586 lines
73 KiB
XML
586 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document id="05AF9BA909CF6D87D5E8FA51F0EE27E0" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5375475" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5375475" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630278490989" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Kostopoulos, D. S., Spassov, N. & Kovachev, D." docDate="2001" docId="03D2217EFFEE981AFCAEFAA4FC3A7CBB" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.2001.23.3.411-437.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 23 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EA833BFD04EE0E3F39962C07E351CEA5.3:Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EA833BFD04EE0E3F39962C07E351CEA5" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Microstonyx major" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="419" masterDocId="FFEB5906FFED9812FFB8FF9DFFC07A39" masterDocTitle="Contribution to the study of Microstonyx: evidence from Bulgaria and the SE European populations" masterLastPageNumber="437" masterPageNumber="411" pageNumber="414" updateTime="1699211147880" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="104B717881FB6973377A7FA199EF19E8">Contribution to the study of Microstonyx: evidence from Bulgaria and the SE European populations</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ECB1E2052C22EBAD57683694A077092B">Kostopoulos, D. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D1A879FF1ABEB1598749937944A26286">Spassov, N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D3072164359A9F6DDCD5D9E801E5929">Kovachev, D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7E4696966EA441CA4F0788DDC12B7EB5">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9F579041972F0C45851E40861330F199">
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<mods:date id="A85FFD6D652E7B26A87ACFBFF37AEFD1">2001</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2200231EF06907ADC7A94A0D9B601B92">23</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="500EB01B6662F145DAE8E1517B85A51C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5375475</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CC553961DC14738644D2366DD10817E6" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C361C3E3FFEE9811FCAEFAA4FB527F6C" box="[790,1170,1337,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="414" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEE9811FCAEFAA4FB527F6C" blockId="3.[790,1170,1337,1365]" box="[790,1170,1337,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="414">
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<heading id="D08C2704FFEE9811FCAEFAA4FB527F6C" box="[790,1170,1337,1365]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="414" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7BEBEBFFEE9811FCAEFAA4FB527F6C" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[790,1170,1337,1365]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEE9811FCAEFAA4FC237F6C" bold="true" box="[790,995,1337,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="414">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
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(Gervais, 1848)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361C3E3FFEE9816FD72FAF1FEE57AE0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="415" pageId="3" pageNumber="414" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEE9811FD72FAF1FC167CBB" blockId="3.[714,1247,1388,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="414">MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Skull specimens (K-5253, K-5254, K-5256, K-5258, K-5260, K-5262, K-5263, Pk-5265); juvenile maxillae (K-5264); palate (K-5259, K-5269); upper toothrows (entirely or partly preserved) (K-5257, K-5261, K-5266, K-5267, K- 5268, KA1, KA2, K-743); lower toothrows (entirely or partly preserved) (K-5276, K-5277, K-5278, K- 5280, K-5282, K-5283, K-5284, K-5285, K-5286, K- 5287, K-5289, K-5290, K-5292, K-5293, K-5298, E-5299); juvenile mandibular rami (K-5264, K-5294, K-5295, K-5296, K-5297).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FF2FFF3AFEE57AE0" blockId="4.[151,685,167,678]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
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LOCALITIES. — Kalimantsi (K), Petrelik (Pk), Ezerovo (Ez),
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<collectingCountry id="F36CD0F8FFE99816FF74FF5CFEE17AE0" box="[204,289,193,217]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361C3E3FFE9981AFF2FFF74FC3A7CBB" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="419" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FF2FFF74FD447B38" blockId="4.[151,685,167,678]" box="[151,644,232,257]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">AGE. — Late Miocene, Turolian (MN11-MN13).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FF2FFE8CFE4D789F" blockId="4.[151,685,167,678]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">PRESERVATION STATUS. — (K-5253): central part of the skull with zygomatic arches and frontals; (K-5254): part of the basioccipital and the right lateral side without teeth; (K-5256): only the palate, the zygomatic arches and a part of the frontals are preserved; (K-5258): laterally compressed, probably young female individual without teeth, except the canine roots; (K-5259): palate; (K-5260): broken right zygomatic arch and anterior part of the snout; (K-5261): palate; (K-5262): basioccipital, toothrows, left zygomatic arches and anterior part of the snout are missing; (K-5263): only the basioccipital and the left lateral side of the skull are preserved; (K-5264): part of juvenile skull (palate, maxillary bones, part of the nasal bones); (K-5269): palate; (Pk-5265): anterior part of the skull with toothrows.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FF2FFD7AFEE878C6" blockId="4.[151,684,743,1666]" box="[151,296,743,769]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FF2FFC95FF0C791B" blockId="4.[151,684,743,1666]" box="[151,204,776,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE99816FF2FFC95FF0C791B" box="[151,204,776,802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Skull</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FF2FFCB5FE7D7EBB" blockId="4.[151,684,743,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
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The description of the skull morphology of the Kalimantsi suid is mainly based on specimens K-5256, 5260 and 5262, while additional information are also taken from the specimens K-5253, 5254, 5258, 5259 and 5263 (
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FE65FC35FDE279FB" box="[477,546,936,962]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[151,162,1628,1645]" captionTargetBox="[260,1139,171,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-24@5.[251,1147,155,1569]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, skull (K-5260); A, lateral view; B, occlusal view. Scale bar: 6 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375479/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FD97FC35FDFE79FB" box="[559,574,936,962]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[196,207,1046,1063]" captionTargetBox="[317,1083,158,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-24@7.[317,1083,158,1032]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 3. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, skull (K-5262), dorso-lateral view. Scale bar: 6 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375481/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">3</figureCitation>
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). Most of the skulls are badly or partly preserved, belonging to adult individuals. The skull specimen from Petrelik (Pk-5265) (
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FECAFB95FE747E1B" box="[370,436,1032,1058]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[151,162,1045,1062]" captionTargetBox="[319,1186,167,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[311,1090,159,1029]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Petrelik, Bulgaria, skull (Pk-5265); A, lateral view; B, occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375484/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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) is very similar to that from Kalimantsi and therefore morphological characters are presented together. Skull measurements are given in
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<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFE99816FEDBFBF5FE777EBB" box="[355,439,1128,1154]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="6.[229,240,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 1. — Skull measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria." pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Table 1</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FF2FFB15FC76783B" blockId="4.[151,684,743,1666]" lastBlockId="4.[714,1247,167,706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
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The occiput is triangular, moderately elevated and strongly concave, both in lateral and posterior view (
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FEB1FB55FE8D7EDB" box="[265,333,1224,1250]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[151,162,1628,1645]" captionTargetBox="[260,1139,171,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-24@5.[251,1147,155,1569]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, skull (K-5260); A, lateral view; B, occlusal view. Scale bar: 6 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375479/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). The anterior apophysis of the basioccipital is small, while the paroccipital process is strong. The choanae opens behind M3. The palate is elongated and relatively narrow. The frontoparietal is flat, limited laterally by the well-developed temporo-parietal crests. The temporals are slightly concave. The anterior rim of the orbit is placed well behind M3. The lachrymal notch (referred also in some French bibliography as “incisure infraorbitale”) is large and wide. The zygomatic arches are strongly inflated and laterally extended. Their anterior end is placed above the limit M1/M2. The snout is elongated and narrow (
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FE95F9F5FEB57CBB" box="[301,373,1640,1666]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[208,219,619,636]" captionTargetBox="[322,1077,164,576]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[322,1077,164,576]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, palate (K-5259), occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375488" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375488/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). The posterior end of the elongated nasals is placed at the point of the greatest extension of the zygomatic arches. In lateral view the nasals appear to be slightly concave. The posterior end of the narial notch is placed just above the anterior border of the canine. The maxillary depression for the elevator and depressor rostrii muscles is elongated and deep. The maxillary foramen is located above the anterior lobe of M2 or between M1/M2. The alveolar tuberosities are strongly developed with rough surfaces (
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FC94FE75FCB0783B" box="[812,880,488,514]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[151,162,1628,1645]" captionTargetBox="[260,1139,171,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-24@5.[251,1147,155,1569]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, skull (K-5260); A, lateral view; B, occlusal view. Scale bar: 6 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375479/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FCC4FE75FC4C783B" box="[892,908,488,514]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[151,162,1045,1062]" captionTargetBox="[319,1186,167,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[311,1090,159,1029]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Petrelik, Bulgaria, skull (Pk-5265); A, lateral view; B, occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375484/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">4</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FC20FE75FC68783B" box="[920,936,488,514]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[208,219,619,636]" captionTargetBox="[322,1077,164,576]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[322,1077,164,576]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, palate (K-5259), occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375488" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375488/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">5</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FD72FD95FB5078FB" blockId="4.[714,1247,167,706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Despite the general morphological homogeneity between the skull specimens, there is some developmental and size variability. Thus, the specimens K-5260 and K-5258 are relatively smaller and have less developed alveolar tuberosities than specimens K-5262, K-5269 and Pk-5265.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FD72FD75FCF0793B" blockId="4.[714,1248,744,1538]" box="[714,816,744,770]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE99816FD72FD75FCF0793B" box="[714,816,744,770]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Mandible</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FD72FC95FD287998" blockId="4.[714,1248,744,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
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Only
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<specimenCount id="9D7D5BE1FFE99816FCB4FC95FC72791B" box="[780,946,776,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
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from Kalimantsi (K-5276, 5277, 5278 and 5283) and a mandibular ramus from Ezerovo (E-5299) are available for morphological and metrical observations (
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<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFE99816FB8EFCF5FB4C79BB" box="[1078,1164,872,898]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[203,214,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Mandibular measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria." pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Table 2</tableCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FB20FCF5FB1A79BB" box="[1176,1242,872,898]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[712,723,1147,1164]" captionTargetBox="[714,1246,165,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-459@12.[695,1050,160,1079]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, mandibles, occlusal view; A, K-5276; B, K-5277. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375490/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FD72FC1AFD1A7998" box="[714,730,903,929]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[151,162,775,792]" captionTargetBox="[304,1079,163,743]" captionTargetId="figure-226@13.[320,1079,163,743]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Ezerovo, Bulgaria, mandible (E-5299); A, occlusal view; B, lateral view. Scale bar: 4 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375492/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">7</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FD72FC35FB657C38" blockId="4.[714,1248,744,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
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The two best preserved specimens K-5276 and K-5277 (
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<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FC8FFC55FCBF79DB" box="[823,895,968,994]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[712,723,1147,1164]" captionTargetBox="[714,1246,165,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-459@12.[695,1050,160,1079]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, mandibles, occlusal view; A, K-5276; B, K-5277. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375490/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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) belong to adult individuals. They are characterized by elongated and relatively narrow snout with shallow horizontal rami. Nevertheless, the specimen K-5277 is slenderer with a more elongated symphysis (
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) than specimen K-5276 (
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<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE99816FC0DFBF5FBC57EBB" box="[949,1029,1128,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" unit="mm" value="87.0">87mm</quantity>
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) (
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<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFE99816FB99FBF5FB437EBB" box="[1057,1155,1128,1154]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[203,214,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Mandibular measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria." pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Table 2</tableCitation>
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) which appears to have a shallower horizontal ramus (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFE99816FD69FB35FCE87EFB" box="[721,808,1192,1218]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[203,214,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Mandibular measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria." pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). The dark colors of preservation in specimen K-5277 may be indicate a different fossiliferous horizon than K-5276. Taking into account the similar ontogenetic age of the two individuals, the observed differences could be also attributed to sexual dimorphism. The mandible from Ezerovo (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE99816FC10FAF5FC287FB8" box="[936,1000,1383,1410]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[151,162,775,792]" captionTargetBox="[304,1079,163,743]" captionTargetId="figure-226@13.[320,1079,163,743]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Ezerovo, Bulgaria, mandible (E-5299); A, occlusal view; B, lateral view. Scale bar: 4 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375492/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) has a deeper horizontal ramus than that from Kalimantsi (height of the mandible behind m3:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE99816FC40FA35FBA17FF8" box="[1016,1121,1447,1474]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.47" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" unit="mm" value="74.7">74.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in E-5299
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE99816FD72FA55FCCB7FD8" box="[714,779,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">versus</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE99816FCADFA55FCAA7FDB" box="[789,874,1480,1506]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7145" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" unit="in" value="67.5">67.5 in</quantity>
|
||
K-5283) and similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7BEBEBFFE99816FD72FA75FCE37C38" box="[714,803,1512,1537]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="majo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE99816FD72FA75FCE37C38" box="[714,803,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">M. majo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
r from Dytiko (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CD0F8FFE99816FC73FA75FBD97C3B" box="[971,1049,1512,1538]" name="Greece" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE99816FB88FA75FB597C38" box="[1072,1177,1511,1538]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" unit="mm" value="73.5">73.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99816FD72F9B5FCAD7C7B" blockId="4.[714,1247,1576,1666]" box="[714,877,1576,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE99816FD72F9B5FCAD7C7B" box="[714,877,1576,1602]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Upper toothrow</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE99814FD72F9D5FEFE7F5B" blockId="4.[714,1247,1576,1666]" lastBlockId="6.[151,685,967,1666]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
|
||
The morphology and dimensions of the upper incisors and canines is unknown; they are usually broken or in an advanced stage of wear. A single I2 from the specimen Pk-5265 has DAP =
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FF54FB95FE957E18" box="[236,341,1031,1058]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="22.5">22.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. According to their alveoli, the canines seem to be small relatively to the skull size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFEB9814FF77FBD5FED47E5B" box="[207,276,1096,1122]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[208,219,619,636]" captionTargetBox="[322,1077,164,576]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[322,1077,164,576]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, palate (K-5259), occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375488" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375488/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The length of the upper toothrow (P2-M3) is
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FEACFBF5FE467EB8" box="[276,390,1127,1154]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.483" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="148.3">148.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in K-5257 and
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FD8BFBF5FD4F7EB8" box="[563,655,1127,1154]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="151.0">151 mm</quantity>
|
||
in Pk-5265. The length of the molar row ranges between
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FF47FB35FE687EF8" box="[255,424,1191,1218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.16" metricValueMax="9.36" metricValueMin="8.959999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="91.6" valueMax="93.6" valueMin="89.6">89.6-93.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in Kalimantsi (n = 5; K-5261:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FEB9FB55FEAE7ED8" box="[257,366,1223,1250]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.959999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="89.6">89.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, K-5256:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FE5FFB55FDFD7ED8" box="[487,573,1223,1250]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="91.0">91 mm</quantity>
|
||
, K-5257:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FF2FFB75FEC37F38" box="[151,259,1255,1282]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.22" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="92.2">92.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, K-5267:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FECFFB75FE247F38" box="[375,484,1255,1282]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.36" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="93.6">93.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
), while it appears slightly larger in Petrelik (n = 1; Pk-5265:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FF2FFAB5FF357F78" box="[151,245,1319,1346]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="97.0">97 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Tooth measurements are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFEB9814FF2FFAD5FF337F5B" box="[151,243,1352,1378]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[151,162,549,566]" captionText="TABLE 3. — Upper tooth measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria. Abbreviations: L, length; B, breadth. Measurements without brackets: occlusal level. Measurements in brackets: alveolar level." pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFEB9814FE91FAD5FEFE7F5B" box="[297,318,1352,1378]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[151,162,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 4. — Milk-tooth measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria. Abbreviations: L, length; B, breadth." pageId="6" pageNumber="417">4.</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04C0E0FFE89817FF2FF9C1FF077CBB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5375479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375479/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="416" startId="5.[151,162,1628,1645]" targetBox="[260,1139,171,1545]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE89817FF2FF9C1FF077CBB" blockId="5.[151,1249,1628,1666]" pageId="5" pageNumber="416">
|
||
FIG. 2. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7BEBEBFFE89817FF53F9C1FDCA7C54" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[235,522,1628,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE89817FF53F9C1FE467C54" box="[235,390,1628,1645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="416">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
|
||
(Gervais, 1848)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, skull (K-5260);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE89817FCC8F9C1FCBD7C54" bold="true" box="[880,893,1628,1645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="416">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE89817FC4BF9C1FBC07C54" bold="true" box="[1011,1024,1628,1645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="416">B</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view. Scale bar: 6 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF04C0E0FFEB9814FF5DFF3BFB527A8E" box="[229,1170,166,183]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" startId="6.[229,240,166,183]">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEB9814FF5DFF3BFB527A8E" blockId="6.[229,1170,166,183]" box="[229,1170,166,183]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
TABLE 1. — Skull measurements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7BEBEBFFEB9814FDB1FF3BFCE37A8E" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[521,803,166,183]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FDB1FF3BFD627A8E" box="[521,674,166,183]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
|
||
(Gervais, 1848)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEB9814FF2FFF7BFB0A7947" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<table id="F97B62C8FFEB67EDFF2FFF7BFB1E7947" box="[151,1246,230,894]" gridcols="8" gridrows="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFF7BFB1E7AC3" box="[151,1246,230,250]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFF7BFE337AC3" box="[151,499,230,250]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FF2FFF7BFEA77AC3" bold="true" box="[151,359,230,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Skull measurements</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFF7BFD937AC3" box="[517,595,230,250]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FDB3FF7BFD937AC3" bold="true" box="[523,595,230,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">K-5258</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FF7BFD7D7AC3" box="[616,701,230,250]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FDCDFF7BFD7D7AC3" bold="true" box="[629,701,230,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">K-5260</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FF7BFCE77AC3" box="[735,807,230,250]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FD67FF7BFCE77AC3" bold="true" box="[735,807,230,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">K-5262</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFF7BFC517AC3" box="[835,913,230,250]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FCF1FF7BFC517AC3" bold="true" box="[841,913,230,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">K-5263</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FF7BFBC57AC3" box="[940,1029,230,250]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FC0BFF7BFC3A7AC3" bold="true" box="[947,1018,230,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">K-5259</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FF7BFBA47AC3" box="[1052,1124,230,250]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FBA4FF7BFBA47AC3" bold="true" box="[1052,1124,230,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">K-5257</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFF7BFB1E7AC3" box="[1139,1246,230,250]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FB39FF7BFB137AC3" bold="true" box="[1153,1235,230,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Pk-5265</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFE89FB1E7B11" box="[151,1246,276,296]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFE89FE337B11" box="[151,499,276,296]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Maximal length (prosthion-opisthion)</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFE89FD937B11" box="[517,595,276,296]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">> 450</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FE89FD7D7B11" box="[616,701,276,296]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">> 420</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FE89FCE77B11" box="[735,807,276,296]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFE89FC517B11" box="[835,913,276,296]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FE89FBC57B11" box="[940,1029,276,296]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FE89FBA47B11" box="[1052,1124,276,296]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFE89FB1E7B11" box="[1139,1246,276,296]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFEB2FB1E7B7A" box="[151,1246,303,323]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFEB2FE337B7A" box="[151,499,303,323]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Basal length</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFEB2FD937B7A" box="[517,595,303,323]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">435</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FEB2FD7D7B7A" box="[616,701,303,323]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FEB2FCE77B7A" box="[735,807,303,323]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFEB2FC517B7A" box="[835,913,303,323]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FEB2FBC57B7A" box="[940,1029,303,323]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FEB2FBA47B7A" box="[1052,1124,303,323]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFEB2FB1E7B7A" box="[1139,1246,303,323]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFED4FB1E7B64" box="[151,1246,329,349]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFED4FB1E7B64" box="[151,1246,329,349]" colspan="8" colspanRight="7" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Maximal breadth</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFEFEFB1E7B4E" box="[151,1246,355,375]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFEFEFE337B4E" box="[151,499,355,375]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">(in the zygomatic arches)</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFEFEFD937B4E" box="[517,595,355,375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">(235)</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FEFEFD7D7B4E" box="[616,701,355,375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">(260)</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FEFEFCE77B4E" box="[735,807,355,375]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFEFEFC517B4E" box="[835,913,355,375]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FEFEFBC57B4E" box="[940,1029,355,375]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FEFEFBA47B4E" box="[1052,1124,355,375]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFEFEFB1E7B4E" box="[1139,1246,355,375]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFEE0FB1E7B90" box="[151,1246,381,425]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFEE0FE337B90" box="[151,499,381,425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Breadth of the frontal (in the zygomatic protuberances)</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFEE0FD937B90" box="[517,595,381,425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FEE0FD7D7B90" box="[616,701,381,425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">153</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FEE0FCE77B90" box="[735,807,381,425]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFEE0FC517B90" box="[835,913,381,425]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FEE0FBC57B90" box="[940,1029,381,425]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FEE0FBA47B90" box="[1052,1124,381,425]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFEE0FB1E7B90" box="[1139,1246,381,425]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFE2DFB1E7BFD" box="[151,1246,432,452]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFE2DFE337BFD" box="[151,499,432,452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Maximal breadth of the occiput</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFE2DFD937BFD" box="[517,595,432,452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FE2DFD7D7BFD" box="[616,701,432,452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">121</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FE2DFCE77BFD" box="[735,807,432,452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">150</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFE2DFC517BFD" box="[835,913,432,452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FE2DFBC57BFD" box="[940,1029,432,452]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FE2DFBA47BFD" box="[1052,1124,432,452]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFE2DFB1E7BFD" box="[1139,1246,432,452]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFE57FB1E7BCF" box="[151,1246,458,502]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFE57FE337BCF" box="[151,499,458,502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Height of occiput (basion-middle of occipital crest)</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFE57FD937BCF" box="[517,595,458,502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FE57FD7D7BCF" box="[616,701,458,502]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">133.5</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FE57FCE77BCF" box="[735,807,458,502]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">178</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFE57FC517BCF" box="[835,913,458,502]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FE57FBC57BCF" box="[940,1029,458,502]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FE57FBA47BCF" box="[1052,1124,458,502]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFE57FB1E7BCF" box="[1139,1246,458,502]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFE61FB1E7829" box="[151,1246,508,528]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFE61FE337829" box="[151,499,508,528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Breadth at the occipital condyles</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFE61FD937829" box="[517,595,508,528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">59.2</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FE61FD7D7829" box="[616,701,508,528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">82</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FE61FCE77829" box="[735,807,508,528]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFE61FC517829" box="[835,913,508,528]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">75</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FE61FBC57829" box="[940,1029,508,528]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FE61FBA47829" box="[1052,1124,508,528]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFE61FB1E7829" box="[1139,1246,508,528]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFD8BFB1E7813" box="[151,1246,534,554]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFD8BFE337813" box="[151,499,534,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">DT of the occipital foramen</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFD8BFD937813" box="[517,595,534,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">23</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FD8BFD7D7813" box="[616,701,534,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">28.2</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FD8BFCE77813" box="[735,807,534,554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFD8BFC517813" box="[835,913,534,554]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">30</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FD8BFBC57813" box="[940,1029,534,554]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FD8BFBA47813" box="[1052,1124,534,554]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFD8BFB1E7813" box="[1139,1246,534,554]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFDACFB1E787C" box="[151,1246,561,581]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFDACFE33787C" box="[151,499,561,581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Height of occipital foramen</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFDACFD93787C" box="[517,595,561,581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FDACFD7D787C" box="[616,701,561,581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">29.6</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FDACFCE7787C" box="[735,807,561,581]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFDACFC51787C" box="[835,913,561,581]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">29.3</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FDACFBC5787C" box="[940,1029,561,581]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FDACFBA4787C" box="[1052,1124,561,581]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFDACFB1E787C" box="[1139,1246,561,581]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFDD6FB1E7866" box="[151,1246,587,607]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFDD6FE337866" box="[151,499,587,607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Breadth of the palate behind M3</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFDD6FD937866" box="[517,595,587,607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FDD6FD7D7866" box="[616,701,587,607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">53.5</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FDD6FCE77866" box="[735,807,587,607]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFDD6FC517866" box="[835,913,587,607]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">53</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FDD6FBC57866" box="[940,1029,587,607]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FDD6FBA47866" box="[1052,1124,587,607]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFDD6FB1E7866" box="[1139,1246,587,607]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFDF8FB1E7840" box="[151,1246,613,633]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFDF8FE337840" box="[151,499,613,633]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Length I1-P2</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFDF8FD937840" box="[517,595,613,633]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">62.7</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FDF8FD7D7840" box="[616,701,613,633]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FDF8FCE77840" box="[735,807,613,633]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFDF8FC517840" box="[835,913,613,633]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FDF8FBC57840" box="[940,1029,613,633]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FDF8FBA47840" box="[1052,1124,613,633]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFDF8FB1E7840" box="[1139,1246,613,633]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFD1DFB1E7895" box="[151,1246,640,684]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFD1DFE337895" box="[151,499,640,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Breadth of the palate at the level of P1</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFD1DFD937895" box="[517,595,640,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">32</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FD1DFD7D7895" box="[616,701,640,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FD1DFCE77895" box="[735,807,640,684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFD1DFC517895" box="[835,913,640,684]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FD1DFBC57895" box="[940,1029,640,684]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FD1DFBA47895" box="[1052,1124,640,684]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFD1DFB1E7895" box="[1139,1246,640,684]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFD2FFB1E78FF" box="[151,1246,690,710]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFD2FFE3378FF" box="[151,499,690,710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Alveolar tuberosities DAP × Height</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFD2FFD9378FF" box="[517,595,690,710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FD2FFD7D78FF" box="[616,701,690,710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">60 × 24</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FD2FFCE778FF" box="[735,807,690,710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFD2FFC5178FF" box="[835,913,690,710]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FD2FFBC578FF" box="[940,1029,690,710]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">78 × 35.3</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FD2FFBA478FF" box="[1052,1124,690,710]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFD2FFB1E78FF" box="[1139,1246,690,710]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">84.7 × 38.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFD51FB1E78D9" box="[151,1246,716,736]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFD51FE3378D9" box="[151,499,716,736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Length Choanae-M3</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFD51FD9378D9" box="[517,595,716,736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">120.1</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FD51FD7D78D9" box="[616,701,716,736]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">122</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FD51FCE778D9" box="[735,807,716,736]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFD51FC5178D9" box="[835,913,716,736]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">(140)</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FD51FBC578D9" box="[940,1029,716,736]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FD51FBA478D9" box="[1052,1124,716,736]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFD51FB1E78D9" box="[1139,1246,716,736]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFD7BFB1E78C3" box="[151,1246,742,762]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFD7BFE3378C3" box="[151,499,742,762]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Length M3-I1</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFD7BFD9378C3" box="[517,595,742,762]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FD7BFD7D78C3" box="[616,701,742,762]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FD7BFCE778C3" box="[735,807,742,762]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFD7BFC5178C3" box="[835,913,742,762]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FD7BFBC578C3" box="[940,1029,742,762]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FD7BFBA478C3" box="[1052,1124,742,762]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFD7BFB1E78C3" box="[1139,1246,742,762]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">310</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFC9CFB1E792C" box="[151,1246,769,789]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFC9CFE33792C" box="[151,499,769,789]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Length M3-P2</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFC9CFD93792C" box="[517,595,769,789]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FC9CFD7D792C" box="[616,701,769,789]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FC9CFCE7792C" box="[735,807,769,789]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFC9CFC51792C" box="[835,913,769,789]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FC9CFBC5792C" box="[940,1029,769,789]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FC9CFBA4792C" box="[1052,1124,769,789]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">148.3</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFC9CFB1E792C" box="[1139,1246,769,789]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">151</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFC86FB1E7916" box="[151,1246,795,815]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFC86FE337916" box="[151,499,795,815]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Length M1-M3</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFC86FD937916" box="[517,595,795,815]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FC86FD7D7916" box="[616,701,795,815]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FC86FCE77916" box="[735,807,795,815]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFC86FC517916" box="[835,913,795,815]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FC86FBC57916" box="[940,1029,795,815]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FC86FBA47916" box="[1052,1124,795,815]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">92.2</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFC86FB1E7916" box="[1139,1246,795,815]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">97</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFCA8FB1E7970" box="[151,1246,821,841]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFCA8FE337970" box="[151,499,821,841]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Length P2-P4</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFCA8FD937970" box="[517,595,821,841]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FCA8FD7D7970" box="[616,701,821,841]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FCA8FCE77970" box="[735,807,821,841]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFCA8FC517970" box="[835,913,821,841]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FCA8FBC57970" box="[940,1029,821,841]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">53</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FCA8FBA47970" box="[1052,1124,821,841]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">52.2</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFCA8FB1E7970" box="[1139,1246,821,841]" gridcol="7" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">52</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFCD2FB1E795A" box="[151,1246,847,867]" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFCD2FE33795A" box="[151,499,847,867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Distance C-I3</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFCD2FD93795A" box="[517,595,847,867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FCD2FD7D795A" box="[616,701,847,867]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FCD2FCE7795A" box="[735,807,847,867]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFCD2FC51795A" box="[835,913,847,867]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FCD2FBC5795A" box="[940,1029,847,867]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">7.2</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FCD2FBA4795A" box="[1052,1124,847,867]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFCD2FB1E795A" box="[1139,1246,847,867]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">43</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B922AFFEB67EDFF2FFCF7FB1E7947" box="[151,1246,874,894]" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<th id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFF2FFCF7FE337947" box="[151,499,874,894]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Distance C-P1</th>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDBDFCF7FD937947" box="[517,595,874,894]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFDD0FCF7FD7D7947" box="[616,701,874,894]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFD67FCF7FCE77947" box="[735,807,874,894]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFCFBFCF7FC517947" box="[835,913,874,894]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFC14FCF7FBC57947" box="[940,1029,874,894]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">35.2</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBA4FCF7FBA47947" box="[1052,1124,874,894]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">-</td>
|
||
<td id="769AFB56FFEB67EDFBCBFCF7FB1E7947" box="[1139,1246,874,894]" gridcol="7" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">39.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEB9814FF2FFAF5FF3D7FFB" blockId="6.[151,685,967,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FF2FFAF5FF017FBB" bold="true" box="[151,193,1384,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
P
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFEB9814FF15FAF5FF7B7FBB" box="[173,187,1384,1410]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="6.[229,240,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 1. — Skull measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria." pageId="6" pageNumber="417">1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Looking at the Bulgarian material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7BEBEBFFEB9814FF2FFA15FEDF7F98" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1926" box="[151,287,1416,1441]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FF2FFA15FEDF7F98" box="[151,287,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Microstonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, three different situations can be observed:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEB9814FF2FFA5AFC087E38" blockId="6.[151,685,967,1666]" lastBlockId="6.[714,1247,967,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
– P1 small, rudimentary, single cuspid and single rooted, separated from P2: case K-5259 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFEB9814FDE3FA75FD5D7C3B" box="[603,669,1512,1538]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[208,219,619,636]" captionTargetBox="[322,1077,164,576]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[322,1077,164,576]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, palate (K-5259), occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375488" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375488/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
); the obviously vestigial P1 is present only in the left side of the palate, while it is missing from the right one. The specimen belongs to an adult individual (M
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FEB8F9F5FEEA7CBB" box="[256,298,1640,1666]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
the first stage of wear). The distance between P1-P2 is
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FC35FC55FC2079D8" box="[909,992,967,994]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
, while the distance between P1-C is
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FCE7FC75FC057E38" box="[863,965,999,1026]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.52" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="35.2">35.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEB9814FD72FB9AFC2B7E98" blockId="6.[714,1247,967,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
– P1 well-developed, double rooted and separated from P2: case Pk-5265 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFEB9814FC44FBB5FBFE7E7B" box="[1020,1086,1064,1090]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[151,162,1045,1062]" captionTargetBox="[319,1186,167,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[311,1090,159,1029]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Petrelik, Bulgaria, skull (Pk-5265); A, lateral view; B, occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375484/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); P1 is present in both toothrows and has a simple elongated form. The distance P1-P2 is
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FBAFFBF5FB407EB8" box="[1047,1152,1127,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
and the distance P1-C is
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEB9814FC38FB15FC277E98" box="[896,999,1159,1186]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.94" pageId="6" pageNumber="417" unit="mm" value="39.4">39.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEB9814FD72FB3AFCBB7F5B" blockId="6.[714,1247,967,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">– P1 well-developed, double rooted and close to P2: case K-5268; only the roots are preserved, indicating a normally developed P1. The specimen K-5268 is darker colored than the rest of the specimens, allowing for a possibly different stratigraphical origin.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEB9814FD72FAF5FB9C7FFB" blockId="6.[714,1247,967,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FD72FAF5FD307FBB" bold="true" box="[714,752,1384,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">P2.</emphasis>
|
||
The three available specimens (K-5257, 5259 and 5266) show a simple P2 with weak anterior and strong postero-lingual cingulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEB9814FD72FA55FB1F7CBB" blockId="6.[714,1247,967,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEB9814FD72FA55FD307FDB" bold="true" box="[714,752,1480,1506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="417">P3.</emphasis>
|
||
In the unworn specimen K-5268, the para- and metastyles and the antero-lingual cingulum are strong. In its upper part, the main cusp is divided into three tubercles. The internal talon is strong. In the worn specimens K-5259, 5260, 5266, 5269 and Pk-5265 the occlusal outline of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FF1EFFB7FE3B7A03" blockId="7.[166,507,42,59]" box="[166,507,42,59]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Kostopoulos D. S., Spassov N. & Kovachev D.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FEA8FE84FEE27B0B" blockId="7.[272,290,281,306]" box="[272,290,281,306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">A</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FEA8FD38FEE27887" blockId="7.[272,290,677,702]" box="[272,290,677,702]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">B</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04C0E0FFEA9815FF7CFB8BFB737E1E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375481" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5375481" box="[196,1203,1046,1063]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375481/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" startId="7.[196,207,1046,1063]" targetBox="[317,1083,158,1032]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FF7CFB8BFB737E1E" blockId="7.[196,1203,1046,1063]" box="[196,1203,1046,1063]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
FIG. 3. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7BEBEBFFEA9815FEACFB8BFDEE7E1E" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[276,558,1046,1063]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEA9815FEACFB8BFE6D7E1E" box="[276,429,1046,1063]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
|
||
(Gervais, 1848)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, skull (K-5262), dorso-lateral view. Scale bar: 6 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FF2FFBF5FDD47E9B" blockId="7.[151,684,1127,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">the tooth is triangular with strong postero-labial style (metastyle) and internal talon.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FF2FFB35FE9E7FB8" blockId="7.[151,684,1127,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEA9815FF2FFB35FF7F7EFB" bold="true" box="[151,191,1192,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">P4.</emphasis>
|
||
P4 is clearly molarized, subsquarish and wider than long (K-5256, 5259, 5267, 5260, 5266, 5261, 5268, 5269, Pk-5265). The protocone is well-developed, while the paracone and the metacone are divided in the labial wall by a shallow furrow. The anterior and postero-lingual cingula are strong.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FF2FFA15FD887C7B" blockId="7.[151,684,1127,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEA9815FF2FFA15FF207F9B" bold="true" box="[151,224,1416,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">M1/2.</emphasis>
|
||
The anterior cingulum is moderately to strongly developed. The posterior cingulum is strong, forming a rudimentary talon, more developed in M2 than in M1. Based on the studied specimens, the lingual and labial accessory cusps are more or less well-developed but low.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FF2FF9D5FD487CBB" blockId="7.[151,684,1127,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEA9815FF2FF9D5FF067C5B" bold="true" box="[151,198,1608,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">M3.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to M2 with a strong anterior cingulum. There are two morphotypes of the talon:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FD72FBFAFBC47EFB" blockId="7.[714,1247,1127,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">– the first one has a main cusp in the posterolingual position (K-5260, 5256, 5253, 5259, 5267, 5257, Pk-5265, KA1);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FD72FB5AFCB57F1B" blockId="7.[714,1247,1127,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
– the second one is less frequent (K-743, KA2) with two posterior cusps and double “hypoconule” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFEA9815FCABFA95FCA97F1B" box="[787,873,1288,1314]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[714,725,675,692]" captionTargetBox="[820,1184,174,634]" captionTargetId="figure-562@14.[817,1184,170,635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, occlusal view; A, upper third molar; B, lower third molar. Scale bar: 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375495/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FD72FAD5FCAC7F5B" blockId="7.[714,1247,1352,1666]" box="[714,876,1352,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFEA9815FD72FAD5FCAC7F5B" box="[714,876,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Lower toothrow</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFEA9815FD72FAF5FB1F7CBB" blockId="7.[714,1247,1352,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">
|
||
The incisors present a crest on the lingual surface, due to the lateral compression of the teeth. The maximal measured length (DAP) is
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEA9815FBEBFA35FB787FF8" box="[1107,1208,1447,1474]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3299999999999996" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="mm" value="33.3">33.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
for i2 (K-5284) and
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEA9815FC2BFA55FC3D7FD8" box="[915,1021,1479,1506]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="mm" value="23.3">23.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
for i3 (worn). The canines are small and slightly curved posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFEA9815FD6AF995FCD47C1B" box="[722,788,1544,1570]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[712,723,1147,1164]" captionTargetBox="[714,1246,165,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-459@12.[695,1050,160,1079]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, mandibles, occlusal view; A, K-5276; B, K-5277. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375490/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The length of the Kalimantsi lower toothrow (p2-m3) ranges between
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEA9815FB8BF9B5FB1F7C78" box="[1075,1247,1575,1602]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.519" metricValueMax="1.61" metricValueMin="1.428" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="mm" value="151.9" valueMax="161.0" valueMin="142.8">142.8-161 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFEA9815FD69F9D5FCE67C5B" box="[721,806,1608,1634]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[203,214,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Mandibular measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria." pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) with a length of the molar row between 86 and
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFEA9815FCA6F9F5FC517CB8" box="[798,913,1639,1666]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.015" pageId="7" pageNumber="418" unit="mm" value="101.5">101.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 7; data as in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFEA9815FBE3F9F5FB6F7CBB" box="[1115,1199,1640,1666]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[203,214,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Mandibular measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria." pageId="7" pageNumber="418">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFEA8FE84FEE27B0B" blockId="8.[272,290,281,702]" box="[272,290,281,306]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">A</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFEA8FD38FEE27887" blockId="8.[272,290,281,702]" box="[272,290,677,702]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">B</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04C0E0FFE5981AFF2FFB88FB217E1F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375484" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5375484" box="[151,1249,1045,1062]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375484/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" startId="8.[151,162,1045,1062]" targetBox="[319,1186,167,1006]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFF2FFB88FB217E1F" blockId="8.[151,1249,1045,1062]" box="[151,1249,1045,1062]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
FIG. 4. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7BEBEBFFE5981AFF5EFB88FE3F7E1F" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[230,511,1045,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE5981AFF5EFB88FEBF7E1F" box="[230,383,1045,1062]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
|
||
(Gervais, 1848)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Petrelik, Bulgaria, skull (Pk-5265);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE5981AFCF2FB88FC977E1F" bold="true" box="[842,855,1045,1062]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE5981AFC70FB88FC157E1F" bold="true" box="[968,981,1045,1062]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">B</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFF2FFBF5FE5C7F3B" blockId="8.[151,684,1127,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
K-5280:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE5981AFEB9FBF5FE977EB8" box="[257,343,1127,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="87.0">87 mm</quantity>
|
||
, K-5292:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE5981AFE68FBF5FDFD7EB8" box="[464,573,1127,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="90.8">90.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, K-5285:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE5981AFF2FFB15FEC67E98" box="[151,262,1159,1186]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.24" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="92.4">92.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The respective values for the mandible from Ezerovo are Lp2-m3:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE5981AFDBEFB35FDBA7EF8" box="[518,634,1191,1218]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.536" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="153.6">153.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
and Lm1-m3:
|
||
<quantity id="4C833D8DFFE5981AFEB3FB55FE457ED8" box="[267,389,1223,1250]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.015" pageId="8" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="101.5">101.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Tooth measurements are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFE5981AFF4CFB75FE907F3B" box="[244,336,1256,1282]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[151,162,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 4. — Milk-tooth measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria. Abbreviations: L, length; B, breadth." pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Tables 4</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFE5981AFE3EFB75FE5C7F3B" box="[390,412,1256,1282]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[151,162,543,560]" captionText="TABLE 5. — Lower tooth measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene loalities of Bulgaria. Abbreviations: L, length; B, breadth. Measurements without brackets: occlusal level. Measurements in brackets: alveolar level." pageId="8" pageNumber="419">5.</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFF2FFA95FE7C7F7B" blockId="8.[151,684,1127,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE5981AFF2FFA95FF7B7F1B" bold="true" box="[151,187,1288,1314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
p
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9A5D3FFE5981AFF10FA95FF757F1B" box="[168,181,1288,1314]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="6.[229,240,166,183]" captionText="TABLE 1. — Skull measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from the late Miocene localities of Bulgaria." pageId="8" pageNumber="419">1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
It is absent from the two best preserved specimens K-5276 and K-5277.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFF2FFAD5FF1A7FDB" blockId="8.[151,684,1127,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE5981AFF2FFAD5FF177F5B" bold="true" box="[151,215,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">p2/3.</emphasis>
|
||
They are very similar morphologically, although the third premolar is larger. The anterior stylid (parastylid) is well developed, while the metastylid is larger and more complicated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFF2FFA75FBAE7E9B" blockId="8.[151,684,1127,1666]" lastBlockId="8.[714,1247,1127,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE5981AFF2FFA75FF7A7C3B" bold="true" box="[151,186,1512,1538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">p4.</emphasis>
|
||
It is even larger than p2/3 and more complicated. The cingulum is very weak and the anterior stylid moderately developed. The labial (protoconid) and the lingual (metaconid) cusps are strong, separated only in the first stage of wear. The talonid is well-developed with a main cuspid, separated from the trigonid by a weak furrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFD72FB35FBF27F1B" blockId="8.[714,1247,1127,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE5981AFD72FB35FCCD7EFB" bold="true" box="[714,781,1192,1218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">m1/2.</emphasis>
|
||
The first two molars have a weak anterior and a strong posterior cingulum, which forms a rudimentary talonid. The accessory cuspids are small, both lingually and labially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFD72FAB5FC6E7F5B" blockId="8.[714,1247,1127,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F4C7AFFE5981AFD72FAB5FD367F7B" bold="true" box="[714,758,1320,1346]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">m3.</emphasis>
|
||
It is similar to m1/2. Two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C02ECAFFE5981AFB89FABAFBA97F78" box="[1073,1129,1319,1345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of talonid can be distinguished:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFD72FAFAFB8A7C3B" blockId="8.[714,1247,1127,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">– with rounded or quadrangular posterior border (K-5276, 5277, 5285, 5280). The endoconid is slightly stronger than the hypoconulid, limited posteriorly by a small cuspid. The posterior accessory cuspid can be single or double;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC49068FFE5981AFD72F99AFC3A7CBB" blockId="8.[714,1247,1127,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">
|
||
– with elongated, rhomboid posterior border (K-5298, 5286) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13408CEDFFE5981AFC3BF9B5FC167C7B" box="[899,982,1576,1602]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[714,725,675,692]" captionTargetBox="[820,1184,174,634]" captionTargetId="figure-562@14.[817,1184,170,635]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Kalimantsi, Bulgaria, occlusal view; A, upper third molar; B, lower third molar. Scale bar: 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5375495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5375495/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="419">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior cuspid is strong. The endoconulid is formed of a number of smaller accessory cuspids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |