" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Bothriolepis maxima Gross 1933" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="538" masterDocId="FFF51E5CFFB9FFF7FFB8FF959934FFAF" masterDocTitle="Bothriolepid antiarchs (Vertebrata, Placodermi) from the Devonian of the north-western part of the East European Platform" masterLastPageNumber="609" masterPageNumber="489" pageNumber="534" updateTime="1700960295798" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="41DC09E7EA0EE98858C883D7627153DB">Bothriolepid antiarchs (Vertebrata, Placodermi) from the Devonian of the north-western part of the East European Platform</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="36383776629043A465310149AF5B67DA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8EE58349E619454EEAD83C20389D16C5">Lukševičs, Erwin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="07F6A3B416A6834855577A8D48410C54">Institute of Geology, University of Latvia, Rainis Blvd 19 Rīga LV 1586 (Latvia)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1D11C87A1D6AF4C1C2E8DBE66A2914EC" type="email">erluks@lanet.lv</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="0DA4C8BB2AEB77BA8A7222A6036EBD39">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2ACC9C040E6298DF1E859B910E41D4A4">2001</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A94EA9ED0C296E262B80AD229A5A20D7">23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="02E1E23F20290B7EA092555B4E25EBFF">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="7410237D3A6F87B29C0FB4D92B098D4A" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="462BEF13B8692D39B3579947F24EB278" type="Zenodo-Dep">4664755</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CC6624FF94FFC5FCA3FAEE9B7BFDAF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC6624FF94FFC5FCA3FAEE9B7BFDAF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC6624FF94FFC5FCA3FAEE9B7BFDAF" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="538" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">
<subSubSection id="C37F84B9FF94FFDAFCA3FAEE9DEBF989" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF94FFDAFCA3FAEE9D23FA1D" blockId="45.[795,1166,1403,1458]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF94FFDAFCA3FAEE9DBAFA3B" authority="Gross, 1933" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[795,1166,1403,1428]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF94FFDAFCA3FAEE9D30FA3C" bold="true" box="[795,1028,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">Bothriolepis maxima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF94FFDAFBB2FAE99DBAFA3B" author="GROSS W." box="[1034,1166,1404,1428]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref61036" refString="GROSS W. 1933. - Die Fische des Baltischen Devons. Palaeontographica 79: 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1933">Gross, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF94FFDAFC22FA0F9D3BFA1D" box="[922,1039,1434,1458]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStart-5="FIG" captionStartId-0="45.[151,162,884,901]" captionStartId-1="45.[714,725,863,880]" captionStartId-2="46.[714,725,955,972]" captionStartId-3="47.[151,162,1209,1226]" captionStartId-4="48.[714,725,802,819]" captionStartId-5="49.[151,162,1393,1410]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1246,166,851]" captionTargetBox-2="[731,1243,141,931]" captionTargetBox-3="[249,1148,165,1167]" captionTargetBox-4="[723,1229,171,764]" captionTargetBox-5="[208,633,163,1340]" captionTargetId-2="figure-658@46.[726,1228,151,931]" captionTargetId-3="figure-162@47.[242,1157,160,1182]" captionTargetId-4="figure-547@48.[704,1241,154,768]" captionTargetId-5="figure-359@49.[202,628,153,1398]" captionTargetPageId-1="45" captionTargetPageId-2="46" captionTargetPageId-3="47" captionTargetPageId-4="48" captionTargetPageId-5="49" captionText-0="FIG. 23. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, head-shield LDM 99/1 in dorsal view; B, Nu LDM 99/6. Right bank of Imula River near Kalnarāji hamlet, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviation: Nu, nuchal plate. Scale bars: 20 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 24. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, head-shield LDM 99/1 in visceral view; B, Nu LDM 99/5; C, Prm LDM 99/2. Right bank of Imula River near Kalnarāji hamlet, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviation: Nu, nuchal plate; Prm, premedian plate. Scale bars: 20 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 25. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, Prm PIN 2917/53 in dorsal view; B, Nu and Pp PIN 2917/52. Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation. Abbreviations: Nu, nuchal plate; Pp, postpineal plate; Prm, premedian plate; csl, central sensory line groove; d.end, opening of canal for endolymphatic duct; ifc1, principal section of infraorbital sensory line on head-shield; mc, lateral corner; mppr, posterior process; nm, obtected nuchal area; pc, postero-lateral corner; pnn, nasal notch; soc, anterior section of the supraorbital sensory line. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-3="FIG. 26. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933, AMD; A, PIN 2917/42, slightly deformed; B, PIN 1737/63; C, PIN 1737/64; D, PIN 2917/43; A, D, Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation; B, C, Velna ala (Devil Cave) at the left bank of Abava River, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviations: AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; MxL, mixilateral plate; PMD, posterior median dorsal plate; dlg2, posterior oblique dorsal sensory line groove; dma, tergal angle; npn, postnuchal notch; oa.MxL, area overlapped by MxL; oa.PMD, area overlapped by PMD; pr.pl, external postlevator process of AMD. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-4="FIG. 27. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933, reconstruction of the trunk armour based on specimen PIN 1652/2. Right bank of Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation. Abbreviations: ADL, anterior dorso-lateral plate; AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; MxL, mixilateral plate; PMD, posterior median dorsal plate. Scale bar: 20 mm." captionText-5="FIG. 28. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, ADL PIN 1491/98, Velna ala (Devil Cave) at the left bank of Abava River, Latvia. Ogre Formation; B, PVL PIN 1491/88, right bank of Bolshoy Tuder River near Medovo village in vicinity of Cholm town, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation. Abbreviations: ADL, anterior dorso-lateral plate; AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; AVL, anterior ventro-lateral plate; PVL, posterior ventro lateral plate; cm1, anteromesial corner of ventral lamina of PVL; cm2, middle corner of ventral lamina of PVL; dlr, dorso-lateral ridge of trunk armour; lcg, main lateral line groove; oa.AMD, area overlapped by AMD; oa.AVL, area overlapped by AVL; oa.PVL, area overlapped by PVL; pnoa, postnuchal ornamented corner; pro, processus obstans; vlr, ventro-lateral ridge. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664807" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664811" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664815" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664818" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664820" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4664807/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4664811/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4664815/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4664818/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4664820/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">Figs 23-28</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF94FFDAFD72FA5A9A2BFA51" blockId="45.[714,1247,1487,1666]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB75F01CFF94FFDAFD72FA5A9A2BFA51" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF94FFDAFD72FA5A9A82FA4A" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[714,950,1487,1509]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF94FFDAFD72FA5A9A82FA4A" box="[714,950,1487,1509]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">Bothriolepis maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AC4F123FF94FFDAFC6EFA5A9DB5FA4A" author="GROSS W." box="[982,1153,1487,1509]" page="25" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF94FFDAFC6EFA5A9DB5FA4A" author="GROSS W." box="[982,1153,1487,1509]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" refId="ref61013" refString="GROSS W. 1932. - Fossilium Catalogus. Pars 57: Antiarchi. W. Junk, Berlin, 40 p." type="book" year="1932">Gross 1932: 25</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF94FFDAFB2CFA459A25FA52" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">nomen nudum</emphasis>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF94FFDAFD72F9849DEBF989" blockId="45.[714,1247,1487,1666]" box="[714,1247,1553,1575]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB75F01CFF94FFDAFD72F9849DEBF989" box="[714,1247,1553,1575]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC4F123FF94FFDAFD72F9849D61F989" author="GROSS W." box="[714,1109,1553,1574]" page="43" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" year="1933">
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF94FFDAFD72F9849D61F989" authority="Gross, 1933: 41 - 43" authorityName="Gross" authorityPageNumber="41 - 43" authorityYear="1933" box="[714,1109,1553,1574]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF94FFDAFD72F9849AA2F989" box="[714,918,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">Bothriolepis maxima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF94FFDAFC24F9849D61F989" author="GROSS W." box="[924,1109,1553,1574]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref61036" refString="GROSS W. 1933. - Die Fische des Baltischen Devons. Palaeontographica 79: 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1933">Gross, 1933: 41-43</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; taf. 5, fig. 14.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F84B9FF94FFD9FD72F9AF987BFB73" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="535" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF94FFDAFD72F9AF9AB7F92D" blockId="45.[714,1247,1487,1666]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534">
<typeStatus id="54DE6990FF94FFDAFD72F9AF9A0BF9E1" box="[714,831,1594,1615]" pageId="45" pageNumber="534" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
. — The head-shield f124 Geologisch- Paläontologische Institut und Museum der Universität Berlin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF97FFD9FF2FFF3D9B0DFE27" blockId="46.[151,685,168,1666]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">
MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
<collectionCode id="ED744FF7FF97FFD9FE27FF3D98ECFF12" box="[415,472,168,189]" country="Latvia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kzc2-6x26" name="Latvian Natural Histotry Museum, department of Entomology" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">LDM</collectionCode>
43/675, 99/1, 84/67, three articulated head-shields;
<collectionCode id="ED744FF7FF97FFD9FE74FF5798CCFF78" box="[460,504,194,215]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kjjc-ziy5" name="Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">PIN</collectionCode>
1652/2, articulat- ed head-shield and dorsal trunk armour;
<collectionCode id="ED744FF7FF97FFD9FD97FF4E9B5CFF5F" box="[559,616,219,240]" country="Latvia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kzc2-6x26" name="Latvian Natural Histotry Museum, department of Entomology" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">LDM</collectionCode>
15/20, 23, 25-31, 125; 43/676-710, 43/712-721; 84/1-14, 17- 19, 21-30, 33-38, 40-47, 66; 87/1, 3, 4, 7-9, 11, 13, 14, 18; 99/2-44;
<collectionCode id="ED744FF7FF97FFD9FEA2FEB29873FE93" box="[282,327,295,316]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kjjc-ziy5" name="Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">PIN</collectionCode>
89/3; 1491/87, 96-98; 1737/62-64; 1767/61; 2917/21,24-33, 35, 37-39, 41-44, 51-53, disarticulated plates of the head-shield, trunk armour and pectoral fin;
<collectionCode id="ED744FF7FF97FFD9FE86FEE698BEFE27" box="[318,394,371,392]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">LUGM</collectionCode>
872, 1105: 2 MV.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF97FFD9FF2FFE09987BFB73" blockId="46.[151,685,168,1666]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">
LOCALITIES AND HORIZON. — The
<typeStatus id="54DE6990FF97FFD9FDB3FE099B0DFE1E" box="[523,569,412,433]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FF2FFE209848FE64" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,380,437,459]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FF2FFE209848FE64" box="[151,380,437,459]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Bothriolepis maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the outcrop of the Ogre Formation sandstones at Imula River not far from Lankserde hamlet,
<collectingCountry id="F37297A2FF97FFD9FED9FE7D9891FE51" box="[353,421,488,510]" name="Latvia" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Latvia</collectingCountry>
; Ogre Formation. Other material came from the other outcrops at Imula River near Kalnarāji hamlet and Vītiņi hamlet, exposure and caves Velna Ala at Abava River, outcrops along Ogre River, outcrop at Mūsa River close to Ceraukste village, the Ogre Formation; exposure at the right bank of Daugava River near Lielvārde castle, exposure at the right bank of Liepna River not far from Katleši village, Kuprava quarry for mining clays,
<collectingCountry id="F37297A2FF97FFD9FDDAFD279B9CFD67" box="[610,680,690,712]" name="Latvia" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Latvia</collectingCountry>
; Katleši Formation. In
<collectingCountry id="F37297A2FF97FFD9FEC6FD5998F7FD4D" box="[382,451,716,738]" name="Russia" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FE77FD599B0AFD4E" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[463,574,716,737]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FE77FD599B0AFD4E" box="[463,574,716,737]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found by D. Obruchev in the outcrop of sandstone, clay and sand of the Prilovat’ Formation at Lovat’ River close to Kurskoye Gorodische village and at the middle current of Lovat’ River near Luka village.
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FF2FFCDE983EFCCF" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,266,843,864]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FF2FFCDE983EFCCF" box="[151,266,843,864]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was reported from the outcrops along Verkhnyaya Paluitsa and Nizhnyaya Paluitsa River surrounding Shugozero village, Tikhvin district of
<collectingRegion id="49A119D0FF97FFD9FF2FFC039867FC03" box="[151,339,918,940]" country="Russia" name="Leningrad" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Leningrad region</collectingRegion>
(Ivanov &amp; Khozatski 1986). In
<collectingCountry id="F37297A2FF97FFD9FF2FFC259836FC69" box="[151,258,944,966]" name="Lithuania" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FEB6FC2598B6FC6A" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[270,386,944,965]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FEB6FC2598B6FC6A" box="[270,386,944,965]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in outcrops along Nyamunelis River near Didžpanemunis and Pakalniečiai, and from borehole Stačiunai,
<quantity id="4C9D7AD7FF97FFD9FDD1FC7799DEFBBE" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3955000000000002" metricValueMax="1.3969999999999998" metricValueMin="1.3940000000000001" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" unit="m" value="139.55" valueMax="139.7" valueMin="139.4">139.4- 139.7 m</quantity>
deep, and borehole Petrašičnai, 57.8-58.0 m deep; Pamūšis Formation (Kratajūte-Talimaa pers. comm.).
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FF46FBBA984DFBEB" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[254,377,1071,1092]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FF46FBBA984DFBEB" box="[254,377,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recorded also from the Jēkabpils quarry, the Katleši Formation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF97FFD9FDEEFBDD99F8FBD8" author="SOROKIN V." pageId="46" pageNumber="535" refId="ref64032" refString="SOROKIN V. 1978. - Etapy razviriya severo-zapada Russkoy platformy vo franskom veke [= Development of the North-Western Part of Russian Platform in the Frasnian]. Zinatne, Riga, 282 p. (in Russian)." type="book" year="1978">Sorokin 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FF67FBF79865FBD8" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[223,337,1122,1143]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FF67FBF79865FBD8" box="[223,337,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
zone corresponds to the middle Frasnian
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FF4CFBEE9811FB3F" box="[244,293,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">gigas</emphasis>
conodont zone.
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FE6BFBEF998CFB06" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FE6BFBEF9B7EFB20" box="[467,586,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Bothriolepis</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FDC9FBEE998CFB06" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characteristic for the upper part of the Matusevich Formation of Severnaya Zemlya (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF97FFD9FF26FB539870FB73" author="LUKSEVICS E." box="[158,324,1222,1244]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" pagination="125 - 131" refId="ref62583" refString="LUKSEVICS E. 1999 a. - Stratigraphical occurrence of vertebrate remains in the Upper Devonian of Severnaya Zemlya (Russia). Acta Geologica Polonica 49 (2): 125 - 131." type="journal article" year="1999">Lukševičs 1999a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1A87BAFF97FFD9FD72FC2E9A80FB23" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4664811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664811/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" startId="46.[714,725,955,972]" targetBox="[731,1243,141,931]" targetPageId="46">
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF97FFD9FD72FC2E9A80FB23" blockId="46.[714,1249,955,1164]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">
FIG. 25. —
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FC8EFC2E9D59FC63" authority="Gross, 1933" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[822,1133,955,972]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FC8EFC2E9AC5FC63" box="[822,1009,955,972]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Bothriolepis maxima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF97FFD9FC41FC2E9D59FC63" author="GROSS W." box="[1017,1133,955,972]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref61036" refString="GROSS W. 1933. - Die Fische des Baltischen Devons. Palaeontographica 79: 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1933">Gross, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FBC0FC2E9DB1FC63" bold="true" box="[1144,1157,955,972]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">A</emphasis>
, Prm PIN 2917/53 in dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FC29FC459AAAFC4E" bold="true" box="[913,926,976,993]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">B</emphasis>
, Nu and Pp PIN 2917/52. Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FD72FC6E9BD7FBA3" bold="true" box="[714,739,1019,1036]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Nu</emphasis>
, nuchal plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FCDCFC6E9A48FBA3" bold="true" box="[868,892,1019,1036]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Pp</emphasis>
, postpineal plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FBA6FC6E9D77FBA3" bold="true" box="[1054,1091,1019,1036]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Prm</emphasis>
, premedian plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FD72FB859BD0FB8E" bold="true" box="[714,740,1040,1057]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">csl</emphasis>
, central sensory line groove;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FC55FB859D14FB8E" bold="true" box="[1005,1056,1040,1057]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">d.end</emphasis>
, opening of canal for endolymphatic duct;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FCC2FBB39AAEFB98" bold="true" box="[890,922,1062,1079]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">ifc1</emphasis>
, principal section of infraorbital sensory line on head-shield;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FC27FBAE9A8FFBE3" bold="true" box="[927,955,1083,1100]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">mc</emphasis>
, lateral corner;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FBF7FBAE9DB5FBE3" bold="true" box="[1103,1153,1083,1100]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">mppr</emphasis>
, posterior process;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FCA1FBC59A01FBCE" bold="true" box="[793,821,1104,1121]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">nm</emphasis>
, obtected nuchal area;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FBB9FBC59D23FBCE" bold="true" box="[1025,1047,1104,1121]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">pc</emphasis>
, postero-lateral corner;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FD72FBF39BD8FBD8" bold="true" box="[714,748,1126,1143]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">pnn</emphasis>
, nasal notch;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FCDCFBF39AB0FBD8" bold="true" box="[868,900,1126,1143]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">soc</emphasis>
, anterior section of the supraorbital sensory line. Scale bar: 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37F84B9FF97FFD8FF2FFB659B19F92E" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="536" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF97FFD8FF2FFB659B19F92E" blockId="46.[151,685,168,1666]" lastBlockId="47.[151,684,1384,1666]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="536" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">
DIAGNOSIS. — A
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF97FFD9FEF1FB65988BFAAA" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1840" box="[329,447,1264,1285]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF97FFD9FEF1FB65988BFAAA" box="[329,447,1264,1285]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">Bothriolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the median dorsal length of the armour reaching more than
<quantity id="4C9D7AD7FF97FFD9FDE9FA9C9B9DFAB1" box="[593,681,1289,1311]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
. Head-shield short and broad, B/L index about 137- 156, 145 on the average, with almost flat preorbital division. Anterior margin just slightly shorter than the posterior margin, gently convex, sometimes with a rounded rostral angle. Processus obstans relatively short. Preorbital recess of trifid
<typeStatus id="54DE6990FF97FFD9FE54FA349B29FA19" box="[492,541,1441,1462]" pageId="46" pageNumber="535">type</typeStatus>
. La relatively short. Nu broad and short, L/B index of about 68-75. Lateral division of the Pn relatively narrow. Trunk armour relatively low with a moderately flat dorsal wall. Dorso-lateral ridges are gently defined and rounded in their anterior part, dorsal median ridge weakly developed and practically absent in large individuals. Tergal angle situated in the foremost part of the middle third of the AMD. Ventro-lateral ridges rounded. AMD about as long as it is broad, B/L index 86-107, 97 on the average, with narrow anterior margin. PMD usually broader as it is long, B/L index about 96-117, 107 on the average; anterior margin of moderate breadth, posterior corner rounded off. Dorsal lamina of ADL about twice as long as broad, relatively narrow posteriorly the well-defined pronounced postnuchal corner; lateral lamina low. Dorsal lamina of MxL comparatively broad, from about 1.5 to 1.6 time as long as broad; lateral lamina low, about 3.5 times as long as high. Both laminae enclosing an angle about 90°. Ventral lamina of AVL about one and a half times as long as broad. MV is relatively large. Pectoral fin fairly robust, moderately long and narrow. Proximal segment about 4.5 times as long as broad; distal segment narrow, rounded in transverse section. CD5, CV5 and MM5 are present. Lateral and median spines of proximal segment short and gently defined. Ornamentation reticulate, in quite large individuals retaining an on the whole reticular character, with concentrically arranged ridges; tubercular and radially arranged on the head-shield anteriorly the infraorbital sensory groove, anterior and posterior parts of the ventral wall of the trunk armour. The ornament become smooth on the pectoral fin; well-defined only in the anterior part of the CD1, CV1 and ML2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1A87BAFF96FFD8FF2FFB2C9AC3FA8F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4664815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664815/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="536" startId="47.[151,162,1209,1226]" targetBox="[249,1148,165,1167]" targetPageId="47">
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF96FFD8FF2FFB2C9AC3FA8F" blockId="47.[151,1249,1209,1312]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">
FIG. 26. —
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF96FFD8FF4FFB2C9B22FB65" authority="Gross, 1933" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[247,534,1209,1226]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="47" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FF4FFB2C9897FB65" box="[247,419,1209,1226]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">Bothriolepis maxima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF96FFD8FE12FB2C9B22FB65" author="GROSS W." box="[426,534,1209,1226]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref61036" refString="GROSS W. 1933. - Die Fische des Baltischen Devons. Palaeontographica 79: 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1933">Gross, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, AMD;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FDEDFB2C9B56FB65" bold="true" box="[597,610,1209,1226]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">A</emphasis>
, PIN 2917/42, slightly deformed;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FC3DFB2C9AA6FB65" bold="true" box="[901,914,1209,1226]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">B</emphasis>
, PIN 1737/63;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FBADFB2C9D17FB65" bold="true" box="[1045,1059,1209,1226]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">C</emphasis>
, PIN 1737/64;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FB1EFB2C9D80FB65" bold="true" box="[1190,1204,1209,1226]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">D</emphasis>
, PIN 2917/43;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FF5DFB5A99C6FB4F" bold="true" box="[229,242,1231,1248]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FF44FB5A983EFB4F" bold="true" box="[252,266,1231,1248]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">D</emphasis>
, Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FD42FB5A9A33FB4F" bold="true" box="[762,775,1231,1248]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FCAAFB5A9A14FB4F" bold="true" box="[786,800,1231,1248]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">C</emphasis>
, Velna ala (Devil Cave) at the left bank of Abava River, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FE5EFB719B26FB5A" bold="true" box="[486,530,1252,1269]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">AMD</emphasis>
, anterior median dorsal plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FCA1FB719A0BFB5A" bold="true" box="[793,831,1252,1269]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">MxL</emphasis>
, mixilateral plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FC65FB719D3CFB5A" bold="true" box="[989,1032,1252,1269]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">PMD</emphasis>
, posterior median dorsal plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FF74FB6C99C6FAA5" bold="true" box="[204,242,1273,1290]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">dlg2</emphasis>
, posterior oblique dorsal sensory line groove;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FDC7FB6C9B92FAA5" bold="true" box="[639,678,1273,1290]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">dma</emphasis>
, tergal angle;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FC99FB6C9A77FAA5" bold="true" box="[801,835,1273,1290]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">npn</emphasis>
, postnuchal notch;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FC55FB6C9D1AFAA5" bold="true" box="[1005,1070,1273,1290]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">oa.MxL</emphasis>
, area overlapped by MxL;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FF7DFA9A983FFA8F" bold="true" box="[197,267,1295,1312]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">oa.PMD</emphasis>
, area overlapped by PMD;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FE48FA9A9B2DFA8F" bold="true" box="[496,537,1295,1312]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">pr.pl</emphasis>
, external postlevator process of AMD. Scale bar: 20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37F84B9FF96FFC6FD72FAF29AE5FD0F" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="538" pageId="47" pageNumber="536" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF96FFD8FD72FAF29A6FFAD0" blockId="47.[714,1247,1383,1664]" box="[714,859,1383,1409]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF96FFD8FD72FA1D9DE5F92F" blockId="47.[714,1247,1383,1664]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">
This is the largest known
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF96FFD8FC4FFA1D9DB1FA0F" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1840" box="[1015,1157,1416,1440]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="47" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FC4FFA1D9DB1FA0F" box="[1015,1157,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">Bothriolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (Gross
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FC99FA3C9A0CFA6F" box="[801,824,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF96FFD8FC86FA3D9AE3FA6E" author="STENSIO E. A." box="[830,983,1448,1473]" pageId="47" pageNumber="536" refId="ref64154" refString="STENSIO E. A. 1948. - On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. II: Antiarchi: subfamily Bothriolepinae. Palaeozoologica Groenlandica 2, 622 p." type="book" year="1948">Stensiö 1948</bibRefCitation>
). The largest complete AMD LDM 99/11 is
<quantity id="4C9D7AD7FF96FFD8FC09FA5D9D3CFA4F" box="[945,1032,1480,1504]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" pageId="47" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="216.0">216 mm</quantity>
long, exceeding the largest British species,
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF96FFD8FC68FA7C9D65F9AF" authorityName="Traquair" authorityYear="1888" box="[976,1105,1513,1536]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="47" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF96FFD8FC68FA7C9D65F9AF" box="[976,1105,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">B. gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The largest specimens with thick plates comes from
<collectingCountry id="F37297A2FF96FFD8FB29F99D9DEFF98F" box="[1169,1243,1544,1568]" name="Latvia" pageId="47" pageNumber="536">Latvia</collectingCountry>
, Imula and Abava River localities; the remains of the same species from the east part of the distribution area are usually smaller and less massive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF89FFC7FF2FFF3D984FFDEF" blockId="48.[151,685,168,1665]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">
The head-shield (
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FEEEFF3D9883FF6E" box="[342,439,168,193]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="45.[151,162,884,901]" captionText="FIG. 23. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, head-shield LDM 99/1 in dorsal view; B, Nu LDM 99/6. Right bank of Imula River near Kalnarāji hamlet, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviation: Nu, nuchal plate. Scale bars: 20 mm." pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Fig. 23A</figureCitation>
) has the anterior margin which is only slightly shorter than the posterior margin, unlike all the other Frasnian bothriolepidoids from Baltic area. The anterior portion of the head-shield (anteriorly the orbital fenestra) is slightly elongated in comparison with that in such species as
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FE66FEFC9BBDFE2F" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1942" box="[478,649,360,384]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obrutschewi">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FE66FEFC9BBDFE2F" box="[478,649,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">B. obrutschewi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FF2FFE1C9821FE0F" box="[151,277,392,416]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cellulosa">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FF2FFE1C9821FE0F" box="[151,277,392,416]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">B. cellulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Obstantic process is short, ending anteriorly quite well behind the transverse plane of the posterior margin of the orbital fenestra. This feature allows to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FD95FE7C9B9FFDAF" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[557,683,489,512]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FD95FE7C9B9FFDAF" box="[557,683,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FF6DFD9C9866FD8F" authorityName="Traquair" authorityYear="1888" box="[213,338,521,544]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FF6DFD9C9866FD8F" box="[213,338,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">B. gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which possess a long obstantic margin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF89FFC7FF4BFDBD985BFDEF" author="MILES R. S." box="[243,367,552,576]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" refId="ref63255" refString="MILES R. S. 1968. - The Old Red Sandstone Antiarchs of Scotland: Family Bothriolepididae. The Palaeontological Society, London, 130 p." type="book" year="1968">Miles 1968</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF89FFC7FF2FFDDD9830FB6F" blockId="48.[151,685,168,1665]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">
The visceral surface of the head-shield (
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FF27FDFD9837FD2E" box="[159,259,616,641]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="45.[714,725,863,880]" captionTargetBox="[156,1246,166,851]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIG. 24. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, head-shield LDM 99/1 in visceral view; B, Nu LDM 99/5; C, Prm LDM 99/2. Right bank of Imula River near Kalnarāji hamlet, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviation: Nu, nuchal plate; Prm, premedian plate. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664807/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Fig. 24A</figureCitation>
) shows close resemblances with that in
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FF00FD1C9876FD0F" authorityName="Traquair" authorityYear="1888" box="[184,322,649,672]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FF00FD1C9876FD0F" box="[184,322,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">B. gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The antero-lateral corner of otico-occipital depression extends forward far over the transverse plane of the anterior margin of the orbital fenestra. The paranuchal crista is straight on the La making the floor under the lateralmost part of the anterior postorbital process of endocranium, and of an irregular shape on the Pn. The transverse lateral groove is broad and shallow. The lateral pit is small, shallow and weakly defined, situated just in front of a prominent anterior crista of the transverse lateral groove, almost equally spaced from an orbital edge of the La and prelateral notch. The lateral margin shows very broad attachment areas for the Sm (Gross
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FD82FBDC9B64FBCF" box="[570,592,1097,1120]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF89FFC7FDE2FBDD99FBFB2E" author="STENSIO E. A." pageId="48" pageNumber="537" refId="ref64154" refString="STENSIO E. A. 1948. - On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. II: Antiarchi: subfamily Bothriolepinae. Palaeozoologica Groenlandica 2, 622 p." type="book" year="1948">Stensiö 1948</bibRefCitation>
). The orbital edges of the
<collectingRegion id="49A119D0FF89FFC7FE43FBFC9B1FFB2F" box="[507,555,1129,1152]" country="Russia" name="Perm'" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Prm</collectingRegion>
and La are just slightly thickened, but not so thick as that in
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FF2FFB3C99C9FB6F" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,253,1193,1216]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FF2FFB3C99C9FB6F" box="[151,253,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">B. ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1A87BAFF89FFC7FD72FCB79D27FC31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664818" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4664818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664818/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" startId="48.[714,725,802,819]" targetBox="[723,1229,171,764]" targetPageId="48">
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF89FFC7FD72FCB79D27FC31" blockId="48.[714,1249,802,926]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">
FIG. 27. —
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FC91FCB79D72FC9C" authority="Gross, 1933" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[809,1094,802,819]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FC91FCB79AE1FC9C" box="[809,981,802,819]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Bothriolepis maxima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF89FFC7FC63FCB79D72FC9C" author="GROSS W." box="[987,1094,802,819]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref61036" refString="GROSS W. 1933. - Die Fische des Baltischen Devons. Palaeontographica 79: 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1933">Gross, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, reconstruction of the trunk armour based on specimen PIN 1652/2. Right bank of Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FCF1FCF79A5BFCDC" bold="true" box="[841,879,866,883]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">ADL</emphasis>
, anterior dorso-lateral plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FBDFFCF79DA7FCDC" bold="true" box="[1127,1171,866,883]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">AMD</emphasis>
, anterior median dorsal plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FC30FCED9A9BFC26" bold="true" box="[904,943,888,905]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">MxL</emphasis>
, mixilateral plate;
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FBEEFCED9DB6FC26" bold="true" box="[1110,1154,888,905]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">PMD</emphasis>
, posterior median dorsal plate. Scale bar: 20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF89FFC7FF2FFB5D9B04F92F" blockId="48.[151,685,168,1665]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">
The
<collectingRegion id="49A119D0FF89FFC7FF75FB5C99CAFB4F" box="[205,254,1225,1248]" country="Russia" name="Perm'" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Prm</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FEA8FB5D984AFB4E" box="[272,382,1224,1249]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="45.[714,725,863,880]" captionTargetBox="[156,1246,166,851]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIG. 24. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, head-shield LDM 99/1 in visceral view; B, Nu LDM 99/5; C, Prm LDM 99/2. Right bank of Imula River near Kalnarāji hamlet, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviation: Nu, nuchal plate; Prm, premedian plate. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664807/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Figs 24C</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FE33FB5D9888FB4F" box="[395,444,1224,1248]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="46.[714,725,955,972]" captionTargetBox="[731,1243,141,931]" captionTargetId="figure-658@46.[726,1228,151,931]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIG. 25. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, Prm PIN 2917/53 in dorsal view; B, Nu and Pp PIN 2917/52. Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation. Abbreviations: Nu, nuchal plate; Pp, postpineal plate; Prm, premedian plate; csl, central sensory line groove; d.end, opening of canal for endolymphatic duct; ifc1, principal section of infraorbital sensory line on head-shield; mc, lateral corner; mppr, posterior process; nm, obtected nuchal area; pc, postero-lateral corner; pnn, nasal notch; soc, anterior section of the supraorbital sensory line. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664811/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">25A</figureCitation>
) is relatively broad, B/L index of about 99-113, 104 on the average. The La is relatively broad with the L/B index 125-134, 131 on the average. The Nu (
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FDFBFABD9B9CFAEE" box="[579,680,1320,1345]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="45.[151,162,884,901]" captionText="FIG. 23. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, head-shield LDM 99/1 in dorsal view; B, Nu LDM 99/6. Right bank of Imula River near Kalnarāji hamlet, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviation: Nu, nuchal plate. Scale bars: 20 mm." pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Figs 23B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FF2FFADC99F0FACE" box="[151,196,1353,1377]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="45.[714,725,863,880]" captionTargetBox="[156,1246,166,851]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIG. 24. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, head-shield LDM 99/1 in visceral view; B, Nu LDM 99/5; C, Prm LDM 99/2. Right bank of Imula River near Kalnarāji hamlet, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviation: Nu, nuchal plate; Prm, premedian plate. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664807/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">24B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FF68FADC99C8FACE" box="[208,252,1353,1377]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="51.[151,162,1162,1179]" captionTargetBox="[168,1229,167,1124]" captionTargetId="figure-185@51.[168,1229,167,1124]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIG. 29. — Bothriolepis evaldi Lyarskaja, 1986; A, holotype, articulated head, trunk and pectoral fin armour LDM 67/86 in dorsal view; B, AMD LDM 67/7; C, articulated head and trunk armour LDM 67/14 in dorsal view; D, articulated trunk armour LDM 67/2 in dorsal view; E, articulated head, trunk and pectoral fin armour LDM 67/39; F, head and trunk armour in visceral view with articulated right pectoral fin in ventral view LDM 67/6; G, articulated trunk armour LDM 67/10 in dorsal view. Kalnamuiža 1 locality at Amula River, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviation: AMD, anterior median dorsal plate. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664822/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">29B</figureCitation>
) is relatively broad with the L/B index of about 68-75, 71 on the average. It is usually broadest across the posterior lateral corners or sometimes across the lateral corners, just like as in
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FF0EFA5C98E7FA4F" authority="(Miles 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Miles" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[182,467,1480,1504]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FF0EFA5C980CFA4F" box="[182,312,1481,1504]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">B. gigantea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF89FFC7FEF0FA5D98FFFA4F" author="MILES R. S." box="[328,459,1480,1504]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" refId="ref63255" refString="MILES R. S. 1968. - The Old Red Sandstone Antiarchs of Scotland: Family Bothriolepididae. The Palaeontological Society, London, 130 p." type="book" year="1968">Miles 1968</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The Pn has a L/B index of about 73-83, 79 on the average, with the mesial division slightly broader than long. The lateral division of the Pn is relatively narrow (Gross
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FF48F9DC9833F9CF" box="[240,263,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF89FFC7FEB7F9DD989CF9CE" author="STENSIO E. A." box="[271,424,1608,1633]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" refId="ref64154" refString="STENSIO E. A. 1948. - On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. II: Antiarchi: subfamily Bothriolepinae. Palaeozoologica Groenlandica 2, 622 p." type="book" year="1948">Stensiö 1948</bibRefCitation>
), composing only 44- 48% of the total breadth of the plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF89FFC7FD72FC7D9A6CFB4E" blockId="48.[714,1247,1000,1665]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">
The complete trunk armour PIN 1652/2 (
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FD6AFB9D9A17FB8E" box="[722,803,1032,1057]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="48.[714,725,802,819]" captionTargetBox="[723,1229,171,764]" captionTargetId="figure-547@48.[704,1241,154,768]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIG. 27. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933, reconstruction of the trunk armour based on specimen PIN 1652/2. Right bank of Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation. Abbreviations: ADL, anterior dorso-lateral plate; AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; MxL, mixilateral plate; PMD, posterior median dorsal plate. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664818/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
) is low and broad with a flat and low dorsal wall (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF89FFC7FCEDFBBD9D27FBEE" author="OBRUCHEVA Y." box="[853,1043,1064,1089]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" pagination="60" refId="ref63620" refString="OBRUCHEVA Y. 1974. - Reconstruction of armour of Bothriolepis maxima Gross. Trudy studencheskogo nauchnogo obschestva Moskovskogo universiteta 10: 60 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1974">Obrucheva 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Unfortunately it is almost impossible to measure correctly the angles enclosed by the dorsal and lateral wall, as well as the lateral and ventral wall due to the deformation of the trunk-armour plates during fossilization.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF89FFC6FD72FB7C9D9DFECF" blockId="48.[714,1247,1000,1665]" lastBlockId="49.[714,1247,168,672]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="538" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">
The AMD (
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF89FFC7FCF4FB7C9AACFAAF" box="[844,920,1256,1281]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="47.[151,162,1209,1226]" captionTargetBox="[249,1148,165,1167]" captionTargetId="figure-162@47.[242,1157,160,1182]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIG. 26. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933, AMD; A, PIN 2917/42, slightly deformed; B, PIN 1737/63; C, PIN 1737/64; D, PIN 2917/43; A, D, Lovat’ River near Luka village, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation; B, C, Velna ala (Devil Cave) at the left bank of Abava River, Latvia. Ogre Formation. Abbreviations: AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; MxL, mixilateral plate; PMD, posterior median dorsal plate; dlg2, posterior oblique dorsal sensory line groove; dma, tergal angle; npn, postnuchal notch; oa.MxL, area overlapped by MxL; oa.PMD, area overlapped by PMD; pr.pl, external postlevator process of AMD. Scale bar: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664815/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
) is about as long as it is broad with B/L index 86-107, 97 on the average. Its anterior margin is narrow, more than twice (from 2.2 to 3.3 times) as long as the plate is broad (Gross
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FCC5FAFC9AA1FA2F" box="[893,917,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF89FFC7FC27FAFC9D75FA2E" author="STENSIO E. A." box="[927,1089,1385,1409]" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" refId="ref64154" refString="STENSIO E. A. 1948. - On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. II: Antiarchi: subfamily Bothriolepinae. Palaeozoologica Groenlandica 2, 622 p." type="book" year="1948">Stensiö 1948</bibRefCitation>
) resembling
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF89FFC7FD72FA1C9AAAFA0F" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1840" box="[714,926,1417,1441]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="48" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF89FFC7FD72FA1C9AAAFA0F" box="[714,926,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Bothriolepis ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that respect. The proportions of the lateral margin of AMD vary significantly among specimens coming from different localities: the posterior division of the lateral margin is 1.3-1.9 time shorter than the anterior division in specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F37297A2FF89FFC7FC44F9BC9D70F9EE" box="[1020,1092,1577,1601]" name="Latvia" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Latvia</collectingCountry>
, and the same index in specimens from Luka locality in
<collectingCountry id="F37297A2FF89FFC7FB2FF9DC9DEBF9CE" box="[1175,1247,1609,1633]" name="Russia" pageId="48" pageNumber="537">Russia</collectingCountry>
reaches 1.7-2.6. Overlap areas for ADL and MxL are normally developed as usually in
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FD72FF5D9A7BFF4F" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1840" box="[714,847,200,224]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FD72FF5D9A7BFF4F" box="[714,847,200,224]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">Bothriolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in general (Gross
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FB9BFF5C9D0DFF4F" box="[1059,1081,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF88FFC6FBFAFF5D9DE7FF4E" author="STENSIO E. A." box="[1090,1235,200,225]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" refId="ref64154" refString="STENSIO E. A. 1948. - On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. II: Antiarchi: subfamily Bothriolepinae. Palaeozoologica Groenlandica 2, 622 p." type="book" year="1948">Stensiö 1948</bibRefCitation>
), but in one case (LDM 99/11) the sutural connection of AMD with MxL is of
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FBEBFE9D9DEBFE8F" baseAuthorityName="Stensio" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1107,1247,264,288]" class="Placodermi" family="Asterolepididae" genus="Remigolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FBEBFE9D9DEBFE8F" box="[1107,1247,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">Remigolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54DE6990FF88FFC6FD72FEBC9BCAFEEE" box="[714,766,297,321]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">type</typeStatus>
on the right side of the plate: the AMD overlaps the anterior part of the right MxL.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF88FFC6FD72FEFD9AE5FD0F" blockId="49.[714,1247,168,672]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">
The anterior margin of PMD is of moderate breadth, 1.7-2.1 times as long as the plate totally broad. The ADL is not simply overlapped by the AVL, but also at the same time overlaps that plate posteriorly the processus obstans, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FD72FD9D9A98FD8F" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1840" box="[714,940,520,544]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FD72FD9D9A98FD8F" box="[714,940,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">Bothriolepis ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FC51FD9C9D96FD8F" authorityName="Heintz" authorityYear="1930" box="[1001,1186,520,544]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="groenlandica">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FC51FD9C9D96FD8F" box="[1001,1186,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">B. groenlandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The PVL (
<figureCitation id="135ECBB7FF88FFC6FCA8FDBD9A47FDEE" box="[784,883,552,577]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="49.[151,162,1393,1410]" captionTargetBox="[208,633,163,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-359@49.[202,628,153,1398]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIG. 28. — Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933; A, ADL PIN 1491/98, Velna ala (Devil Cave) at the left bank of Abava River, Latvia. Ogre Formation; B, PVL PIN 1491/88, right bank of Bolshoy Tuder River near Medovo village in vicinity of Cholm town, Russia. Prilovat’ Formation. Abbreviations: ADL, anterior dorso-lateral plate; AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; AVL, anterior ventro-lateral plate; PVL, posterior ventro lateral plate; cm1, anteromesial corner of ventral lamina of PVL; cm2, middle corner of ventral lamina of PVL; dlr, dorso-lateral ridge of trunk armour; lcg, main lateral line groove; oa.AMD, area overlapped by AMD; oa.AVL, area overlapped by AVL; oa.PVL, area overlapped by PVL; pnoa, postnuchal ornamented corner; pro, processus obstans; vlr, ventro-lateral ridge. Scale bars: 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4664820/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">Fig. 28B</figureCitation>
) is relatively broad, the ventral lamina is from 1.8 to 2.2 times as long as it is broad. The subanal division occupies about 30% of the total PVL length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F84B9FF88FFC5FD72FD529B7BFDAF" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="539" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF88FFC6FD72FD529A1AFD70" blockId="49.[714,1247,711,960]" box="[714,814,711,737]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF88FFC6FD72FD7D9A00FC6F" blockId="49.[714,1247,711,960]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">
Latvian material encounted here have been collected by Gross, Lyarskaja and the author from
<typeStatus id="54DE6990FF88FFC6FD72FCBC9BCAFCEE" box="[714,766,809,833]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">type</typeStatus>
locality and other site close to the
<typeStatus id="54DE6990FF88FFC6FB13FCBC9DEBFCEE" box="[1195,1247,809,833]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">type</typeStatus>
area. Russian material from Lovat’ River is collected and illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF88FFC6FC51FCFD9D99FC2E" author="OBRUCHEV D." box="[1001,1197,872,897]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" pagination="191 - 206" refId="ref63461" refString="OBRUCHEV D. 1947. - Chordata, in NALIVKIN D. (ed.), Atlas iskopaemykh faun SSSR [= Atlas of fossil faunas from USSR]. III: Devonian. Gosgeolizdat, Moscow: 191 - 206 (in Russian)." type="book chapter" year="1947">Obruchev (1947)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF88FFC6FD72FC1D9AA1FC0E" author="OBRUCHEVA Y." box="[714,917,904,929]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" pagination="60" refId="ref63620" refString="OBRUCHEVA Y. 1974. - Reconstruction of armour of Bothriolepis maxima Gross. Trudy studencheskogo nauchnogo obschestva Moskovskogo universiteta 10: 60 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1974">Obrucheva (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, but has never been described in details.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF88FFC6FD72FC729A78FC50" blockId="49.[714,1247,999,1665]" box="[714,844,999,1025]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">DISCUSSION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAD732FF88FFC5FD72FB9C9B7BFDAF" blockId="49.[714,1247,999,1665]" lastBlockId="50.[151,684,168,512]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="539" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">
As the largest species of the genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FBE3FB9D9A10FBEF" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FBE3FB9D9A10FBEF" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">Bothriolepis maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs well from all the other representatives of the group from Baltic area first of all in its great size and very thick bones. Smallest specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FC58FB1C9D56FB0F" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[992,1122,1161,1184]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FC58FB1C9D56FB0F" box="[992,1122,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much bigger than
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FCE3FB3C9AF1FB6F" authorityName="Lyarskaja" authorityYear="1986" box="[859,965,1192,1216]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evaldi">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FCE3FB3C9AF1FB6F" box="[859,965,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">B. evaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the comparison of both species see the description of
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FBD0FB5C9DE4FB4F" authorityName="Lyarskaja" authorityYear="1986" box="[1128,1232,1224,1248]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evaldi">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FBD0FB5C9DE4FB4F" box="[1128,1232,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">B. evaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and they differ considerably from the other Baltic species in the proportions of the AMD, PMD, MxL and AVL. All the early and middle Frasnian
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FC32FADD9D39FACF" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1840" box="[906,1037,1352,1376]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FC32FADD9D39FACF" box="[906,1037,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">Bothriolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this area could be well-recognized by their preorbital recess of a simple
<typeStatus id="54DE6990FF88FFC6FCEFFA1C9ABFFA0E" box="[855,907,1417,1441]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">type</typeStatus>
, and only
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FBB3FA1C9DBCFA0F" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[1035,1160,1417,1440]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FBB3FA1C9DBCFA0F" box="[1035,1160,1417,1440]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among them possess the preorbital recess of a trifid
<typeStatus id="54DE6990FF88FFC6FD72FA5C9BCAFA4E" box="[714,766,1481,1505]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">type</typeStatus>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FCB4FA5C9ABDFA4F" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[780,905,1481,1504]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FCB4FA5C9ABDFA4F" box="[780,905,1481,1504]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF88FFC6FBB2FA5D9BDFF9AF" baseAuthorityName="Miles" baseAuthorityYear="1968" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FBB2FA5D9BDFF9AF" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">Bothriolepis gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF88FFC6FD43FA7D9ABEF9AE" author="STENSIO E. A." box="[763,906,1512,1537]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" refId="ref64154" refString="STENSIO E. A. 1948. - On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. II: Antiarchi: subfamily Bothriolepinae. Palaeozoologica Groenlandica 2, 622 p." type="book" year="1948">Stensiö 1948</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF88FFC6FC2FFA7D9D26F9AF" author="MILES R. S." box="[919,1042,1512,1536]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" refId="ref63255" refString="MILES R. S. 1968. - The Old Red Sandstone Antiarchs of Scotland: Family Bothriolepididae. The Palaeontological Society, London, 130 p." type="book" year="1968">Miles 1968</bibRefCitation>
) from
<collectingCountry id="F37297A2FF88FFC6FBD9FA7D9DF4F9AF" box="[1121,1216,1512,1536]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">Scotland</collectingCountry>
in several aspects and these species seems to be very closely related phylogenetically. Nevertheless, as it was pointed out by Gross (
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF88FFC6FB70F9DC9DEBF9CF" box="[1224,1247,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="538">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF88FFC6FD72F9FD9A6EF92E" author="STENSIO E. A." box="[714,858,1640,1665]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" refId="ref64154" refString="STENSIO E. A. 1948. - On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. II: Antiarchi: subfamily Bothriolepinae. Palaeozoologica Groenlandica 2, 622 p." type="book" year="1948">Stensiö 1948</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF88FFC6FCC9F9FD9D24F92E" author="STENSIO E. A." box="[881,1040,1640,1665]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" refId="ref64154" refString="STENSIO E. A. 1948. - On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. II: Antiarchi: subfamily Bothriolepinae. Palaeozoologica Groenlandica 2, 622 p." type="book" year="1948">Stensiö (1948)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF4AAC3FF88FFC6FBF4F9FD9DEFF92F" author="MILES R. S." box="[1100,1243,1640,1664]" pageId="49" pageNumber="538" refId="ref63255" refString="MILES R. S. 1968. - The Old Red Sandstone Antiarchs of Scotland: Family Bothriolepididae. The Palaeontological Society, London, 130 p." type="book" year="1968">Miles (1968)</bibRefCitation>
, there are several features distinguishing these two species. Adding the list of such a features provided by Miles, it is possible to suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF8BFFC5FF2FFE9C982AFE8F" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,286,265,288]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="50" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF8BFFC5FF2FFE9C982AFE8F" box="[151,286,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="539">B. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C65ACB1FF8BFFC5FE76FE9C9B69FE8F" baseAuthorityName="Miles" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[462,605,265,288]" class="Placodermi" family="Bothriolepididae" genus="Bothriolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antiarcha" pageId="50" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B9110B20FF8BFFC5FE76FE9C9B69FE8F" box="[462,605,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="539">B. gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its 1) shorter obstantic margin; 2) presence of the lateral pit on the visceral surface of the La; 3) well-defined nasal notches on the Prm; 4) other shape of the posterior margin of the head-shield; 5) structure of the transverse nuchal crista; 6) more sharp angle between the dorsal and lateral laminae of the MxL.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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