treatments-xml/data/03/D8/87/03D887CD127DFFFEFF0607120C40FD4D.xml

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<mods:title id="F7843407003F42BF49B8E4780BCB3909">All stages of the Palaearctic predaceous midge Palpomyia schmidti Goetghebuer, 1934 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127DFFF8FF0607120AC2F895" ID-CoL="8D5N8" authority="Goetghebuer, 1934" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,649,1829,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
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<emphasis id="B905EAC9127DFFF8FF06071209CEF8EA" bold="true" box="[151,389,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Palpomyia schmidti</emphasis>
(Goetghebuer, 1934)
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127DFFF8FF06075B0A25F857" ID-CoL="8D5N8" authority="Goetghebuer, 1934a: 36" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityPageNumber="36" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,622,1900,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127DFFF8FF06075B092DF857" box="[151,358,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Palpomyia schmidti</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CA127DFFF8FEE0075B0A25F857" author="Goetghebuer" box="[369,622,1900,1922]" page="36" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127DFFF8FEE0075B0A0DF857" author="Goetghebuer" box="[369,582,1900,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" refString="Goetghebuer, M. (1934 a) Zur Erforschung des Persischen Golfes (Beitrag Nr. 15). Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae. Arbeiten uber morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie, 1, 36 - 39." type="journal article" year="1934" yearSuffix="a">Goetghebuer, 1934a</bibRefCitation>
: 36
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(
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, female) (
<date id="FFCF101B127DFFF8FC8C075B0BF2F857" box="[797,953,1900,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" value="1934-03-05">5 March 1934</date>
); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CA127DFFF8FC41075B0D42F857" author="Szadziewski" box="[976,1289,1900,1922]" page="195" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127DFFF8FC41075B0C9FF857" author="Szadziewski" box="[976,1236,1900,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" refString="Szadziewski, R., Dominiak, P. &amp; Lewanczyk, A. (2009) Redescriptions of Atrichopogon horni Kieffer, 1925 from Sri Lanka and Palpomyia schmidti Goetghebuer, 1934 from Iraq (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Polish Journal of Entomology, 78, 193 - 199." type="journal article" year="2009">
Szadziewski 
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127DFFF8FBCA075A0CD8F857" box="[1115,1171,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
: 195
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(
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127DFFF8FA8A075B0D0CF857" box="[1307,1351,1900,1922]" name="Iraq" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Iraq</collectingCountry>
, female redescribed, male diagnosed, figs, syn. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127DFFF8FDC407BB0AD1F874" ID-CoL="8D5KM" box="[597,666,1931,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miki">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127DFFF8FDC407BB0AD1F874" box="[597,666,1931,1953]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">P. miki</emphasis>
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).
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<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127DFFF8FF06079D0B3FF80B" blockId="1.[151,1436,1900,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111F5127DFFF8FF06079D0B3FF80B" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127DFFF8FF06079D0A0BF815" ID-CoL="8D5KM" authority="Goetghebuer, 1934b: 91" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityPageNumber="91" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,576,1962,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miki">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127DFFF8FF06079D0970F815" box="[151,315,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Palpomyia miki</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CA127DFFF8FED5079D0A0BF815" author="Goetghebuer" box="[324,576,1962,1984]" page="91" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127DFFF8FED5079D0A52F815" author="Goetghebuer" box="[324,537,1962,1984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" refString="Goetghebuer, M. (1934 b) Heleidae (Ceratopogonidae). In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palearktischen Region, 3 (2), pp. 49 - 94. [Lfg. 78, Stuttgart]" type="journal article" year="1934" yearSuffix="b">Goetghebuer, 1934b</bibRefCitation>
: 91
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127DFFF8FDC3079D0AE6F815" box="[594,685,1962,1984]" name="Hungary" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Hungary</collectingCountry>
, female, fig. total habitus) (
<date id="FFCF101B127DFFF8FC46079D0C3AF815" box="[983,1137,1962,1984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" value="1934-04-20">20 April 1934</date>
); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CA127DFFF8FB19079C0D74F815" author="Remm" box="[1160,1343,1962,1984]" page="175" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127DFFF8FB19079C0D40F815" author="Remm" box="[1160,1291,1962,1984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" refString="Remm, H. (1976) A synopsis of the Palpomyia of the USSR (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Juures Asuva Eesti Looduseuurija Seltsi Aastaraamat, 64, 172 - 197." type="journal article" year="1976">Remm 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 175
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127DFFF8FAC0079D0DD3F815" box="[1361,1432,1962,1984]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Russia</collectingCountry>
, female, male, figs); 
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CA127DFFF8FE0307FF0AD3F80B" author="Delecolle" box="[402,664,1992,2015]" page="342" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127DFFF8FE0307FF0A23F80B" author="Delecolle" box="[402,616,1992,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" refString="Delecolle, J. - C., Blasco-Zumeta, J. &amp; Rieb, J. - P. (1997) Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des Ceratopogonides d'Espagne. Description de Homohelea iberica n. sp., et redescription de Palpomyia miki Goetghebuer, 1934 et de Culicoides brevifrontis Smatov &amp; Isimbekov, 1971 (Diptera, Nematocera). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, New Series, 14, 337 - 351." type="journal article" year="1997">
Delécolle 
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127DFFF8FE6807FD0A66F80B" box="[505,557,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
: 342
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127DFFF8FD3707FF0AAFF80B" box="[678,740,1992,2014]" name="Spain" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Spain</collectingCountry>
, female, figs).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B905EAC9127EFFFBFF0604BA0959FB77" bold="true" box="[151,274,1165,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Female of 
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127EFFFBFE1504BA0A1EFB76" box="[388,597,1165,1187]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127EFFFBFE1504BA0A1AFB76" box="[388,593,1165,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">Palpomyia schmidti</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A—frontal view of head; B—flagellum; C—lateral view of thorax; D—wing; Eventral view of abdomen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36B6550127EFFFBFF0604DE09D1FA2B" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127EFFFBFF0604DE09D1FA2B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1257,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127EFFFBFF0604DE095AFAD7" bold="true" box="[151,273,1257,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The only species in the genus with a triangular gonocoxite and totally separated parameres in the male genitalia, femora and tibiae armed with dark spine-like bristles. Females can be separated from other Palaearctic congeners in that they have simple claws, all femora armed with ventral spines, mid and hind tibiae with dorsal spine-like bristles, basitarsus of midleg with some median spines. Larvae: head relatively broad; collar of the head capsule with a triangular ventral expansion; a long epicranial suture (ES), reaching the level of seta q; a dorsal paired comb of the epipharynx with long, slender teeth. Pupae: dorsal apotome with 1 pair of setae and 1 pair of sensory pits (sensilla campaniformia); numerous spiracles arranged in a horseshoe shape, occupying the distal half of the respiratory horn.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6550127EFFFCFF56063E0C0CFE5D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127EFFFAFF56063E0997FEC9" blockId="2.[151,1437,1257,2007]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127EFFFBFF56063E091AF9F7" bold="true" box="[199,337,1545,1570]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Description</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127EFFFBFEF3063E09F2F9F7" bold="true" box="[354,441,1545,1570]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Female</emphasis>
. Head yellowish. Eyes broadly separate, vertex with strong setae (
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A). Antennal flagellum 
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long, AR 0.84–0.86. Proximal flagellomeres subcylindrical, distal cylindrical (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127EFFFBFB74061A0D61F990" box="[1253,1322,1581,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1165,1187]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1143]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1400,193,1143]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Female of Palpomyia schmidti. A—frontal view of head; B—flagellum; C—lateral view of thorax; D—wing; Eventral view of abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266676/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Palpus 5-segmented, third palpal segment stout, 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127EFFFBFDFB06660A85F9BC" box="[618,718,1617,1641]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
long. Mandible with 7 stout teeth (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127EFFFBFBF006660CEDF9BC" box="[1121,1190,1617,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1165,1187]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1143]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1400,193,1143]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Female of Palpomyia schmidti. A—frontal view of head; B—flagellum; C—lateral view of thorax; D—wing; Eventral view of abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266676/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). Scutum yellowish with brown longitudinal stripes, scutellum yellow, postscutellum dark brown (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127EFFFBFB8606420C17F958" box="[1047,1116,1653,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1165,1187]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1143]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1400,193,1143]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Female of Palpomyia schmidti. A—frontal view of head; B—flagellum; C—lateral view of thorax; D—wing; Eventral view of abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266676/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C). Scutum without anterior tubercle, with numerous simple setae. Scutellum bearing 9–10 bristles and numerous small setae. Paratergite broad, bare. Anterior anepisternum with a group of 7–8 setae. Katepisternum dark and bare. Wing without pattern (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127EFFFBFAFE068A08EDF92C" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1165,1187]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1143]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1400,193,1143]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Female of Palpomyia schmidti. A—frontal view of head; B—flagellum; C—lateral view of thorax; D—wing; Eventral view of abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266676/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D), length 
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, CR 0.71–0.78. Second radial cell about twice as long as first one. Base of vein M2 proximal to vein M1. Legs yellow with darker coxae and distal tarsomeres. Lateral surface of coxae with some setae. All femora armed with ventral spines (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127EFFFBFD0A07190AAAF892" box="[667,737,1838,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1165,1187]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1143]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1400,193,1143]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Female of Palpomyia schmidti. A—frontal view of head; B—flagellum; C—lateral view of thorax; D—wing; Eventral view of abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266676/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C). Fore femur enlarged with 6–18 ventral spines, mid femur slender with 1–4 spines and hind femur with 1–3 ventral spines. All tibiae armed with strong dark dorsal bristlelike spines. Fore tibia with 1 anterior spine, mid tibia with 4–10 spines and hind tibia with 12–16 dark spines. Tibial comb with 6–7 pale spines. First tarsal segment of foreleg armed with 2 apical spines, that of midleg with 2 basal, 5–6 median and 2 apical spines, hindleg with 5 dark spines, palisade setae in one row. Fourth tarsomere subcylindrical. Tarsal ratio of foreleg 
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(I) 1.6–1.8, midleg 
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(II) 1.9–2.2, hindleg 
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(III) 1.8–2.0. Claws almost equal, simple, without internal basal tooth. Abdomen yellow with brownish triangles on tergites. Two pairs of apodemes of eversible sacs present. Seminal capsules ovoid, unequal, with distinct necks, length 
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, and 
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(
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127FFFFAFEE9013309F7FEC9" box="[376,444,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1165,1187]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1143]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1400,193,1143]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Female of Palpomyia schmidti. A—frontal view of head; B—flagellum; C—lateral view of thorax; D—wing; Eventral view of abdomen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266676/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127FFFFAFF5601100ACDFE78" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127FFFFAFF5601100940FE95" bold="true" box="[199,267,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Male.</emphasis>
Similar to female with the usual sexual differences. Eyes broadly separate. Flagellum 
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long, with greatly reduced plume, all flagellomeres cylindrical, terminal three slightly elongate (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127FFFFAFB1C017B0C9BFEB1" box="[1165,1232,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male of Palpomyia schmidti. A—flagellum; B – F—genitalia, ventral aspect: B—complete, only one gonostylus removed; C—gonocoxites, sternite and tergite 9; D—gonostyli; E—aedeagus; F—parameres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266677/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Proportions of flagellomeres as follows: 40-15-15-15-16-15-15-14-16-16-20-25-35. Third palpal segment stout, 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127FFFFAFB7001580DD6FE52" box="[1249,1437,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="0.040999999999999995" valueMax="0.045" valueMin="0.037">0.037-0.045 mm</quantity>
long, with some sensilla capitata on surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127FFFFAFF5601800A3EFE21" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
Wing length 
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, CR 0.73–0.75. Tibial comb with 7–8 spines, hind tibial spur short. Tarsal ratio 
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(I) 1.9, 
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(II) 2.5–2.6, 
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(III) 1.8–2.0.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127FFFFAFF5601C80D3EFD51" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
Genitalia as in 
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127FFFFAFEE801C8098BFDCD" box="[377,448,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male of Palpomyia schmidti. A—flagellum; B – F—genitalia, ventral aspect: B—complete, only one gonostylus removed; C—gonocoxites, sternite and tergite 9; D—gonostyli; E—aedeagus; F—parameres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266677/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
. Sternite 9 with broad caudomedian excavation. Tergite 9 elongate, with broad cerci. Gonocoxite stout, as long as broad, with long triangular internal extension 
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127FFFFAFC4C02130C55FDE9" box="[989,1054,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male of Palpomyia schmidti. A—flagellum; B – F—genitalia, ventral aspect: B—complete, only one gonostylus removed; C—gonocoxites, sternite and tergite 9; D—gonostyli; E—aedeagus; F—parameres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266677/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C). Gonostylus stout, evenly bent, with pointed dark apical portion 
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127FFFFAFD9F02700A1AFDB5" box="[526,593,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male of Palpomyia schmidti. A—flagellum; B – F—genitalia, ventral aspect: B—complete, only one gonostylus removed; C—gonocoxites, sternite and tergite 9; D—gonostyli; E—aedeagus; F—parameres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266677/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D). Aedeagus stout, scutiform and covered with short spiculae; basal arch high; apex with evenly rounded cap (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127FFFFAFDA6025B0A32FD51" box="[567,633,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male of Palpomyia schmidti. A—flagellum; B – F—genitalia, ventral aspect: B—complete, only one gonostylus removed; C—gonocoxites, sternite and tergite 9; D—gonostyli; E—aedeagus; F—parameres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266677/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E). Parameres separate, apex distinctly expanded, bulbous (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127FFFFAFA82025B0D1DFD51" box="[1299,1366,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,697,1861]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male of Palpomyia schmidti. A—flagellum; B – F—genitalia, ventral aspect: B—complete, only one gonostylus removed; C—gonocoxites, sternite and tergite 9; D—gonostyli; E—aedeagus; F—parameres." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266677/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127FFFFAFF06076C0C00F85A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1883,1935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127FFFFAFF06076C095EF8A5" bold="true" box="[151,277,1883,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Male of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127FFFFAFEE6076C0A08F8A4" box="[375,579,1883,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127FFFFAFEE6076C0A08F8A4" box="[375,579,1883,1905]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Palpomyia schmidti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A—flagellum; B–F—genitalia, ventral aspect: B—complete, only one gonostylus removed; C—gonocoxites, sternite and tergite 9; D—gonostyli; E—aedeagus; F—parameres.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BCE36DB1278FFFDFF06049F0C33FB6B" blockId="4.[151,1144,1192,1214]" box="[151,1144,1192,1214]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B905EAC91278FFFDFF06049F0959FB68" bold="true" box="[151,274,1192,1214]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Habitus of female pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D581278FFFDFDB6049F0AB9FB6B" box="[551,754,1192,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
<emphasis id="B905EAC91278FFFDFDB6049F0AB9FB6B" box="[551,754,1192,1214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Palpomyia schmidti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A—ventral aspect; B—dorsal aspect.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB1278FFFDFF5604D20D77F923" blockId="4.[151,1437,1253,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B905EAC91278FFFDFF5604D2094EFB2B" bold="true" box="[199,261,1253,1278]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Pupa</emphasis>
. Body pale brown (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFE7B04D20A7AFB2B" box="[490,561,1253,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1192,1214]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[188,1399,193,1171]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Habitus of female pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—ventral aspect; B—dorsal aspect." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266678/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Length: female 
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; male 
<quantity id="4C899B3E1278FFFDFC4504D20C2BFB2B" box="[980,1120,1253,1278]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" unit="mm" value="5.2" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="4.9">4.9–5.5 mm</quantity>
. Respiratory horn (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFAAD04D20D34FB2B" box="[1340,1407,1253,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C) slender, about 3.8–4.1 times longer than broad, surface bare, distal half with about 40 spiracles in one horseshoelike row, length 
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in male, 
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in female. Dorsal apotome (operculum) (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFB75051A0D6DFA93" box="[1252,1318,1325,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B) 1.0–1.3 times as long as greatest width, covered with small tubercles, posterior margin pointed; anterolateral tubercle bearing single long seta and single sensory pit (campaniform sensillum). Antennae short, ventrally wings separated by legs (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFF6405AE097CFA67" box="[245,311,1433,1458]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A). Caudomedian expansion of mesothorax indistinct, evenly rounded (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFBC205AE0CDCFA67" box="[1107,1175,1433,1458]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1192,1214]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[188,1399,193,1171]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Habitus of female pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—ventral aspect; B—dorsal aspect." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266678/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B). Metathorax slender, distinctly emarginated, with single pair of sensilla campaniformia (M-3-T) (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFC6E058A0C0FFA03" box="[1023,1092,1469,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D). Abdominal segments with scattered small spinules. Tergites 1–7 with medial area displaying 1 longitudinal stripe and 2 darker spots (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFAA605D60D30FA2F" box="[1335,1403,1505,1530]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1192,1214]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[188,1399,193,1171]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Habitus of female pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—ventral aspect; B—dorsal aspect." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266678/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B). First abdominal tergite with 3 groups of setae on lateral surface (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFCF906320BE1F9CB" box="[872,938,1541,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D); anterodorsal group including 2 setae and 1 sensory pit (campaniform sensillum), posterodorsal group with 2 setae and 1 sensory pit; lateral group composed of 3 setae. Dorsal surface of fourth abdominal segment with setae and sensory pits as in 
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFBFA067A0CE7F9B3" box="[1131,1196,1613,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E. Dorsal seta D-2 on rounded pale spot. Ventral surface only with two groups of 3 small setae (V-5,6,7). Abdominal segment 9 without setae, but with 2 dorsal sensilla campaniformia (D-5, 6) on apicolateral processus. Apicolateral processes of terminal abdominal segment 9 highly variable, long or short, covered with spinules or bare, slightly to greatly divergent (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFE9E06EA0916F923" box="[271,349,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
F,G). In females apicolateral processes (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFC8C06EA0B15F923" box="[797,862,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F) more divergent than in males (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFB4406EA0D5CF923" box="[1237,1303,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1399,445,1870]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pupa of Palpomyia schmidti. A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s. ca—campaniform sensillum, s. t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
G).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB1278FFFCFF5607360BEBFF00" blockId="4.[151,1437,1253,2035]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,392]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B905EAC91278FFFDFF56073609C5F8CF" bold="true" box="[199,398,1793,1818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Larva. IV instar</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFE31073609BAF8CF" box="[416,497,1793,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFE6E07350A44F8CF" box="[511,527,1794,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,195,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[150,1436,195,1829]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Head capsule of larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—dorsal view; B—ventral view; C—lateral view. Abbreviations: ant—antenna; CO—collar; DA—dorsal apotome; frontoclypeus; hy—hypostoma; md—mandible; j, k, m, n, r, z—sensory pits, sensilla campaniformia; o, p, q, s, t, u, v, w, x—setae, sensilla trichoidea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">7</figureCitation>
). Body slender (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFD5E07360B58F8CF" box="[719,787,1793,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A), total length to 
<quantity id="4C899B3E1278FFFDFC7B07350C2CF8CC" box="[1002,1127,1794,1818]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="11.0">11–12 mm</quantity>
. Head capsule pale brown, slightly conical, 1.925 as long as broad (HR), subgenal ratio (SGR) 1.951. Collar narrow, brownish; on ventral surface with distinct triangular extension (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFDE3077E0AFCF8B7" box="[626,695,1865,1890]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,195,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[150,1436,195,1829]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Head capsule of larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—dorsal view; B—ventral view; C—lateral view. Abbreviations: ant—antenna; CO—collar; DA—dorsal apotome; frontoclypeus; hy—hypostoma; md—mandible; j, k, m, n, r, z—sensory pits, sensilla campaniformia; o, p, q, s, t, u, v, w, x—setae, sensilla trichoidea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Epicranial suture moderately long, reaching level of seta q (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFAFE077E08EEF853" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,195,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[150,1436,195,1829]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Head capsule of larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—dorsal view; B—ventral view; C—lateral view. Abbreviations: ant—antenna; CO—collar; DA—dorsal apotome; frontoclypeus; hy—hypostoma; md—mandible; j, k, m, n, r, z—sensory pits, sensilla campaniformia; o, p, q, s, t, u, v, w, x—setae, sensilla trichoidea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A, C). Sensory pits (sensilla campaniformia) r, k, z, j indistinct. Setae s, u, o, x forked. Labrum slightly elongate, almost square with sensory organs typical of the subfamily; messors slightly sclerotized, hook-shaped. Mandible slender, hook-like, with double hook at midlength; fossa mandibularis distinct (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFB9C07820C05F81B" box="[1037,1102,1973,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
G, H). Labium triangular with distinctly pointed apex (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFE2107ED09BCF826" box="[432,503,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E). Hypostoma broad, slightly arched, smooth (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1278FFFDFBB107ED0C2CF826" box="[1056,1127,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E). Hypopharynx elongate, slightly sclerotized, hypopharyngeal fringe indistinct (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1279FFFCFD6500A00B7DFF65" box="[756,822,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E, F). Epipharynx with single, dorsal comb armed with 24–26 teeth on its posterior margin (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1279FFFCFDBF008B0A39FF00" box="[558,626,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
H), 
<quantity id="4C899B3E1279FFFCFD0D008B0B10FF01" box="[668,859,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="0.0715" valueMax="0.075" valueMin="0.068">0.068–0.075 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB1279FFFCFF5600E80C0CFE5D" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
Neck or cervix distinct, about 7 times shorter than prothorax (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1279FFFCFC1B00E80B84FF2D" box="[906,975,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B). Body segments moderately elongate, second thoracic segments 1.0–1.4 times longer than broad, abdominal segments about 1.5 times longer than broad. Anal segment slender, 3.3 times longer than broad; apex with group of 2 short outer and 2 long inner setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1279FFFCFE41017B0A5FFEB0" box="[464,532,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C, D); 2 dorsal and 2 ventral short caudal setae, in addition 2 lateral setae at level of shorter dorsal/ventral setae and 2 before mid-length of segment present (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E1279FFFCFC7001580C6EFE5D" box="[993,1061,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,193,1472]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larvae of Palpomyia schmidti. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF0E66531279FFFCFF0607540B18F800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266679/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" targetBox="[188,1398,445,1869]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB1279FFFCFF0607540B18F800" blockId="5.[151,1436,1891,2005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B905EAC91279FFFCFF0607540958F8AD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1891,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Pupa of 
<emphasis id="B905EAC91279FFFCFEFE07540A0BF8AC" box="[367,576,1891,1913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D581279FFFCFEFE07540A77F8AC" box="[367,572,1891,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">Palpomyia schmidti</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A—lateroventral aspect of female thorax; B—dorsal apotome; C—respiratory horn; D—chaetotaxy of metathorax and abdominal tergite 1; E—chaetotaxy of abdominal segment 4, dorsal view; F—female abdominal segment 9; G—male abdominal segment 9. Abbreviations: s.ca—campaniform sensillum, s.t—sensillum trichoideum. Names of other sensilla as proposed by Borkent (2014).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6653127AFFFFFF0605E10A8DF99D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266680/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1472]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127AFFFFFF0605E10A8DF99D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1494,1608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127AFFFFFF0605E1095DFA3E" bold="true" box="[151,278,1494,1516]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127AFFFFFE1F05E10A17FA39" box="[398,604,1494,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127AFFFFFE1F05E10A17FA39" box="[398,604,1494,1516]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Palpomyia schmidti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A—total habitus; B—head and prothoracic segment; C—anal segment, dorsal view; D—apex of anal segment, dorsal view; E—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; F—pharyngeal apparatus, ventral view; G—mandible; H—drawing of mandible; dorsal comb of epipharynx. Abbreviations: epi—epipharynx. hy—hypostoma, hyphypopharynx, lb—labium, i—inner seta, o—outer seta.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36B6550127AFFFEFF5606430C40FD4D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127AFFFFFF560643090CF8B0" blockId="6.[151,1436,1652,2001]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127AFFFFFF56064309B0F958" bold="true" box="[199,507,1652,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
The species is halobiontic and represents the meridional faunal element in the Palaearctic Region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFE1306AF0A1FF964" author="Szadziewski" box="[386,596,1688,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Szadziewski, R. (1985) Przeglad faunistyczny krajowych kuczmanow z rodzaju Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Polish Journal of Entomology, 55, 283 - 341." type="journal article" year="1985">Szadziewski 1985</bibRefCitation>
) or the Saharo-Arabian element (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFC7306AF0D77F964" author="Alwin-Kownacka" box="[994,1340,1688,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Alwin-Kownacka, A., Szadziewski, R. &amp; Szwedo, J. (2016) Biting midges of the tribe Ceratopogonini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Middle East, with keys and descriptions of new species. Zootaxa, 4079 (5), 551 - 572. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4079.5.3" type="journal article" year="2016">
Alwin-Kownacka 
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127AFFFFFB2606AE0CBFF964" box="[1207,1268,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). It was usually collected on rivers in steppes and deserts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFD79068A0B30F900" author="Remm" box="[744,891,1724,1749]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Remm, H. (1976) A synopsis of the Palpomyia of the USSR (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Juures Asuva Eesti Looduseuurija Seltsi Aastaraamat, 64, 172 - 197." type="journal article" year="1976">Remm 1976</bibRefCitation>
). It has been reported from 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFB5B068A0CBCF901" box="[1226,1271,1725,1748]" name="Iraq" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Iraq</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFA98068B0894F92C" author="Goetghebuer" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Goetghebuer, M. (1934 a) Zur Erforschung des Persischen Golfes (Beitrag Nr. 15). Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae. Arbeiten uber morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie, 1, 36 - 39." type="journal article" year="1934" yearSuffix="a">Goetghebuer 1934a</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFF6506D6091DF92C" box="[244,342,1761,1785]" name="Hungary" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Hungary</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFEF406D70A04F92C" author="Goetghebuer" box="[357,591,1760,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Goetghebuer, M. (1934 b) Heleidae (Ceratopogonidae). In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palearktischen Region, 3 (2), pp. 49 - 94. [Lfg. 78, Stuttgart]" type="journal article" year="1934" yearSuffix="b">Goetghebuer, 1934b</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFDF206D70AE8F92C" box="[611,675,1760,1785]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Spain</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFD2306D70BEFF92C" author="Delecolle" box="[690,932,1760,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Delecolle, J. - C., Blasco-Zumeta, J. &amp; Rieb, J. - P. (1997) Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des Ceratopogonides d'Espagne. Description de Homohelea iberica n. sp., et redescription de Palpomyia miki Goetghebuer, 1934 et de Culicoides brevifrontis Smatov &amp; Isimbekov, 1971 (Diptera, Nematocera). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, New Series, 14, 337 - 351." type="journal article" year="1997">
Delécolle 
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127AFFFFFCB606D60B2BF92C" box="[807,864,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFC2906D70C51F92C" box="[952,1050,1760,1785]" name="Slovakia" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFBBB06D70D66F92C" author="Tothova" box="[1066,1325,1760,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Tothova, A. &amp; Knoz, J. (2006) Ceratopogonidae Newman, 1834. In: Jedlicka, L., Stloukalova, V. &amp; Kudela, M. (Eds.), Checklist of Diptera of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Electronic version 1. Available from: http: // zoology. fns. uniba. sk / diptera (accessed 14 June 2016)" type="journal article" year="2006">Tothova &amp; Knoz 2006</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFAD006D70DD7F92C" box="[1345,1436,1760,1785]" name="Ukraine" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
(Crimea), 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFE8107330910F8C8" box="[272,347,1796,1821]" name="Russia" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Russia</collectingCountry>
(Rostov, southern Siberia), 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFD3E07330B66F8C8" box="[687,813,1796,1821]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFCAE07330BF5F8C8" box="[831,958,1796,1821]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Tadjikistan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFC4107330C1DF8C8" box="[976,1110,1796,1821]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFBF607320CDCF8C9" box="[1127,1175,1797,1820]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Iran</collectingCountry>
, southern Siberia and 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFF06071F094FF894" box="[151,260,1832,1857]" name="Mongolia" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFE86071E09E7F894" author="Remm" box="[279,428,1832,1857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Remm, H. (1976) A synopsis of the Palpomyia of the USSR (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Juures Asuva Eesti Looduseuurija Seltsi Aastaraamat, 64, 172 - 197." type="journal article" year="1976">Remm 1976</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2A127AFFFFFE2D071E09B3F894" author="Remm" box="[444,504,1833,1857]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refString="Remm, H. (1988) Ceratopogonidae. In: Soos, A. &amp; Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 3. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 11 - 110." type="book" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
). We are unable to confirm Remm’s (1976, 1988) reports of the species from northern 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127AFFFFFF6D077B0908F8B0" box="[252,323,1868,1893]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127AFFFEFF5607460A70FE9C" blockId="6.[151,1436,1652,2001]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,664]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127AFFFFFED207460988F85C" box="[323,451,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127AFFFFFED20746091AF85D" box="[323,337,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127AFFFFFEF507460988F85C" box="[356,451,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">schmidti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed in black and grey sandy mud, often with plant debris in the Rivers Chernavka, Solyanka, Lantsug, Khara and Bolshaya Samoroda, which flow into Lake Elton (
<figureCitation id="134A2A5E127AFFFFFB5807A30D5BF878" box="[1225,1296,1940,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1602,1624]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,735,1577]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,735,1577]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Breeding sites of Palpomyia schmidti. A—Map showing the geographical position of Lake Elton; B—The River Chernavka, which flows into Lake Elton; C—The bottom of the Chernavka covered with algae. On the map: Caspian Sea; River Volga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266675/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Figs 1</figureCitation>
B, C). They were also observed among dense filamentous algae and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127AFFFFFC98078E0C66F804" box="[777,1069,1977,2001]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Enteromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127AFFFFFC98078E0C66F804" box="[777,1069,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Enteromorpha intestinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Larvae were collected at depths of 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFF2700AC0972FF67" box="[182,313,155,179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="0.415" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.03">0.03–0.8 m</quantity>
, where the water was flowing at 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFD2200AC0B7FFF67" box="[691,820,155,179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="0.205" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.01">0.01–0.4 m</quantity>
s -1. They live in riverine waters with salinities of 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFAFA00AD08ABFF0F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="3.17" metricValueMin="0.58" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="g" value="18.75" valueMax="31.7" valueMin="5.8">5.8– 31.7 g</quantity>
l -1, dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.3–35.0 mg l -1 and 
<collectingCountry id="F366764B127BFFFEFC0600F50BF2FF0C" box="[919,953,194,217]" name="Philippines" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">pH</collectingCountry>
levels of 6.5–9.4. These larvae were also found at the bottom of Lake Elton, where the salinity was 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFCDA00DF0BE9FED4" box="[843,930,232,257]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.125" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="g" value="112.5">112.5 g</quantity>
l -1. In the Chernavka, larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127BFFFEFA8F00DE0DD7FED5" box="[1310,1436,232,256]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127BFFFEFA8F00DE0DD7FED5" box="[1310,1436,232,256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">P. schmidti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurred together with 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127BFFFEFE0D013A0D27FEF0" authority="Zinchenko, Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2009" authorityName="Zinchenko, Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko" authorityYear="2009" box="[412,1388,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salinophilus" subGenus="Cricotopus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127BFFFEFE0D013A0A52FEF1" box="[412,537,269,292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Cricotopus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127BFFFEFDBB013A0AEDFEF1" box="[554,678,269,292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Cricotopus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127BFFFEFD26013B0B0BFEF1" box="[695,832,268,292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">salinophilus</emphasis>
Zinchenko, Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2009
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127BFFFEFF0601070A7CFE9C" authority="Kieffer, 1915" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,567,304,329]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salinarius">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127BFFFEFF06010709DCFE9D" box="[151,407,304,328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">Chironomus salinarius</emphasis>
Kieffer, 1915
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127BFFFEFF5601630A66FE0C" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
Under laboratory conditions, mature larvae pupated within 1–2 days. The pupal stage lasted 3 days. In the aquarium pupae floated on the water surface. Among the emerging adults, females were distinctly predominant over males, with a percentage ratio of 85: 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFDE101AB0AE0FE60" box="[624,683,412,437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="in" value="15.0">15 in</quantity>
favour of the former. Larval and pupal mortality in the laboratory was less than 5%, a very low figure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DB127BFFFEFF5601D00C40FD4D" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">
The abundance of 48 0 0 0 ind./m -2 recorded in the Chernavka (
<date id="FFCF101B127BFFFEFC1101D00C53FDD5" box="[896,1048,487,512]" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" value="2015-05-28">28 May 2015</date>
) is probably a maximum value for populations of larvae of this species in saline rivers. The average abundance and biomass were much higher in the highly saline Chernavka and Solyanka (
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFDCD02050AB8FD9E" box="[604,755,562,587]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.4435" metricValueMax="3.17" metricValueMin="1.717" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="g" value="24.435" valueMax="31.7" valueMin="17.17">17.17–31.7 g</quantity>
l -1) than in the less saline Khara, Lantsug and B. Samoroda (
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFF0F026F096DFDA4" box="[158,294,600,625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.2785" metricValueMax="2.16" metricValueMin="0.397" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="g" value="12.785" valueMax="21.6" valueMin="3.97">3.97–21.6 g</quantity>
l -1). The theoretical ecological salinity optimum for the halobiontic larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D58127BFFFEFB05026E0D44FDA4" box="[1172,1295,601,625]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Palpomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
<emphasis id="B905EAC9127BFFFEFB05026E0D44FDA4" box="[1172,1295,601,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="92">P. schmidti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFAA0026E0D33FDA4" box="[1329,1400,601,625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.17" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="g" value="31.7">31.7 g</quantity>
l -1, with the tolerance interval varying from 
<quantity id="4C899B3E127BFFFEFDCC02480B5FFD4D" box="[605,788,639,664]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.695" metricValueMax="3.314" metricValueMin="2.076" pageId="7" pageNumber="92" unit="g" value="26.95" valueMax="33.14" valueMin="20.76">20.76 to 33.14 g</quantity>
l -1 (unpublished data).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>