287 lines
37 KiB
XML
287 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="3A9C0D28F0C7108EEF8E7FDB1A0DDDC2" ID-CLB-Dataset="22829" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4766.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7fa4a4ce-5db2-4d06-adeb-db21b0574cef" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3764018" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B47DC09C-181A-4DFE-B415-770AFFC11BD3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1587671180438" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2020" docId="03AE8786FFB8D549FF402556FDC95F26" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4766.2.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4766 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ampheraster alaminos Downey. Examination 1971" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="210" masterDocId="FF97FFFEFFBDD540FFD72117FFDE5D28" masterDocTitle="New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer" masterLastPageNumber="260" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="206" updateTime="1698835771181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="12B1F90D5C86694C80D6244C56EEB085">New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BBBC387579A1E9ABFE02F0A980498C28">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AE8786FFB8D549FF402556FDC95F26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3803759" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163737277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3803759" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE8786FFB8D549FF402556FDC95F26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE8786FFB8D549FF402556FDC95F26" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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<subSubSection id="C31D651BFFB8D545FF402556FD875973" box="[151,601,1089,1116]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D545FF402556FD875973" blockId="5.[151,601,1089,1151]" box="[151,601,1089,1116]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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<heading id="D0F081FCFFB8D545FF402556FD875973" bold="true" box="[151,601,1089,1116]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB8D545FF402556FD875973" ID-CoL="66DD2" authority="Downey 1971" authorityName="Downey. Examination" authorityYear="1971" box="[151,601,1089,1116]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Ampheraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alaminos">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB8D545FF402556FD875973" bold="true" box="[151,601,1089,1116]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB8D545FF402556FE745974" bold="true" box="[151,426,1089,1116]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Ampheraster alaminos</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B61FFB8D545FE662555FD875973" author="Downey, M. E." box="[433,601,1089,1116]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" pagination="51 - 54" refId="ref28363" refString="Downey, M. E. (1971) Ampheraster alaminos, a new species of the family Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 84 (6), 51 - 54." type="journal article" year="1971">Downey 1971</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D651BFFB8D545FF402572FBB35B07" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D545FF402572FEA25957" blockId="5.[151,601,1089,1151]" box="[151,380,1125,1151]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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<figureCitation id="133C2A15FFB8D545FF402572FF2B5957" box="[151,245,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1881,1906]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,192,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,181,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ampheraster alaminos comparison. A. and C. USNM 1550644 wet specimen, abactinal surface. Scale-=1.0 cm, and furrow spines. Scale=5.0 mm. B. and D. Holotype, USNM E11397, abactinal surface, scale=1.0 cm, and furrow spines. Scale=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764022/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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A–D, 3A–C
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D545FF4025B9FE5558EB" blockId="5.[151,1437,1197,1584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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Upon first examination,
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB8D545FE7925B9FE2A59EF" box="[430,500,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">in situ</emphasis>
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video and the examined specimen (USNM 1550644) displayed several characters which were thought to distinguish it as separate from
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB8D545FD2B25C6FB2159C3" authority="Downey. Examination" authorityName="Downey. Examination" authorityYear="1971" box="[764,1279,1233,1260]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Ampheraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alaminos">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB8D545FD2B25C6FC2559C3" box="[764,1019,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Ampheraster alaminos</emphasis>
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Downey. Examination
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</taxonomicName>
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of
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB8D545FAF025C5FAB359C3" box="[1319,1389,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">in situ</emphasis>
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imagery of other individuals and the collected specimen showed that this species shows variation with regard to the degree of its coelomic inflation and outward skeletal expression. Variation between the swollen specimen (
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<figureCitation id="133C2A15FFB8D545FAEA240EFA4B581B" box="[1341,1429,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1881,1906]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,192,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,181,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ampheraster alaminos comparison. A. and C. USNM 1550644 wet specimen, abactinal surface. Scale-=1.0 cm, and furrow spines. Scale=5.0 mm. B. and D. Holotype, USNM E11397, abactinal surface, scale=1.0 cm, and furrow spines. Scale=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764022/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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) and the dried
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<typeStatus id="54BC8832FFB8D545FEE1242AFE46587F" box="[310,408,1341,1367]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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also became evident (
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<figureCitation id="133C2A15FFB8D545FD4F242AFD2E587F" box="[664,752,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1881,1906]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,192,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,181,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ampheraster alaminos comparison. A. and C. USNM 1550644 wet specimen, abactinal surface. Scale-=1.0 cm, and furrow spines. Scale=5.0 mm. B. and D. Holotype, USNM E11397, abactinal surface, scale=1.0 cm, and furrow spines. Scale=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764022/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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) also became apparent. As the specimen dried, many of the tissue based characters, which were mainly based on the tissue-covered spines came to be identical with those on the
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<typeStatus id="54BC8832FFB8D545FF172492FEFB58B7" box="[192,293,1413,1439]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, which is dry. These original description have never mentioned character differences owing to varying preservation artifacts.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D545FF1024D9FBB35B07" blockId="5.[151,1437,1197,1584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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It should be noted that the R/
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB8D545FDC324DAFD9858CF" box="[532,582,1485,1511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="for">r for</taxonomicName>
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this species in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B61FFB8D545FD2124DAFB8758CF" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[758,1113,1485,1512]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" refId="ref28216" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992: 408)</bibRefCitation>
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is only for the
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<typeStatus id="54BC8832FFB8D545FADE24DAFAB558CF" box="[1289,1387,1485,1511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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and does not account for the full range of known variation.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B61FFB8D545FCD024E6FC145B23" author="Downey, M. E." box="[775,970,1521,1547]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" pagination="51 - 54" refId="ref28363" refString="Downey, M. E. (1971) Ampheraster alaminos, a new species of the family Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 84 (6), 51 - 54." type="journal article" year="1971">Downey’s (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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original measurements show R/
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB8D545FAE124E6FA435B23" box="[1334,1437,1521,1547]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="ranging">r ranging</taxonomicName>
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from 1:7 to 1:11, which are more consistent with measurements of the specimen herein.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D651BFFB8D546FF40274AFEEC5CA3" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D545FF40274AFE7C5B5F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1629,1908]" box="[151,418,1629,1655]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB8D545FF40274AFE7C5B5F" box="[151,418,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Ecological Observation</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D545FF102796FB625BE8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1629,1908]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">The Blake Ridge observation shows an individual of this species hunched over what appears to be an indeterminate stalk, possibly from a cnidarian or sponge. It is unclear what the star was feeding upon.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D545FF1027DEFCAF5A2F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1629,1908]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">The collected specimen did not show any specific feeding behavior, but a significant amount of sediment was present within the folds of its partially extended pyloric stomach.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D545FF102605FCBA5A5B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1629,1908]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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In situ observations show this species in motion over a fine, loosely consolidated muddy surface (
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<figureCitation id="133C2A15FFB8D545FAD12606FA855A03" box="[1286,1371,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1859,1884]" captionTargetBox="[156,1426,191,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Ampheraster alaminos and Pedicellaster sp. feeding. A. In situ observation of USNM 1550644. B. In situ observation of A. alaminos from Blake Ridge, 3372 m. R=5.7 cm. C. Ampheraster alaminos moving along substrate, North West Florida Escarpment, 2977 m. D. In situ observation of Pedicellaster sp. feeding on sibogolinid worm tubes. WR488 site, 2167 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764024/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
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) with tube feet fully extended, and the body held well above the the surface. Movement in this species may depend on gliding rather than a strict, traditional crawling over the surface.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB8D546FF4026B6FEEC5CA3" blockId="5.[151,1436,1953,2016]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,153,395]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB8D545FF4026B6FEB15A93" box="[151,367,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Endoparasitic Gall</emphasis>
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Examination of the specimen revealed the presence of an endoparasitic gall within one of the specimen arms which was not evident from the
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FE2F218DFDE55D9B" box="[504,571,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">in situ</emphasis>
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image. The gall was round, kidney-shaped and was attached to the ambulacral column. Dissection of the gall did not reveal any apparent limbs or apparent diagnostic features. Pedicellasterids have not previously been documented as hosts for endoparasites. Other deep-water forcipulate asteroids with parasites have included eulimid gastropods, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFBBD546FD792012FC1E5C37" box="[686,960,261,287]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eulimidae" genus="Asterophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rathunasteri">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FD792012FC1E5C37" box="[686,960,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Asterophila rathunasteri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFBBD546FC332012FEFD5C6B" authority="(Waren A. & Lewis 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Waren A. & Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Rathbunaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="californicus">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FC332012FAD95C37" box="[996,1287,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Rathbunaster californicus</emphasis>
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(Warén A. & Lewis 1994)
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</taxonomicName>
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and parasitic barnacles, such as the Acrothoracica (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B61FFBBD546FC5A203EFBA35C6B" author="Stone, C. J. & Moyse, J." box="[909,1149,296,323]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1269 - 1279" refId="ref31786" refString="Stone, C. J. & Moyse, J. (1985) Bifurgaster, a new genus of Ascothoracida (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) parasitic in deep-water asteroids. Journal of Natural History, 6, 1269 - 1279. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938500770811" type="journal article" year="1985">Stone & Moyse 1985</bibRefCitation>
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). The apparent absence of legs and other segmented limbs suggests eulimid. Further dissection was not attempted to avoid further damaging the specimen.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D651BFFBBD546FF4020AEFD915F33" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF4020AEFD915F33" blockId="6.[151,1437,440,539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FF4020AEFEFD5CFB" box="[151,291,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Occurrence:</emphasis>
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Gulf of Mexico: Off the coast of South Carolina, NW of Florida Keys, Straits of Florida,
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FAC220AFFED45CDF" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Florida Escarpment</emphasis>
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, Blake Plateau off the coast of South Carolina, South of Mississippi Delta, off the Texas coast,
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FAFA20CBFAB05CDF" bold="true" box="[1325,1390,476,503]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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<collectingCountry id="F3107600FFBBD546FAFA20CBFAB05CDF" box="[1325,1390,476,503]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FAAB20CBFE655F33" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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off the coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F3107600FFBBD546FEF22316FE6B5F33" box="[293,437,512,539]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<quantity id="4CFF9B75FFBBD546FE152317FD915F33" box="[450,591,512,539]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8105" metricValueMax="3.3649999999999998" metricValueMin="0.256" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="1810.5" valueMax="3365.0" valueMin="256.0">256–3365 m</quantity>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D651BFFBBD546FF40235DFC145A93" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF40235DFE435F4B" blockId="6.[151,1437,585,1043]" box="[151,413,585,611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FF40235DFE435F4B" box="[151,413,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Wet vs. Dry Characters</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF10237AFD115E13" blockId="6.[151,1437,585,1043]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
Newly collected material using ROV and video observation provide new insight into the morphology and biology of this poorly known species. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC8832FFBBD546FD872386FD6C5F83" box="[592,690,657,683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and all of the material that formed the basis for
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B61FFBBD546FB0F2386FA425F83" author="Downey, M. E." box="[1240,1436,657,683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="51 - 54" refId="ref28363" refString="Downey, M. E. (1971) Ampheraster alaminos, a new species of the family Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 84 (6), 51 - 54." type="journal article" year="1971">Downey’s (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFBBD546FEEE23A2FDE95FE7" authorityName="Downey. Examination" authorityYear="1971" box="[313,567,693,719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Ampheraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alaminos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FEEE23A2FDE95FE7" box="[313,567,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Ampheraster alaminos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected by trawl and all of it was preserved dry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B61FFBBD546FB7C23A2FA9C5FE7" author="Ahearn, C. G." box="[1195,1346,692,719]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 59" refId="ref27632" refString="Ahearn, C. G. (1995) Catalog of the type specimens of seastars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 572, 1 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.572" type="journal article" year="1995">Ahearn 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FA8123A1FA425FE7" box="[1366,1436,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
observations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A15FFBBD546FEE323CEFE7B5FDB" box="[308,421,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1859,1884]" captionTargetBox="[156,1426,191,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Ampheraster alaminos and Pedicellaster sp. feeding. A. In situ observation of USNM 1550644. B. In situ observation of A. alaminos from Blake Ridge, 3372 m. R=5.7 cm. C. Ampheraster alaminos moving along substrate, North West Florida Escarpment, 2977 m. D. In situ observation of Pedicellaster sp. feeding on sibogolinid worm tubes. WR488 site, 2167 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764024/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 3A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
) showed arms on the collected specimen (USNM 1550644) were strongly inflated relative to the dry specimens. It is possible that this swollen condition facilitates gas exchange across the thin body surface, as spines and pedicellariae are projected outwards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF102252FE8E593B" blockId="6.[151,1437,585,1043]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
Abactinal, especially the carinal series, inferomarginal, and furrow spines were among the most dissimilar characters observed on the in situ specimen versus the dry. The ensacculate inferomarginal spines were nearly twice the width of the dry spines and were rounded with blunt tips. Furrow spines possessed a tissue sheath, which were slightly longer than the spine tip. Upon closer examination, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC8832FFBBD546FCB222A6FC195EE3" box="[869,967,945,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and other specimens showed some tissue residue, but none which appeared evident. Pedicellariae across the abactinal surface were also covered by tissue along their base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF402555FEC55973" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" box="[151,283,1090,1115]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBBD546FF402555FEC55973" box="[151,283,1090,1115]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF102572FE0A598B" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Body strongly stellate, R/r=11.4, interradial arcs acute.Arms six, deciduous, cylindrical in cross-section, gradually tapering with blunt tips.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF1025BAFDA15853" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Abactinal skeleton reticulate, overlain by tissue covering body surface, including spines and skeleton. Spines, pedicellariae ensacculate. Skeleton reticulate but forming closely arranged mesh with irregularly shaped polygonal openings but papulae not evident from specimen nor from in situ observation. Disk skeleton thickened around periphery, one to three spines, ensacculate, present on disk surface, especially laterally. Smaller, individual spines present on disk central surface. Tissue covering abactinal and lateral surfaces of arms, forming discrete segmented tissue corresponding with transverse plates.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF182492FAF65B07" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Skeleton forming reticulate structure along disk, prominent carinal row along arms with transverse ribs forming evenly distributed quadrate spaces along each arm. Individual plates imbricate, polylobate in shape, mostly quadrilobate forming single series. Carinal plates each with single sharp spine, enveloped within an ensacculate sheath which obscures the skeletal structure while tissue is hydrated. Blake Ridge in situ observation shows one individual with an additional series of irregular spines present along the adradial regions along the arms.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF40272EFE0C5B97" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
Pedicellariae abundant, forming dense covering over body surface. Three pedicellariae
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC8832FFBBD546FBBC272EFB745B7B" box="[1131,1194,1593,1619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">types</typeStatus>
|
||
. Most abundant pedicellariae small wrench-shaped with blunt, valves evenly distributed teeth. Straight unguiculate pedicellariae also present on disk, actinal plates between oral and adambulacral plates. Smaller, straight pedicellariae present on adambulacral plates in furrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF1027DEFE8B5A03" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Superomarginals widely spaced, spines short, but each covered in tissue sheath. Inferomarginal spines single, large prominent in series, covered in thick tissue sheath. Inferomarginal plates adjacent to adambulacral plates with no actinal plates.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF102622FB8D5A67" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" box="[199,1107,1845,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Furrow spines primarily one per plate, each with well-developed tissue covering.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF40264EFE905ABF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Two spines per oral plate on the plate apex, with the furrow side spine with eight to ten wrench-like pedicellariae around the base.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBBD546FF1026B6FC145A93" blockId="6.[151,1437,1090,1979]" box="[199,970,1953,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Color in life ranges from white with light orange highlights to white.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF786618FFBAD547FF40264EFEEF5A91" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3764022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764022/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" startId="7.[151,250,1881,1906]" targetBox="[160,1428,192,1846]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFBAD547FF40264EFEEF5A91" blockId="7.[151,1437,1881,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBAD547FF40264EFD205A5A" bold="true" box="[151,766,1881,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
FIGURE 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFBAD547FECD264EFDD95A5A" authorityName="Downey. Examination" authorityYear="1971" box="[282,519,1881,1906]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Ampheraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alaminos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBAD547FECD264EFDD95A5A" bold="true" box="[282,519,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Ampheraster alaminos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comparison. A. and C.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1550644 wet specimen, abactinal surface. Scale-=1.0 cm, and furrow spines. Scale=5.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFBAD547FDD62669FDB45ABE" bold="true" box="[513,618,1918,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">B. and D.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype, USNM E11397, abactinal surface, scale=1.0 cm, and furrow spines. Scale=5.0 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF786618FFB5D548FF402654FF6C5AEF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3764024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764024/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" startId="8.[151,250,1859,1884]" targetBox="[156,1426,191,1826]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB5D548FF402654FF6C5AEF" blockId="8.[151,1437,1859,1991]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FF402654FCB35A74" bold="true" box="[151,877,1859,1884]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
FIGURE 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB5D548FECA2654FDD25A74" authorityName="Downey. Examination" authorityYear="1971" box="[285,524,1859,1884]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Ampheraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alaminos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FECA2654FDD25A74" bold="true" box="[285,524,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Ampheraster alaminos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB5D548FD932654FD145A74" authorityName="M.Sars" authorityYear="1861" box="[580,714,1859,1884]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Pedicellaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FD932654FD145A74" bold="true" box="[580,714,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Pedicellaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. feeding. A.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FCA22653FC695A73" box="[885,951,1860,1883]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
observation of USNM 1550644.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FAC52653FAF75A74" bold="true" box="[1298,1321,1860,1884]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FAE62653FAAD5A73" box="[1329,1395,1860,1883]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
observation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB5D548FEC1267FFE515AA8" authorityName="Downey. Examination" authorityYear="1971" box="[278,399,1896,1920]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Ampheraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alaminos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FEC1267FFE515AA8" box="[278,399,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">A. alaminos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Blake Ridge, 3372 m. R=5.7 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FCF42670FCE25AA8" bold="true" box="[803,828,1895,1920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">C.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB5D548FC94267FFBF75AA8" authorityName="Downey. Examination" authorityYear="1971" box="[835,1065,1896,1920]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Ampheraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alaminos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FC94267FFBF75AA8" box="[835,1065,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Ampheraster alaminos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
moving along substrate, North West Florida Escarpment, 2977 m.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FE11269BFE005A8C" bold="true" box="[454,478,1932,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">D.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FE32269BFDF85A8B" box="[485,550,1932,1955]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
observation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB5D548FD12269BFC955A8C" authorityName="M.Sars" authorityYear="1861" box="[709,843,1932,1956]" class="Asteroidea" family="Pedicellasteridae" genus="Pedicellaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB5D548FD12269BFC955A8C" box="[709,843,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Pedicellaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. feeding on sibogolinid worm tubes. WR488 site, 2167 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D651BFFB4D549FF40218DFD245C48" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB4D549FF40218DFE845D9B" blockId="9.[151,907,153,352]" box="[151,346,153,179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB4D549FF40218DFE845D9B" box="[151,346,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Images Observed</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB4D549FF1021ABFC905DFE" blockId="9.[151,907,153,352]" box="[199,846,187,214]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
Blake Ridge, North Atlantic,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE335057FFB4D549FDD821ABFDB35DFE" box="[527,621,188,214]" degrees="32.0124" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" precision="5" value="32.0124">32.0124</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE335057FFB4D549FDAF21ACFD305DFE" box="[632,750,187,214]" degrees="75.26125" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" precision="1" value="-75.26125">-75.26125</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B75FFB4D549FD2E21ABFC905DFE" box="[761,846,188,214]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.372" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="m" value="3372.0">3372 m</quantity>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB4D549FF1021CAFD245DD0" blockId="9.[151,907,153,352]" box="[199,762,221,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">EX1806_IMG_20180615T174109Z_ROVHD.jpg</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB4D549FF102017FD245C33" blockId="9.[151,907,153,352]" box="[199,762,256,283]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">EX1806_IMG_20180615T174148Z_ROVHD.jpg</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB4D549FF102033FC555C16" blockId="9.[151,907,153,352]" box="[199,907,291,318]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C3F872FFB4D549FF102033FE985C16" box="[199,326,292,318]" country="South Africa" name="North West" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">North West</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C3F872FFB4D549FE9A2033FE405C16" box="[333,414,292,318]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Escarpment,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE335057FFB4D549FDE02034FD7D5C15" box="[567,675,291,317]" degrees="27.70906" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" precision="1" value="27.70906">27.70906</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE335057FFB4D549FD792034FCFA5C16" box="[686,804,291,318]" degrees="85.74808" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" precision="1" value="-85.74808">-85.74808</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B75FFB4D549FCF82033FC595C16" box="[815,903,292,318]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.977" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="m" value="2977.0">2977 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB4D549FF102052FD245C48" blockId="9.[151,907,153,352]" box="[199,762,325,352]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">EX1803_IMG_20180427T154746Z_ROVHD.jpg</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D651BFFB4D549FF40209BFDC95F26" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB4D549FF40209BFEAE5C8E" blockId="9.[151,1437,396,526]" box="[151,368,396,422]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB4D549FF40209BFEAE5C8E" box="[151,368,396,422]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB83690FFB4D549FF1020B9FDC95F26" blockId="9.[151,1437,396,526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
USNM 1550644 North of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C3F872FFB4D549FE2F20B8FDB15CE0" box="[504,623,430,457]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Vega Baja" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Vega Baja</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3107600FFB4D549FDAA20B8FCD95CE0" box="[637,775,430,457]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE335057FFB4D549FCC220BAFCAD5CE0" box="[789,883,429,456]" degrees="18.8456" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" precision="5" value="18.8456">18.8456</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE335057FFB4D549FC5720B9FC395CE0" box="[896,999,430,456]" degrees="66.3943" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" precision="5" value="-66.3943">-66.3943</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B75FFB4D549FC2220B9FB905CE1" box="[1013,1102,430,457]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.032" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="m" value="3032.0">3032 m</quantity>
|
||
, Coll. D. Wagner, with ROV
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB4D549FF4020C5FE855CC3" box="[151,347,466,491]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Deep Discoverer</emphasis>
|
||
aboard NOAA Ship
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D13FFB4D549FDB420C6FCE45CC3" authority="Explorer." authorityName="Explorer." box="[611,826,465,491]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Okeanos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA82FFB4D549FDB420C6FCE45CC3" box="[611,826,465,491]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Okeanos Explorer.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1 wet spec. 6 arms. R=5.7 r=0.5. EX1811_IMG_ 20181111T
|
||
<date id="FFB91050FFB4D549FECF20E3FEB45F26" box="[280,362,500,526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" value="47-02-18">180247</date>
|
||
Z_ROVHD.jpg
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |