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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080" ID-PMC="PMC5523356" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-683-51" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" ID-PubMed="28769729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1149788" ID-ZooBank="D7FD86CA6374480C821BA10C26CDDF32" ModsDocID="1313-2970-683-51" checkinTime="1502744546974" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Anzaldo, Salvatore S." docDate="2017" docId="A308107CA21253A79257DBB83A9649BB" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 683: 51-138" docOrigin="ZooKeys 683" docPubDate="2017-07-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080" docTitle="Copturus Schoenherr 1825" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" masterDocTitle="Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="72" updateTime="1668164589837" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Anzaldo, Salvatore S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287 - 4501, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sanzaldo@asu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-07-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>683</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>51</mods:start>
<mods:end>138</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-683-51</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D7FD86CA6374480C821BA10C26CDDF32</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1149788</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182230642" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A308107CA21253A79257DBB83A9649BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A308107CA21253A79257DBB83A9649BB" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">
<taxonomicName LSID="A308107C-A212-53A7-9257-DBB83A9649BB" authority="Schoenherr, 1825: c. 586" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copturus Schoenherr, 1825: c.586</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–9" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 9. Variation in the mesoventrite. 1 Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000616] showing a prosternal rostral &quot; sheath &quot; with the sides converging below the procoxae, the transverse ridge anterior to the mesocoxae and the region of the mesoventrite posterior to the ridge with dense yellow scales 2 Lobops bonvouloiri [ARTSYS 0000527] showing a cup-shaped receptacle for receiving the rostrum 3 Piazurus trifoveatus [SSAC 0001118] with an &quot; open &quot; channel on the mesoventrite 4 Pseudopinarus condyliatus [SSAC 0001116] with an &quot; open &quot; channel on the mesoventrite 5 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016914] showing a flat, unmodified mesoventrite 6 Copturus sanguinicollis [ASUHIC 0086638] showing a closed receptacle on the mesoventrite with lateral flanges 7 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] showing a rostral channel of the mesoventrite formed by relatively parallel carinae and no posterior termination 8 Euzurus ornativentris [ARTSYS 0000796] 9 Hoplocopturus javeti [SSAC 0001289] with an inverted U-shaped carina and the region posterior to the carina invaginated." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures1–8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143826" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Figs 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 75–78" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 75 - 78. Lateral and dorsal habitus images of Lechriopini. 75 a-b Copturomorpha sp. [ASUHIC 0086641] 76 a-b Copturus aurivillianus [ASUHIC 0024140] 77 a-b Coturpus arcuatus [ARTSYS 0000531] 78 a-b Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288]. Scale bars = 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures75–78" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143833" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">, 76</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="72" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">
=
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zurus</taxonomicName>
Heller, 1895: 5 (non Amyot, 1846). Type species:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus aurivillianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurivillianus">Zurus aurivillianus</taxonomicName>
Heller, 1895 [by subsequent designation:
<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, CW" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="57" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 382" refId="B122" refString="O'Brien, CW, Wibmer, GJ, 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 34: 1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="34" year="1982">
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
and Wibmer 1982
</bibRefCitation>
: 8].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">
=
<taxonomicName authorityName="O'Brien &amp; Wibmer" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Neozurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neozurus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
&amp; Wibmer, 1982: 168 [replacement name for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zurus</taxonomicName>
] [Syn.: Wibmer &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
1986: 5].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="72" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Poecilma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Poecilma papaveratum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papaveratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Poecilma papaveratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Germar, 1824 [by original designation].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="72" type="gender">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Gender.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Masculine.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="72" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a concealed scutellum and a closed receptacle of the mesoventrite that is laterally flanged near the apex (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–9" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 9. Variation in the mesoventrite. 1 Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000616] showing a prosternal rostral &quot; sheath &quot; with the sides converging below the procoxae, the transverse ridge anterior to the mesocoxae and the region of the mesoventrite posterior to the ridge with dense yellow scales 2 Lobops bonvouloiri [ARTSYS 0000527] showing a cup-shaped receptacle for receiving the rostrum 3 Piazurus trifoveatus [SSAC 0001118] with an &quot; open &quot; channel on the mesoventrite 4 Pseudopinarus condyliatus [SSAC 0001116] with an &quot; open &quot; channel on the mesoventrite 5 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016914] showing a flat, unmodified mesoventrite 6 Copturus sanguinicollis [ASUHIC 0086638] showing a closed receptacle on the mesoventrite with lateral flanges 7 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] showing a rostral channel of the mesoventrite formed by relatively parallel carinae and no posterior termination 8 Euzurus ornativentris [ARTSYS 0000796] 9 Hoplocopturus javeti [SSAC 0001289] with an inverted U-shaped carina and the region posterior to the carina invaginated." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures1–8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143826" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">6</figureCitation>
), and can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the ventrally toothed pro- and mesofemora, larger tarsal claws, and flattened (not costate) elytral intervals. The first two funicular articles vary in length among the species, with the second article being longer than or subequal to the first (
<bibRefCitation author="Champion, GC" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" refId="B20" refString="Champion, GC, 1906b. Insecta - Coleoptera - Rhychophora - Curculionidae - Curculioninae (part). In: Champion GC (Ed.) Biologia Centrali-Americana (Vol. 4, part 5). 1-136." title="Insecta - Coleoptera - Rhychophora - Curculionidae - Curculioninae (part). In: Champion GC (Ed.) Biologia Centrali-Americana (Vol. 4, part 5). 1 - 136." year="1906 b">Champion 1906b</bibRefCitation>
: 87).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">
The usage of this generic epithet has a particularly complicated history, as explained by
<bibRefCitation author="Muniz-Velez, R" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS)" pageId="57" pageNumber="108" pagination="249 - 258" refId="B119" refString="Muniz-Velez, R, Ordonez-Resendiz, MM, 2010. Una especie nueva de Macrocopturus Heller (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae) de Guerrero, Mexico y descripcion de sus estados immaduros. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS) 26 (2): 249 - 258" title="Una especie nueva de Macrocopturus Heller (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae) de Guerrero, Mexico y descripcion de sus estados immaduros." volume="26" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Muñiz-Vélez">Muniz-Velez</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ordóñez-Reséndiz">Ordonez-Resendiz</normalizedToken>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
. The first usage of the name
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zygops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Zygops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Schoenherr, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Entomology" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" refId="B139" refString="Schoenherr, CJ, 1825. Tabulae synopticae familiae curculionidum. Isis Oken, heft V, columns 581-588." title="Tabulae synopticae familiae curculionidum. Isis Oken, heft V, columns 581 - 588." year="1825">Schoenherr 1825</bibRefCitation>
: col. 586), where the type species was designated as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Poecilma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Poecilma papaveratum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papaveratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Poecilma papaveratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Germar, 1824. The subgenus was elevated to genus by
<bibRefCitation author="Dejean, PFMA" journalOrPublisher="errata, unnumbered]" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" refId="B33" refString="Dejean, PFMA, 1835. Catalogue de la collection de Coleopteres de M. le Baron Dejean (edn 2). Part 4, Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, 257-360." title="Catalogue de la collection de Coleopteres de M. le Baron Dejean (edn 2). Part 4, Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, 257 - 360." year="1835">Dejean (1835)</bibRefCitation>
, and dozens of additional species were described to the genus (e.g.
<bibRefCitation author="Schoenherr, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Entomology" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" refId="B143" refString="Schoenherr, CJ, 1838. Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C.H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae. Paris, Roret; Lipsiae, Fleischer. Vol.4(2): 601-1121. [+ pp. 1122-1124 (Corrigenda)]" title="Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae. Paris, Roret; Lipsiae, Fleischer. Vol. 4 (2): 601 - 1121. [+ pp. 1122 - 1124 (Corrigenda)]" year="1838">Schoenherr 1838</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Schoenherr, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Entomology" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" refId="B144" refString="Schoenherr, CJ, 1845. Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C.H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis ilustratae. Paris, Roret; Lipsiae, Fleischer. Vol.8(2): 1-504." title="Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis ilustratae. Paris, Roret; Lipsiae, Fleischer. Vol. 8 (2): 1 - 504." year="1845">1845</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Kirsch," journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="56" pageNumber="107" pagination="161 - 208" refId="B93" refString="Kirsch, , 1875a. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Peruanischen Kaferfauna auf Dr. Abendroth's Sammlungen basirt. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 19 (1): 161 - 208" title="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Peruanischen Kaferfauna auf Dr. Abendroth's Sammlungen basirt." volume="19" year="1875 a">Kirsch 1875a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Kirsch," journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="56" pageNumber="107" pagination="241 - 304" refId="B94" refString="Kirsch, , 1875b. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Peruanischen Kaferfauna auf Dr. Abendroth's Sammlungen basirt. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 19 (2): 241 - 304" title="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Peruanischen Kaferfauna auf Dr. Abendroth's Sammlungen basirt." volume="19" year="1875 b">b</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Heller, KM" journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Publications in Biology" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B56" refString="Heller, KM, 1895. Zygopiden-Studien II, mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Gattung Copturus. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koeniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden 1894/95 (11): 1-70." title="Zygopiden-Studien II, mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Gattung Copturus. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koeniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden 1894 / 95 (11): 1 - 70." year="1895">Heller (1895)</bibRefCitation>
created several genera out of specimens included in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Zurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Heller, 1895 for the species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="72">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have a concealed scutellum, second funicular
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="73" start="start">article</pageBreakToken>
that is barely longer than the first, and a unique, horseshoe-shaped modification to the mesoventrite. Among the species moved from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Zurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was
<taxonomicName authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Poecilma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Poecilma papaveratum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papaveratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Poecilma papaveratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which Heller recognized as the previously designated type species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName authorityName="O'Brien &amp; Wibmer" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Neozurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Neozurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
&amp; Wibmer, 1982 was created as a replacement name for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Zurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, CW" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="57" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 382" refId="B122" refString="O'Brien, CW, Wibmer, GJ, 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 34: 1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="34" year="1982">
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
and Wibmer 1982
</bibRefCitation>
: 4) which was preoccupied by
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Zurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Amyot, 1846 and was later synonymized with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an unjustified replacement name (
<bibRefCitation author="Wibmer, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Number" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 563" refId="B153" refString="Wibmer, GJ, O'Brien, CW, 1986. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Number 39: 1 - 563" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="39" year="1986">
Wibmer and
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
1986
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA" journalOrPublisher="Entomopraxis, Barcelona" pageId="51" pageNumber="102" refId="B1" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA, Lyal, CHC, 1999. A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, Barcelona" title="A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." year="1999">Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 111). As a result, all species treated as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Heller became newly recombined as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Meliaceae" genus="Macrocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrocopturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Macrocopturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Heller’s">Heller's</normalizedToken>
original subgenera of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
elevated to genus (
<bibRefCitation author="Wibmer, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Number" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 563" refId="B153" refString="Wibmer, GJ, O'Brien, CW, 1986. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Number 39: 1 - 563" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="39" year="1986">
Wibmer and
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
1986
</bibRefCitation>
: 17), and all species treated as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Zurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Heller and subsequent authors until
<bibRefCitation author="Wibmer, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Number" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 563" refId="B153" refString="Wibmer, GJ, O'Brien, CW, 1986. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Number 39: 1 - 563" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="39" year="1986">
Wibmer and
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
(1986)
</bibRefCitation>
became newly recombined as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, returning the type species
<taxonomicName authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Poecilma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Poecilma papaveratum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papaveratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Poecilma papaveratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to its original genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="73" type="key">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName genus="Keys" lsidName="Keys" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" rank="genus">Keys</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">
Champion 1906: 87 (to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Zurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Central America),
<bibRefCitation author="Heller, KM" journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Publications in Biology" pageId="54" pageNumber="105" refId="B56" refString="Heller, KM, 1895. Zygopiden-Studien II, mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Gattung Copturus. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koeniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden 1894/95 (11): 1-70." title="Zygopiden-Studien II, mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Gattung Copturus. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koeniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden 1894 / 95 (11): 1 - 70." year="1895">Heller 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 5 (to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Zurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Central and South America).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="73" type="phylogenetic relationships">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">
<bibRefCitation author="Hespenheide, HA" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="55" pageNumber="106" pagination="313 - 321" refId="B63" refString="Hespenheide, HA, 1984. New Neotropical species of putative ant-mimicking weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Zygopinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 38 (4): 313 - 321" title="New Neotropical species of putative ant-mimicking weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Zygopinae)." volume="38" year="1984">Hespenheide (1984</bibRefCitation>
: 315) suggests a relationship with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Euzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sleeper" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Santalaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Cylindrocopturinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Of those three, it is most similar to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only differences given by Champion (1906: 87) being the ventrally toothed pro- and mesofemora, the larger body size and comparatively proportionate tarsal claws.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Euzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a scutellum concealed by a posterior lobe of the pronotum, but the manner of
<normalizedToken originalValue="it’s">it's</normalizedToken>
concealment differs from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: where the posterior pronotal lobe of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subducts the elytra, completely concealing the scutellum, in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Euzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the posterior lobe is only extended posteriorly and not below the elytral base, leaving the scutellum visible in posterior view. Despite this difference, Lyal et al. report Type II sclerolepidia to be present in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Euzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which, among the sclerolepidia-bearing lechriopines, is only also known in the very different
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Psomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See entry on
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sleeper" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Santalaceae" genus="Cylindrocopturinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindrocopturinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Cylindrocopturinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the present interpretation of the relationship of that genus. The relationship of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lechriopini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lechriopini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lechriopini</taxonomicName>
and whether or not
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Euzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found to be the sister-genus is not easily hypothesized by the external characters examined thus far.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="73" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Host associations.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">
The widespread Central and South American species
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus aurivillianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurivillianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Copturus aurivillianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Heller, 1895) is reported by
<bibRefCitation author="Costa-Lima, A da" journalOrPublisher="Serie Didatica" pageId="53" pageNumber="104" pagination="3 - 373" refId="B28" refString="Costa-Lima, A da, 1956. Insetos do Brasil. 10° Tomo, Coleopteros, 4.a e ultima parte. Escola Nacional de Agronomia. Serie Didatica 12: 3 - 373" title="Insetos do Brasil. 10 ° Tomo, Coleopteros, 4. a e ultima parte. Escola Nacional de Agronomia." volume="12" year="1956">Costa-Lima (1956</bibRefCitation>
: 219) to bore stems of
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fabaceae" genus="Canavalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Canavalia" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Canavalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Adans.,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dolichos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dolichos" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Dolichos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Phaseolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phaseolus" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Phaseolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) as larvae in Brazil.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="73" type="described species">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Described species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Six species are known from the focal region and an additional 27 species are known only in South America.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="73" type="range">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Range.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="73">Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Guadeloupe; South America.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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