319 lines
42 KiB
XML
319 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="74928C308EF6C9B9C6E6910E3FF4576F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276783" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276783" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460235511592" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2011" docId="03D28792FFD6FF8B84E4149E686E8223" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02759p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2759" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cladaster analogus Fisher 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="FFEBFFEAFFC4FF9D847312686C098034" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698239547451" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F0A519DC888DAA92B4A9E0674E2AB527">Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1DC6FEF376D78904F34A72399E7CB0B7">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E464E07C7794ABE67B8FC8AF71C853CC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F0D0536D8682BB6FD32F446E643CFEC3">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3ABD03501D0C38FEAE010A0753F7CE5F">2759</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="761EFD8EC27DBCED2E15DE805F1F80DF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.276783</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D28792FFD6FF8B84E4149E686E8223" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6184339" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119388096" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6184339" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D28792FFD6FF8B84E4149E686E8223" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D28792FFD6FF8B84E4149E686E8223" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD6FF8F84E4149E6D928705" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD6FF8F84E4149E6E168724" blockId="18.[151,543,1782,1841]" box="[151,543,1782,1808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="D08C81E8FFD6FF8F84E4149E6E168724" bold="true" box="[151,543,1782,1808]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD6FF8F84E4149E6E168724" ID-CoL="VN8H" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,543,1782,1808]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD6FF8F84E4149E6E168724" bold="true" box="[151,543,1782,1808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD6FF8F84E4149E6D888724" bold="true" box="[151,385,1782,1808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cladaster analogus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD6FF8F85FB149E6E168724" author="Fisher" box="[392,543,1782,1808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="47" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD6FF8F84E415716D928705" blockId="18.[151,543,1782,1841]" box="[151,411,1817,1841]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD6FF8F84ED15716D0E8705" box="[158,263,1817,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1597,1620]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Cladaster analogus “ big form ” USNM 1091176. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates. C. Actinal surface. D. Lateral view of superomarginal and inferomarginal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276791/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figures 8</figureCitation>
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A–D, 9A–D)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD6FF8F84E415336E3B87A4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD6FF8F84E415336E3B87A4" blockId="18.[151,1333,1883,1936]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD6FF8F84E415336D108745" author="Fisher" box="[151,281,1883,1905]" pageId="18" pageNumber="47" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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: 123, fig. D, pl.4, figs. 1–3;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD6FF8F864515336EE38745" author="Bernasconi" box="[566,746,1883,1905]" pageId="18" pageNumber="47" refString="Bernasconi, I. (1963) Asteroideos Argentinos. IV. Familia Goniasteridae. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias naturales (Zoologia) 9 (4), 58 - 89." type="journal article" year="1963">Bernasconi, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 14;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD6FF8F8768153368038745" author="Clark" box="[795,1034,1883,1906]" pageId="18" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 239;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD6FF8F8034153468F68745" author="Clark" box="[1095,1279,1883,1905]" pageId="18" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2: Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366." type="journal article" year="1993">A.M. Clark, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: 251.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD6FF8F84E415126D4B87A4" author="McKnight" box="[151,322,1914,1936]" pageId="18" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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: 95 (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD6FF8F85FC15126E2387A4" box="[399,554,1914,1936]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD6FF8F85FC15126E2387A4" box="[399,554,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cladaster latus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD6FF8E84E415DF68E58320" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD6FF8E84E415DF6D4E8198" blockId="18.[151,1436,1975,2036]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,1959]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD6FF8F84E415DF6D1687E4" bold="true" box="[151,287,1975,2000]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Comments.</emphasis>
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Larger, more heavily calcified specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD6FF8F875815D0680387E4" box="[811,1034,1976,2000]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD6FF8F875815D0680387E4" box="[811,1034,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cladaster analogus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(e.g., USNM 1091176, R=
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFD6FF8F813015D0699D87E4" box="[1347,1428,1976,2000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="5.4">5.4 cm</quantity>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD6FF8F84ED15B46D0E87C0" box="[158,263,2012,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1597,1620]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Cladaster analogus “ big form ” USNM 1091176. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates. C. Actinal surface. D. Lateral view of superomarginal and inferomarginal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276791/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figures 8</figureCitation>
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A–D) possessed more well-developed abactinal fasciolar channels and abactinal plates, coarser and more abundant granules, and differentiation between peripheral and central plate granules that most closely resemble the
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD7FF8E84E412D46CF080E0" box="[151,249,188,212]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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as indicated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD7FF8E85DD12D46E4180E0" author="Fisher" box="[430,584,188,212]" pageId="19" pageNumber="47" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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. Smaller specimens (e.g., USNM
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<accessionNumber id="9428AB67FFD7FF8E87B712D4681580E0" box="[964,1052,188,212]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E38569" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="EnaNcbi">E38569</accessionNumber>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD7FF8E804012D4689580E0" box="[1075,1180,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1806,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,517,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,517,1785]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Cladaster analogus. “ small form ” USNM 1116312. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates and granules. C. Actinal surface. D. Armtip showing penultimate superomarginal plates. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276792/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figures 9</figureCitation>
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A–D) superficially fall under the general definitions for
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E867812886E9A80CC" box="[523,659,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E867812886E9A80CC" box="[523,659,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. analogus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as outlined by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD7FF8E873212B7686080C3" author="Clark" box="[833,1129,223,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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but, as indicated above for USNM 1091176, morphological differences are substantially pronounced relative to the larger specimen. Smaller specimens also lack abactinal pedicellariae, possess weak differentiation between different granule
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD7FF8E809C134069248174" box="[1263,1325,296,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">types</typeStatus>
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, and have much fewer marginal plates per interradius (18 at R=
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFD7FF8E868F13246F728150" box="[764,891,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="cm" value="2.55" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="1.7">1.7–3.4 cm</quantity>
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vs. R=
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFD7FF8E87A3132468058150" box="[976,1036,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.604" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="26.0">26 in</quantity>
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the larger specimens, R=5.4). It is unclear if this represents a substantial ontogenetic morphological change, phenotypic variation, or a separate, undescribed species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD7FF8E84B413DF68E58320" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E84B413DF6E2D81E4" bold="true" box="[199,548,439,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E851D13DF6E1481E4" box="[366,541,439,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E851D13DF6E1481E4" bold="true" box="[366,541,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cladaster latus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD7FF8E865E13DF6EFD81FB" author="McKnight" box="[557,756,439,463]" pageId="19" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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distinguished
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E87E813D0684081E4" box="[923,1097,440,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E87E813D0684081E4" box="[923,1097,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cladaster latus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E80A713D0694A81E4" box="[1236,1347,440,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E80A713D0694A81E4" box="[1236,1347,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cladaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species by the distal, wide carinal plate shape. Other then this character,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E871713B56FB381C0" box="[868,954,476,500]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E871713B56FB381C0" box="[868,954,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. latus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares diagnostic characters with the small “form” of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E856110686D95822C" box="[274,412,512,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E856110686D95822C" box="[274,412,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. analogus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, (USNM
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<accessionNumber id="9428AB67FFD7FF8E866113976E678223" box="[530,622,511,535]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E38569" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="EnaNcbi">E38569</accessionNumber>
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), including the presence of 22 interbrachial superomarginal plates, the presence of relatively slender, ovate furrow spines, similar body shape, and overall similar granule size, shape, and distribution.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E855510206E0A8254" box="[294,515,584,608]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E855510206E0A8254" box="[294,515,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cladaster analogus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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is described as possessing only two distal superomarginals abutting over the midline, where
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E856810056D7B82B0" box="[283,370,620,644]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E856810056D7B82B0" box="[283,370,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. latus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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possesses three. Specimens of C.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E868010046F2082B0" box="[755,809,620,644]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E868010046F2082B0" box="[755,809,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">latus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were not examined, but
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD7FF8E80331004699582B0" author="McKnight" box="[1088,1436,620,644]" pageId="19" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight (2006: 179, Fig. 82)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that while there are two fully abutting superomarginals only a lateral edge from each paired third plate abut in this species. Morphologically, the concept and figures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E874810DD6F9B82F8" box="[827,914,692,716]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E874810DD6F9B82F8" box="[827,914,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. latus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as outlined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD7FF8E803210DC68FD82F8" author="McKnight" box="[1089,1268,692,716]" pageId="19" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are essentially identical with an identified specimen (USNM
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9428AB67FFD7FF8E86DF10BF6F0F82DB" box="[684,774,727,751]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E38569" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="EnaNcbi">E38569</accessionNumber>
|
||
) and with the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E802510B068E882C4" box="[1110,1249,728,752]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E802510B068E882C4" box="[1110,1249,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. analogus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD7FF8E84E410946D168320" author="Fisher" box="[151,287,764,788]" pageId="19" pageNumber="47" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E855910946E868320" authority="McKnight 2006" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="2006" box="[298,655,764,788]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E855910946DDC8320" box="[298,469,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cladaster latus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD7FF8E85AE10946E868320" author="McKnight" box="[477,655,764,788]" pageId="19" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is herein synonymized into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E87B8109568E18320" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[971,1256,764,788]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E87B81095685A8320" box="[971,1107,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. analogus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD7FF8E8029109468E18320" author="Fisher" box="[1114,1256,764,788]" pageId="19" pageNumber="47" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD7FF8E84B4117768788368" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD7FF8E84B4117768788368" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E84B411776D69830C" bold="true" box="[199,352,799,824]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
South Atlantic Ocean: Burwood Bank,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD7FF8E874211776FE58303" box="[817,1004,799,823]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Tierra Del Fuego. Christabel Seamount, west of the Auckland Islands and from near the Antipodes Islands.
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFD7FF8E87AE112C68648368" box="[989,1133,836,860]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="10.65" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="605.0" valueMax="1065.0" valueMin="145.0">145–1065 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD7FF8B84B4110F686E8223" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD7FF8E84B4110F6808846C" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E84B4110F6E7983B4" bold="true" box="[199,624,871,896]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Material examined. South Atlantic.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD7FF8E860B110F6EC0834B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[632,713,871,895]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
E9623.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD7FF8E8759110F6F9F834B" box="[810,918,871,895]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. South of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD7FF8E8078110F68CE834B" box="[1035,1223,871,895]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E80A7110F6947834B" authority="Sea" authorityName="Sea" box="[1236,1358,871,895]" genus="Scotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD7FF8E80A7110F6913834B" box="[1236,1306,871,895]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Scotia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, South Atlantic. 53°53’30’S, 60°34’30’W.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFD7FF8E865411E46E7C8390" box="[551,629,908,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFD7FF8E865411E46E788390" box="[551,625,908,932]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="151.0">151 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
Coll. R/V Scoresby,
|
||
<date id="FFC51044FFD7FF8E871711E46FFA8390" box="[868,1011,908,932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1927-04-03">3 April 1927</date>
|
||
(arm fragment only);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD7FF8E809E11E469378390" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1261,1342,908,932]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9428AB67FFD7FF8E813611E469958390" box="[1349,1436,908,932]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E38569" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="EnaNcbi">E38569</accessionNumber>
|
||
South Atlantic Ocean,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E85EF11C76E1383F3" authority="Sea." authorityName="Sea." box="[412,538,943,967]" genus="Scotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD7FF8E85EF11C76DEB83F3" box="[412,482,943,967]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Scotia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
53˚20’S, 42˚42’W,
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFD7FF8E877311C76F8A83FC" box="[768,899,943,968]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.654999999999999" metricValueMax="5.14" metricValueMin="4.17" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="465.5" valueMax="514.0" valueMin="417.0">
|
||
417–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFD7FF8E874B11C76F8A83FC" box="[824,899,943,968]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">514 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Coll. R/V
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E807B11D8686483FC" box="[1032,1133,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Siedlecki</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD7FF8E800E11C768DE83F3" box="[1149,1239,943,967]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">USARP</collectionCode>
|
||
<date id="FFC51044FFD7FF8E809311C7697583F3" box="[1248,1404,943,968]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1986-11-29">29 Nov. 1986</date>
|
||
(1 dry spec. R=3.4, r=2.0);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD7FF8E85CC11BC6E1983D8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[447,528,980,1004]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1082726 Burdwood Bank,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD7FF8E872811BC6FD183D8" authority="Sea" authorityName="Sea" box="[859,984,980,1004]" genus="Scotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD7FF8E872811BC6FA883D8" box="[859,929,980,1004]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Scotia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, South Atlantic.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD7FF8E80D711BC690883D8" box="[1188,1281,980,1004]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="925" value="-54.716667">54°43’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD7FF8E816011BC697383D8" box="[1299,1402,980,1004]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="925" value="-55.5">55°30’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD7FF8E84E4119F6CFF843B" box="[151,246,1015,1039]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="925" value="-54.75">54°45’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD7FF8E8571119F6D61843B" box="[258,360,1015,1039]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="925" value="-55.616665">55°37’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFD7FF8E8506119F6E1A8424" box="[373,531,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8455" metricValueMax="2.044" metricValueMin="1.6469999999999998" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="1845.5" valueMax="2044.0" valueMin="1647.0">1647–2044 m</quantity>
|
||
. Coll. R/V Eltanin,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD7FF8E8687119F6F47843B" box="[756,846,1015,1039]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">USARP</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFC51044FFD7FF8E8729119F6800843B" box="[858,1033,1015,1039]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1966-03-14">14 March 1966</date>
|
||
. (1 dry spec. R=1.7, r=1.0);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD7FF8E8138119F6995843B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1355,1436,1015,1039]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1091176 (large, thick variant), South Atlantic Ocean, Tierra Del Fuego, Strait of Le Maire. 54˚56’S, 65˚3’W to 54˚59’S, 65˚6’W, 229–265.0 m. Coll. R/V Eltanin. (1 dry spec. R=5.4, r=3.5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD7FF8E84B4160B6EC68494" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD7FF8E84B4160B6E9D8448" bold="true" box="[199,660,1123,1148]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Description—Large, calcified variant.</emphasis>
|
||
Body stellate, swollen, disk large, arms triangular. R/r =1.54–1.6. Endoskeleton heavily calcified, massive (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD7FF8E861B16E06EA38494" box="[616,682,1160,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1597,1620]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Cladaster analogus “ big form ” USNM 1091176. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates. C. Actinal surface. D. Lateral view of superomarginal and inferomarginal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276791/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD7FF8E84B416C4693F8634" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Abactinal plates oval to irregularly polygonal in outline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD7FF8E873C16C46F9884F0" box="[847,913,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1597,1620]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Cladaster analogus “ big form ” USNM 1091176. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates. C. Actinal surface. D. Lateral view of superomarginal and inferomarginal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276791/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). Plates higher then wide, forming a low tabulae. Fasciolar grooves well-developed. Plates larger proximally, becoming smaller and more irregularly shaped closer to contact with superomarginal plate series. Papulae, 8–12 surround most plates but are largely absent adjacent on interradial plates adjacent to contact with superomarginal plates. Quadrate to rounded-rectangular granules, 7–40 forming periphery around abactinal plate surface. One to seven, widely and evenly spaced, larger hemispherical granules (about
|
||
<date id="FFC51044FFD7FF8E85F017346D968540" box="[387,415,1372,1396]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2x</date>
|
||
the size of peripheral granules) present on the surface of each plate within the granular periphery of each plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD7FF8E85D617176DEE85A3" box="[421,487,1407,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1597,1620]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,194,1568]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Cladaster analogus “ big form ” USNM 1091176. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close-up of abactinal plates. C. Actinal surface. D. Lateral view of superomarginal and inferomarginal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276791/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Granules are deciduous and small, concave pits remain where granules have been removed. Tong-like pedicellariae with spatulate-shaped valves present on abactinal plates but not abundant. Approximately granule-sized. Aside from granules and pedicellariae, abactinal plate surface is bare of other smaller accessories. Madreporite large, with well-developed sulci, bordered by five large abactinal plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD7FF8E84B414646CCC8793" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Marginal plates
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFD7FF8E850C14646DB38610" box="[383,442,1548,1572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.604" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="26.0">26 in</quantity>
|
||
each interradius (
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFD7FF8E86F514646ECB8610" box="[646,706,1548,1572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.588" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="22.0">22 in</quantity>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD7FF8E86B914646EF58610" box="[714,764,1548,1572]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
|
||
) and correspond 1:1 with inferomarginals, wider then long and possess convex surface. Marginal plates widest interradially becoming smaller distally. Smaller granules 20– 100, each rectangular to quadrate, forming distinct periphery around each plate. Large, hemispherical granules, 10– 25 similar to those on abactinal plates present on the surface of each superomarginal plate surface with fewer on dorsal surface, and granules becoming denser laterally. Inferomarginal granules, 15–35 widely spaced but more numerous and densely packed becoming more densely packed on distal armtips. Granules becoming flatter and more polygonal on inferomarginals. Granules on both superomarginals and inferomarginals widely spaced with one exceptionally large tubercule-like granules, that is
|
||
<date id="FFC51044FFD7FF8E868D156A6F4A872E" box="[766,835,1794,1818]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2x–3x</date>
|
||
the size of the typical granules present on each plate. Other than granules, plate surfaces are smooth, bare. Distalmost one to two superomarginals abut with one another at armtip, sometimes separating one or two abactinal plates from remaining plates on disk. Fasciolar grooves welldeveloped. Some superomarginals on
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD7FF8E863A15046E9387B0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[585,666,1900,1924]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1091176 appear damaged (and regrown) or with growth irregularities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04660CFFD0FF8984E414556F508646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276791/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1567]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD0FF8984E414556F508646" blockId="20.[151,1436,1597,1650]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD0FF8984E414556D1B8667" bold="true" box="[151,274,1597,1620]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD0FF89856A14566DE98660" box="[281,480,1598,1620]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD0FF89856A14566DE98660" box="[281,480,1598,1620]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Cladaster analogus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“big form” USNM 1091176.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD0FF89876314566F218667" bold="true" box="[784,808,1598,1619]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD0FF89879E1456680C8667" bold="true" box="[1005,1029,1598,1619]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of abactinal plates.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD0FF898141145569428660" bold="true" box="[1330,1355,1597,1620]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Actinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD0FF89849F14356D0C8646" bold="true" box="[236,261,1629,1650]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of superomarginal and inferomarginal plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD0FF8884B414F4683C80E0" blockId="20.[151,1437,1692,2004]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1436,151,463]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Actinal intermediate regions moderately large. Approximately five chevron-series in each interbrachium. Series adjacent to the adambulacrals are largest and rounded, becoming smaller and more irregular proximally, next to the inferomarginal series. Plates are quadrate to rounded. Fasciolar grooves present between actinal plates. Actinal plates surrounded by 7–15 peripheral granules, surface granules, 2–9, and pedicellariae identical in arrangement to those on the abactinal plate surface. Pedicellariae, largest, spatulate-valve
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD0FF8980461545686C8771" box="[1077,1125,1837,1861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
|
||
present centrally on actinal plates, but most abundant on proximal plates near mouth, especially on actinal plate series adjacent to adambulacrals. Adambulacral armature crowded. Furrow spines, two to three, each compressed-oval in cross-section. Subambulacrals, one or up to three, typically with one very large, thick spine, round in cross-section and a second smaller spine approximately 50% of length of the taller one. Adambulacral plates with angular to pointed peripheral granules, seven to nine, widely spaced from one another. Adambulacral plates separated from other actinal plates with distinct fasciolar groove between adambulacral and actinal plate series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD1FF8884B412B7696380C3" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,463]" box="[199,1386,223,248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD1FF8884B412B76E3980CC" bold="true" box="[199,560,223,248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Description—Smaller variant.</emphasis>
|
||
Body stellate, arms triangular R/r =1.7. Interbrachial arcs weakly curved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD1FF8884B4136C6E5D81FB" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,463]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Abactinal plates round to polygonal, flattened. Fasciolar grooves shallow, weakly expressed. Surface covered by small, deciduous granules, 15–30 with no discrete difference in size or shape differentiating peripheral granules versus those present on the central plate surface. Granules on central surface absent on many plates. Larger more polygonal plates located proximally becoming smaller distally adjacent to contact with superomarginals. Papulae located over radial regions of disk, absent from interradial regions, especially adjacent to contact with superomarginal plates. Pedicellariae not observed.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04660CFFD1FF8884E4156668878777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276792/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[151,1433,517,1782]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD1FF8884E4156668878777" blockId="21.[151,1436,1806,1859]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD1FF8884E415666D1B8717" bold="true" box="[151,274,1806,1829]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD1FF88856B15666DD78710" box="[280,478,1806,1828]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD1FF88856B15666DD78710" box="[280,478,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cladaster analogus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. “small form” USNM 1116312.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD1FF88875515666F368717" bold="true" box="[806,831,1806,1827]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD1FF888072156768108710" bold="true" box="[1025,1049,1807,1828]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of abactinal plates and granules.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD1FF8884BF15446CEC8777" bold="true" box="[204,229,1836,1859]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Actinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD1FF8885E115456DA38776" bold="true" box="[402,426,1837,1858]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Armtip showing penultimate superomarginal plates. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD1FF8B84B415076FAE80E0" blockId="21.[151,1436,1903,2036]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,151,535]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Marginal plates, weakly swollen, becoming more convex near armtips, 18 from armtip to armtip in each interradial region (at R=1.7 and 3.4). Superomarginal and inferomarginal plate series correspond 1:1. Granules, 15–35, forming periphery of plate. Granules, 20–40 on the dorsolateral surface, widely spaced on on the abactinal surface but becoming denser and more abundant on lateral side. Size and shape distinctions between peripheral and central granules are not evident. One to two distalmost superomarginals abutted on one side at armtip. Papulae present, approximately one to four per plate. Terminal plate smooth, spherical.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84B412B7686E8223" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Actinal intermediate plates polygonal, arranged in 3–5 chevrons with the series adjacent to the adambulacral plate series becoming more irregular in size and order adjacent to the inferomarginal plate series. Actinal plates covered by round to slightly elongate granules, four to 12 forming periphery with one to four present on actinal plate surface. Granules are deciduous in preserved specimens. At R=1.7 the granules are indistinguishable, becoming more discrete in shape at R=3.4. Granules become more dense on actinal plate surface adjacent to contact with inferomarginal plates. Spatulate-shaped tong-like pedicellariae present on actinal plates adjacent to the adambulacral series. Furrow spines, two, elongate, compressed and ovaloid in cross-section. Subambulacral spines one to two, with one round in cross-section, thick and second approximately 25% of length but similar in thickness. Smaller angular granules, four to eight present around periphery of adambulacral plate.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |