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45 KiB
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404 lines
45 KiB
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<mods:title id="8C527D6BA4426963F2E1F6CE6C5F5ED7">Taxonomic study of wasp species in the Polybia (Myrapetra) occidentalis group morphologically related to P. scrobalis and P. flavifrons, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AFC20C9BB0C56BD074822D6E548249DB">Amorim, Danielle C. De A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9536F5ED84D5067010977009C4A0768B">Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi-MPEG, Coordenação de Zoologia, Laboratório de Entomologia, Avenida Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, CEP: 66077 - 830, Belém, Pará, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="12446E35447F541ECED1937F047CF258">Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0C99E49EC694C82125828C433665C1BB">Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará-Folha 31, Quadra 07, Lote Especial, s / n. º-Nova Marabá, Marabá-PA, 68507 - 590, São Félix do Xingú, Pará, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="53E4AB9AB8C952E0CC9B195D3322C505">Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi-MPEG, Coordenação de Zoologia, Laboratório de Entomologia, Avenida Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, CEP: 66077 - 830, Belém, Pará, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="876BECDD1D2BD9B29056AFB432250E5E">Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi-MPEG, Coordenação de Zoologia, Laboratório de Entomologia, Avenida Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, CEP: 66077 - 830, Belém, Pará, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="E4448750A5E2A31CA4E86FB9B3D8B98E">2024</mods:date>
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<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FF6E5B95680EFB36" box="[151,332,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Polybia flavifrons</emphasis>
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,
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,
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(NHM); examined.
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var.
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<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FE635BB768B8FAD4" box="[410,506,1257,1281]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">flavifrons</emphasis>
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:
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:
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.
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<paragraph id="8B9AAA64FFB8FFC3FF6E5A796BE5FAEA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1226,1404]" box="[151,679,1319,1343]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">
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<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FF6E5A7968F1FAEA" ID-CoL="4L25J" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,435,1319,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="flavifrons" subSpecies="flavifrons">
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<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FF6E5A7968F1FAEA" box="[151,435,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Polybia flavifrons flavifrons</emphasis>
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:
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, 97.
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<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FF6E5A1B6B72FA88" authority="Holmgren, 1868: 440" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityPageNumber="440" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,560,1349,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
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<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FF6E5A1B680EFA88" box="[151,332,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Polybia saussurei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FEAA5A1B6B72FA88" author="Holmgren, A. E." box="[339,560,1349,1373]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" refId="ref26215" refString="Holmgren, A. E. (1868) Haft 12. Hymenoptera. Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resaomkring Jorden. Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser, ii Zoologii, Insecta. Norstedt, Stockholm, 436 pp." type="book" year="1868">Holmgren, 1868: 440</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E14C6FFB8FFC3FDC25A186BE2FA8B" box="[571,672,1350,1374]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FCBA5A1B6A9CFA88" author="Richards, O. W." box="[835,990,1349,1373]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2361EDFFB8FFC3FC155A186ABDFA88" box="[1004,1023,1350,1373]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB8FFC3FBF55A1B6D20FA88" box="[1036,1122,1349,1373]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Puná (NHRS, Stockholm; not found); Synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FE555A3A6B11FAA9" author="Richards, O. W." box="[428,595,1380,1404]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9AAA64FFB8FFC3FF6E5AF46D22F949" blockId="8.[151,1437,1450,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FF6E5AF46822FA11" ID-CoL="4L25J" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,352,1450,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FF6E5AF46822FA11" box="[151,352,1450,1476]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Polybia flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FDCB5AF46B85FA10" author="Smith, F." box="[562,711,1450,1477]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" refId="ref27267" refString="Smith, F. (1857) Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 206 pp." type="book" year="1857">Smith (1857)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on a female collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB8FFC3FBD45AF46DCEFA11" box="[1069,1164,1450,1476]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Guayaquil, close to the Pacific coast.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FECD5A9068BEFA3D" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1868" box="[308,508,1486,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FECD5A9068BEFA3D" box="[308,508,1486,1512]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Polybia saussurei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FD355A906AD0FA3D" author="Holmgren, A. E." box="[716,914,1486,1512]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" refId="ref26215" refString="Holmgren, A. E. (1868) Haft 12. Hymenoptera. Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resaomkring Jorden. Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser, ii Zoologii, Insecta. Norstedt, Stockholm, 436 pp." type="book" year="1868">Holmgren (1868)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, also from a nearby Ecuadorian locality (Puná Island) and was treated as a probable junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FCF75AAD6AD1F9D9" ID-CoL="4L25J" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[782,915,1522,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FCF75AAD6AD1F9D9" box="[782,915,1522,1548]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FC0D5AAD6DE9F9D9" author="Bequaert, J. C." box="[1012,1195,1522,1549]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" pagination="247 - 304" refId="ref25832" refString="Bequaert, J. C. (1944) The social Vespidae of the Guianas, particularly of British Guiana. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 94, 247 - 304." type="journal article" year="1944">Bequaert (1944)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FB195AAC6CDBF9D8" author="Richards, O. W. & Richards, M. J." box="[1248,1433,1522,1549]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" pagination="1 - 169" refId="ref26684" refString="Richards, O. W. & Richards, M. J. (1951) Observations on the social wasps of South America (Hymenoptera Vespidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102 (1), 1 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1951. tb 01241. x" type="journal article" year="1951">Richards (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Because Holmgren mentioned “California et Puna” as type localities,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FC6259486D0DF9E4" author="Richards, O. W. & Richards, M. J." box="[923,1103,1558,1585]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" pagination="1 - 169" refId="ref26684" refString="Richards, O. W. & Richards, M. J. (1951) Observations on the social wasps of South America (Hymenoptera Vespidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102 (1), 1 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1951. tb 01241. x" type="journal article" year="1951">Richards (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
thought
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FB4959496C71F9E5" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1868" box="[1200,1331,1559,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FB4959496C71F9E5" box="[1200,1331,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. saussurei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB8FFC3FED95964683BF981" box="[288,377,1594,1620]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
. After seeing the types in Stockholm and realizing that “Puna” is actually in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB8FFC3FB3659646C6CF981" box="[1231,1326,1594,1620]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FAC05964684FF9AD" author="Richards, O. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="545" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards (1978: 97)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated a
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E14C6FFB8FFC3FE5059006B52F9AD" box="[425,528,1630,1656]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and established the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FC6859016D54F9AD" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1868" box="[913,1046,1631,1656]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FC6859016D54F9AD" box="[913,1046,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. saussurei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FB9C59016DA9F9AD" ID-CoL="4L25J" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[1125,1259,1630,1656]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FB9C59016DA9F9AD" box="[1125,1259,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unfortunately, staff of the NHRS recently informed us that they could not find Holmgren’s specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33FF9EFFFB8FFC2FF3E59F86D2EFBC4" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="546" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9AAA64FFB8FFC3FF3E59F86AD0F8A1" blockId="8.[151,1437,1450,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FF3E59F8683CF915" author="Richards, O. W." box="[199,382,1702,1728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized two other forms as subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FC7759F96D54F915" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[910,1046,1702,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FC7759F96D54F915" box="[910,1046,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as follows.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FB5259F86C27F914" author="Richards, O. W. & Richards, M. J." box="[1195,1381,1702,1729]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" pagination="1 - 169" refId="ref26684" refString="Richards, O. W. & Richards, M. J. (1951) Observations on the social wasps of South America (Hymenoptera Vespidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102 (1), 1 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1951. tb 01241. x" type="journal article" year="1951">Richards (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, still working under the concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FE0459956BE1F931" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1791" box="[509,675,1738,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FE0459956BE1F931" box="[509,675,1738,1764]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a single species with several intraspecific varieties, treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FA7159956843F8DD" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FA7159956843F8DD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FE3659B16B32F8DD" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1791" box="[463,624,1774,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FE3659B16B32F8DD" box="[463,624,1774,1800]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, while redescribing the taxon and listing the examined material (mostly from coastal areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB8FFC3FE1C584C6B00F8F9" box="[485,578,1810,1836]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB8FFC3FD80584C6BF3F8F9" box="[633,689,1810,1836]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
), he noted considerable variation in number and extension of color marks, with the relatively darker specimens coming from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB8FFC3FCD958696A15F884" box="[800,855,1847,1873]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. These Peruvian specimens would form the basis of the subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FEC6580468EFF8A1" box="[319,429,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
, only described in Richards’s (1978) book.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9AAA64FFB8FFC2FF3E58206BE1FF00" blockId="8.[151,1437,1450,2017]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,150,1041]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="546" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FF3E5820683DF84C" author="Richards, O. W. & Richards, M. J." box="[199,383,1918,1945]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" pagination="1 - 169" refId="ref26684" refString="Richards, O. W. & Richards, M. J. (1951) Observations on the social wasps of South America (Hymenoptera Vespidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102 (1), 1 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1951. tb 01241. x" type="journal article" year="1951">Richards (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also described a new subspecies' of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FCC958206D2CF84D" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[816,1134,1918,1944]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FCC958206AAAF84D" box="[816,1000,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Polybia parvula</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FB6558216990F869" authority="Richards, 1970" authorityName="Richards" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvulina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FB6558216C65F84D" box="[1180,1319,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. parvulina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FACB58206990F869" author="Richards, O. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="545" pagination="302 - 306" refId="ref26750" refString="Richards, O. W. (1970) Three new species of Polybia Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). Proeedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C, 73, 302 - 306." type="journal article" year="1970">Richards, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see below),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FE9A58FD6B6FF869" authorityName="Richards" authorityYear="1951" box="[355,557,1954,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="parvula" subSpecies="hecuba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FE9A58FD6B6FF869" box="[355,557,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. parvula hecuba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on females only from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB8FFC3FC8E58FC6AF9F869" box="[887,955,1954,1980]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E14C6FFB8FFC3FC3058FC6D6FF869" box="[969,1069,1954,1980]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
from RJ; plus
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2361EDFFB8FFC3FB2B58FC6C1DF868" box="[1234,1375,1954,1981]" count="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">11 paratypes</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB8FFC3FF6E589969FEF834" box="[151,188,1991,2017]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB8FFC3FF3F589969A4F834" box="[198,230,1991,2017]" country="Brazil" name="RJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">RJ</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB8FFC3FF0858986854F835" box="[241,278,1990,2016]" country="Brazil" name="SC" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">SC</collectingRegion>
|
||
, SP). Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB8FFC3FE6458986B13F835" author="Richards, O. W." box="[413,593,1990,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
would recognize this taxon as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB8FFC3FBAA58996D9AF835" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[1107,1240,1990,2016]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB8FFC3FBAA58996D9AF835" box="[1107,1240,1990,2016]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="545">P. flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to which he then further added the subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FE215FC96B04FF64" box="[472,582,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
based on females (
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E14C6FFB9FFC2FCE05FC96A3FFF64" box="[793,893,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
plus
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2361EDFFB9FFC2FC415FC86D05FF64" box="[952,1095,150,177]" count="50" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">50 paratypes</specimenCount>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FB685FC96D86FF64" box="[1169,1220,151,177]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(mentioned above) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FF3E5FE5685EFF00" box="[199,284,187,213]" name="Bolivia" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2361EDFFB9FFC2FEAE5FE568FEFF00" box="[343,444,187,213]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E14C6FFB9FFC2FE3A5FE56B61FF00" box="[451,547,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FD915FE56BDDFF00" box="[616,671,187,213]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9AAA64FFB9FFC2FF3E5F816B78FE04" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">
|
||
From Richards’s descriptions and examination of type material in the NHM (by O. T. Silveira), these three taxa can be diagnosed (see identification key), and this could be seen as sufficient motive to treat them as distinct species, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB9FFC2FEF75E7968D2FE94" authorityName="Richards" authorityYear="1951" box="[270,400,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="parvula" subSpecies="hecuba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FEF75E7968D2FE94" box="[270,400,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">P. f. hecuba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which has at most very weak traces of a pronotal carina and is darker in color, with the gena totally black, and slightly wider (see below). The other two forms differ in size, degree of development of pronotal carina (it can be clearly distinguished in both; but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB9FFC2FD365E316AE5FE5C" author="Richards, O. W." box="[719,935,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards, 1978: 98</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, says one
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FBE25E316DCBFE5C" box="[1051,1161,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E14C6FFB9FFC2FB685E316DB3FE5C" box="[1169,1265,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB9FFC2FACE5E316CDEFE5C" box="[1335,1436,367,393]" country="Peru" name="Huanuco" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Huánuco</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FF665ECD6994FE78" box="[159,214,403,429]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
) “
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FF0B5ECD6B7EFE78" box="[242,572,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">has no trace of pronotal keel</emphasis>
|
||
”) and vestiture, with
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FCCF5ECD6A9AFE78" box="[822,984,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">P. f. barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
presenting bristles more evident and in larger extension throughout the body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9AAA64FFB9FFC2FF3E5E856D2EFBC4" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB9FFC2FE995E856B55FE20" author="Richards, O. W." box="[352,535,475,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the nominotypical subspecies had been found only in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FB835E856D9BFE20" box="[1146,1241,475,501]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in localities near the coast.We examined more recent material of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FD675EA16A76FDCC" box="[670,820,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">
|
||
P. f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB9FFC2FD335EA16A76FDCC" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[714,820,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">flavifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in the NHM from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FBAC5EA16DF0FDCC" box="[1109,1202,511,537]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB9FFC2FB475EA16C5AFDCC" box="[1214,1304,511,537]" country="Ecuador" name="Manabi" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Manabi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Portoviejo,
|
||
<date id="FF9B8CA4FFB9FFC2FF6E5D7D6855FDE8" box="[151,279,547,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" value="1971-12-22">22.xii.1971</date>
|
||
and Arenillas,
|
||
<date id="FF9B8CA4FFB9FFC2FE385D7D6B74FDE8" box="[449,566,547,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" value="1984-02-20">20.ii.1984</date>
|
||
; M. Cooper). The subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FC7D5D7D6D66FDE8" box="[900,1060,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">P. f. barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB9FFC2FB1E5D7D6CDEFDE8" author="Richards, O. W." box="[1255,1436,547,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also from western South America (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FDD25D196B22FDB4" box="[555,608,583,609]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FD645D196BB3FDB4" box="[669,753,583,609]" name="Bolivia" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) but not
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FCA75D196AFCFDB4" box="[862,958,583,609]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. We found in the NHM a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FF6E5D3569B6FD50" box="[151,244,619,645]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB9FFC2FEFC5D35687FFD50" box="[261,317,619,645]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Loja</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Masanamaca,
|
||
<date id="FF9B8CA4FFB9FFC2FE135D346B24FD50" box="[490,614,618,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" value="1985-03-16">16.iii.1985</date>
|
||
, L. Coloma) that agrees with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E14C6FFB9FFC2FC1C5D356D05FD50" box="[997,1095,619,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FB965D356C53FD50" box="[1135,1297,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">P. f. barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
(from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FA9B5D356CDAFD50" box="[1378,1432,619,645]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB9FFC2FF6E5DD1686EFD7C" box="[151,300,655,681]" country="Peru" name="Lambayeque" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Lambayeque</collectingRegion>
|
||
), showing the yellow marks on the head less reddish, not completely covering the frons, clypeus with a central black area, and with first metasomal segment shorter than in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FC7C5DED6D5CFD18" box="[901,1054,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">
|
||
P. f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB9FFC2FC4D5DED6D5CFD18" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[948,1054,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">flavifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. However, another specimen from coastal
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FF125D89680AFD24" box="[235,328,727,753]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB9FFC2FEAE5D8968F3FD24" box="[343,433,727,753]" country="Ecuador" name="Manabi" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Manabi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Tosagua,
|
||
<date id="FF9B8CA4FFB9FFC2FDDF5D886BD8FD24" box="[550,666,726,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" value="1985-12-06">6.xii.1985</date>
|
||
, F. Bravo;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3432A1FFB9FFC2FCEB5D896A17FD24" box="[786,853,727,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">NHM</collectionCode>
|
||
) with a shorter first metasomal segment and distinct pronotal carina, has the mesosoma and metasoma (pronotum laterally, entire scutellum, metanotum, and most of propodeum and metasomal tergum 2, plus distal bands on other metasomal segments) extensively marked with orange yellow (more like typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB9FFC2FDE95C1D6B38FC88" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[528,634,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FDE95C1D6B38FC88" box="[528,634,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but the head is mostly black, with just the usual yellow lateral marks on the clypeus and inner orbits. So, although the mentioned differences between typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB9FFC2FB7A5C396DAFFC54" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[1155,1261,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FB7A5C396DAFFC54" box="[1155,1261,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FADE5C396CD7FC54" box="[1319,1429,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
, we believe that more material from these forms should be examined before making a decision on their taxonomic status. It is interesting to note that the known distribution of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FCD45CF16A87FC1C" box="[813,965,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">
|
||
P. f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25D1E7FFB9FFC2FCA25CF16A87FC1C" authorityName="F. Smith" authorityYear="1857" box="[859,965,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">flavifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is from coastal areas, while P.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FAE05CF16CDEFC1C" box="[1305,1436,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">f. barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
has been reported both from places near the coast (Chiclayo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FCBE5C8D6A3CFC38" box="[839,894,979,1005]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E14C6FFB9FFC2FC705C8D6AAFFC38" box="[905,1005,979,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) as well as from higher inland regions (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E16486FFB9FFC2FF665CA96874FBC4" box="[159,310,1015,1041]" country="Bolivia" name="Cochabamba" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Cochabamba</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332EAF4FFB9FFC2FEB85CA968DAFBC4" box="[321,408,1015,1041]" name="Bolivia" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). So, we here keep the status of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9517676FFB9FFC2FD065CA96A2FFBC4" box="[767,877,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="546">barbatula</emphasis>
|
||
as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4D795FFB9FFC2FC495CA96D2BFBC4" author="Richards, O. W." box="[944,1129,1015,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="546" refId="ref26791" refString="Richards, O. W. (1978) The social wasps of the Americas excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 580 pp." type="book" year="1978">Richards (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |