305 lines
36 KiB
XML
305 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="90AC5BE2F7DBC3E0088670E6A463C00E" ID-CLB-Dataset="45859" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8f255bd6-4072-4dfc-ab35-d233e0766ff3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="285997" ID-ZooBank="51852298-F299-4392-9C89-A6FD14D3E1D0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460415861649" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Parra-Velandia, Fernando J., Zea, Sven & Van Soest, Rob W. M." docDate="2014" docId="03F7DF34C01AFFD1FF40CB23DCF3EEEC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03794p343.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3794 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Agelas cerebrum Assmann" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="327" masterDocId="FFCEA74CC002FFCBFFD7CF1CDF59EF3C" masterDocTitle="Reef sponges of the genus Agelas (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Greater Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="343" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="325" updateTime="1698328800454" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="C0E4A645F986C719B056C95310F142D5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7416D3CC4E38DC059AE852D4FC83135A">
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<mods:title id="51F01AA8D9C6EA1C6CE47D468E7532D7">Reef sponges of the genus Agelas (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Greater Caribbean</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="6DA42721D7B4BF6D8DD12E333BFA7CD2" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="813207078E7A5C3A0D0CAB9BCE92C3D0">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F726842FECF76C4E781D9DEF463D2CB6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="79AEA5298BE2AE872BA81C72CB8C78ED">Parra-Velandia, Fernando J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="EE0191A20F1D2C2F9BBD79F116313337">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F86259D7EDB09F3F06166194B09AD659">Zea, Sven</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="3DE3EF3794C465ACA9206E37B915DF48" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E73C1934B123F308A5FD174CCAE79215">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B9E8139E79B3718023BD8B347D0001E1">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1F84C98BC003DED8B8BC05BE7073F0CE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="15CD598C6B25A75269E278E965AE42B9">
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<mods:title id="91AD345BB5F10DBCEBE801DDED8C8CBD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="F33A0A54FB4BF546D143340F29B8BA03">
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<mods:date id="1BCCFBB3D2CF5A54EC85D0199D3F853E">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="C30CDB314389E4E53ABD1A342AF51826" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5BED7927D2AD544FF7B93012D0A8B0AF">3794</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="996DE968C315B447271348FB974B64C4" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="A8865C642EA71FC68E0808C46AD91659">3</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="59A29E958D0CF77FF3AED5DF0B208A46">343</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="6DF876E9CFE22936EB4C9C4D51E2BEFB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4AB36BFEC97B40939057C3C729303416" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F7DF34C01AFFD1FF40CB23DCF3EEEC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691139" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119425047" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5691139" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F7DF34C01AFFD1FF40CB23DCF3EEEC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F7DF34C01AFFD1FF40CB23DCF3EEEC" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01AFFD3FF40CB23DFBFEB47" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF40CB23DC4FEB66" blockId="24.[151,790,1087,1147]" box="[151,790,1087,1114]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<heading id="D0A9D94EC01AFFD3FF40CB23DC4FEB66" bold="true" box="[151,790,1087,1114]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FF40CB23DC4FEB66" bold="true" box="[151,790,1087,1114]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01AFFD3FF40CB23DEB9EB66" ID-CoL="5TQG2" authority="Assmann" authorityName="Assmann" box="[151,480,1087,1114]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FF40CB23DE3DEB65" bold="true" box="[151,356,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Agelas cerebrum</emphasis>
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Assmann
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</taxonomicName>
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, van
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01AFFD3FDF6CB5CDC4FEB66" author="Soest" box="[545,790,1088,1114]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refString="Assmann, M., Soest, R. W. M. van & Kock, M. (2001) Description of Agelas cerebrum, a new species and redescription of Agelas dilatata (Porifera). Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington, 114, 359 - 366." type="journal article" year="2001">Soest & Köck, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF40CB7EDFBFEB47" blockId="24.[151,790,1087,1147]" box="[151,230,1122,1147]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<figureCitation id="136572A7C01AFFD3FF40CB7EDFBFEB47" box="[151,230,1122,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Photographs of Agelas cerebrum from the Bahamas. A) Holotype at ZMA; single tube. B) Three tubes and a lower left additional bud. C) Close up view of a pseudosculum; note the rough surface aspect between grooves. D) Close up view of the side; note the salmon color and the oscules in between grooves." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286006/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01AFFD3FF40CBB6DC51EBFC" box="[151,776,1194,1216]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF40CBB6DC51EBFC" blockId="24.[151,1112,1194,1308]" box="[151,776,1194,1216]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Etymology from Latin, meaning brain; brain-like appearance.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01AFFD3FF40CBD5DD8FEA20" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF40CBD5DD3FEBC2" blockId="24.[151,1112,1194,1308]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4E490CC01AFFD3FF40CBD5DD3FEBC2" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01AFFD3FF40CBD5DD57EBE3" ID-CoL="5TQG2" authority="Assmann, 2000: 37" authorityName="Assmann" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,526,1225,1247]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FF40CBD5DE1BEBE3" box="[151,322,1225,1247]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Agelas cerebrum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01AFFD3FE9FCBD6DD57EBE3" author="Assmann" box="[328,526,1225,1247]" page="37" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" year="2000">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01AFFD3FE9FCBD6DEB3EBE3" author="Assmann" box="[328,490,1225,1247]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refString="Assmann, M. (2000) Bromierte Pyrrol-Alkaloide aus karibischen Schwammed der Gattung Agelas: Isolierung, Strukturaufklarung und chemische Okologie. Dr. rer. Nat. dissertation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt, 165 pp." type="book" year="2000">Assmann, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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: 37
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 2;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01AFFD3FD84CBD6DC06EBE3" author="Assmann" box="[595,863,1225,1247]" page="361" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01AFFD3FD84CBD6DC74EBE3" author="Assmann" box="[595,813,1225,1247]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refString="Assmann, M., Soest, R. W. M. van & Kock, M. (2001) Description of Agelas cerebrum, a new species and redescription of Agelas dilatata (Porifera). Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington, 114, 359 - 366." type="journal article" year="2001">
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Assmann
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FD6FCBD6DDBCEBE3" box="[696,741,1225,1247]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
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., 2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 361
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</treatmentCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136572A7C01AFFD3FCBDCBD5DCFCEBE3" box="[874,933,1225,1247]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,293,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,293,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. SEM images of Agelas. A) Spicules of A. conifera holotype. B) Spicules of A. clathrodes holotype. C) to D) Fibre skeleton with primary and secondary fibre echination, in A. citrina (C), A. dispar (D, curved fibres) and A. conifera (E). F) Detail of the skeleton of A. conifera showing coring spicules in a broken primary fibre. G) Detail of the skeleton of A. citrina with its long spicules." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/285998/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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; Zea
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FC08CBD6DB52EBE3" box="[991,1035,1225,1247]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
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., 2009.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01AFFD3FF40CBF4DE6FEBC2" ID-CoL="65QF6" box="[151,310,1256,1278]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FF40CBF4DE6FEBC2" box="[151,310,1256,1278]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Agelas conifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01AFFD3FE93CBF4DD5FEBC2" author="Alcolado" box="[324,518,1256,1278]" page="61" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01AFFD3FE93CBF4DEBDEBC2" author="Alcolado" box="[324,484,1256,1278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="2002">Alcolado, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 61
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</treatmentCitation>
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(in part).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF40CA1BDD8FEA20" blockId="24.[151,1112,1194,1308]" box="[151,726,1286,1308]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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[Non:
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01AFFD3FF0FCA1ADD7BEA20" ID-CoL="65QF6" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[216,546,1286,1308]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FF0FCA1ADE2EEA20" box="[216,375,1286,1308]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Agelas conifera</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01AFFD3FE52CA1ADD45EA20" author="Schmidt" box="[389,540,1286,1308]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refString="Schmidt, E. O. (1870) Grundzuge Einer Spongien-Fauna Des Atlanthischen Gebietes. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(a valid species)]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01AFFD3FF40CA55DDE9E929" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF40CA55DD47EA96" blockId="24.[151,1437,1353,2026]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FF40CA55DE83EA5E" bold="true" box="[151,474,1353,1378]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Material and distribution.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54E5D080C01AFFD3FE31CA55DD17EA5E" box="[486,590,1353,1378]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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examined at the Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (
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<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01AFFD3FB62CA56DBADEA5E" box="[1205,1268,1354,1378]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">ZMA</collectionCode>
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–
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<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01AFFD3FAD5CA56DA63EA5E" box="[1282,1338,1354,1378]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">POR</collectionCode>
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15603), collected at the deep reef slope of Chub Cay,
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<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01AFFD3FD73CA71DC54EABA" box="[676,781,1389,1414]" name="Bahamas" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D58A5ABC01AFFD3FCCDCA72DC05EAB9" box="[794,860,1390,1414]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FCCDCA72DC01EAB9" box="[794,856,1390,1414]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="m" value="32.0">32 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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The material reviewed here (INV–
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<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01AFFD3FB39CA72DA7FEABA" box="[1262,1318,1390,1414]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">POR</collectionCode>
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925, 937) was also collected in
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<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01AFFD3FE51CA8DDD40EA96" box="[390,537,1425,1450]" name="Bahamas" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF10CAA9DDE9E929" blockId="24.[151,1437,1353,2026]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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This species seems restricted to
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<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01AFFD3FD9CCAA9DDB9EAF2" box="[587,736,1461,1486]" name="Bahamas" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
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area (see also
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01AFFD3FC4BCAAADB15EAF2" author="Assmann" box="[924,1100,1462,1486]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refString="Assmann, M. (2000) Bromierte Pyrrol-Alkaloide aus karibischen Schwammed der Gattung Agelas: Isolierung, Strukturaufklarung und chemische Okologie. Dr. rer. Nat. dissertation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt, 165 pp." type="book" year="2000">Assmann 2000</bibRefCitation>
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; Zea
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FB43CAAADB90EAF1" box="[1172,1225,1461,1485]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
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. 2009) and
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<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01AFFD3FAB6CAA9DAC5EAF2" box="[1377,1436,1461,1486]" name="Cuba" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01AFFD3FF49CAC5DE17EACE" author="Alcolado" box="[158,334,1497,1522]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="2002">Alcolado 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). Therefore, we consider it as a Bahamian-Greater Antilles species. Our specimens were found from
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<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FF03CAE2DE14E929" box="[212,333,1534,1558]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="12.0">12 to 18 m</quantity>
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in depth, abundant at
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<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FD91CAE1DDF5E929" box="[582,684,1533,1558]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="m" value="14.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="14.0">
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||
14–
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<specimenCount id="9D58A5ABC01AFFD3FDA6CAE1DDF5E929" box="[625,684,1533,1558]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="generic">15 m</specimenCount>
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||
</quantity>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01AFFD2FF10C93DDE83E954" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="326" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF10C93DDDC2E9D2" blockId="24.[151,1437,1353,2026]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01AFFD3FF10C93DDE00E906" bold="true" box="[199,345,1569,1594]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Description.</emphasis>
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Shape as robust tubes, often as thick as barrels or vases, single or in groups, sometimes laterally fused. Height up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FEA4C959DEBDE961" box="[371,484,1605,1630]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="cm" value="30.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="25.0">25–35 cm</quantity>
|
||
, diameter up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FD40C959DC5CE961" box="[663,773,1605,1630]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="cm" value="14.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="12.0">12–16 cm</quantity>
|
||
(single tube,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C01AFFD3FC4AC959DCBCE962" box="[925,997,1605,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Photographs of Agelas cerebrum from the Bahamas. A) Holotype at ZMA; single tube. B) Three tubes and a lower left additional bud. C) Close up view of a pseudosculum; note the rough surface aspect between grooves. D) Close up view of the side; note the salmon color and the oscules in between grooves." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286006/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A) or
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FBF0C95ADBCCE961" box="[1063,1173,1606,1630]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="cm" value="26.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="22.0">22–30 cm</quantity>
|
||
(fused tubes,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C01AFFD3FAE6C959DA22E962" box="[1329,1403,1605,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Photographs of Agelas cerebrum from the Bahamas. A) Holotype at ZMA; single tube. B) Three tubes and a lower left additional bud. C) Close up view of a pseudosculum; note the rough surface aspect between grooves. D) Close up view of the side; note the salmon color and the oscules in between grooves." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286006/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig 10</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Pseudoscula
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FEFCC975DED9E9BD" box="[299,384,1641,1666]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, collared by a narrow (
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FCCDC975DC25E9BD" box="[794,892,1641,1666]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C01AFFD3FC5DC975DC8CE9BE" box="[906,981,1641,1666]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Photographs of Agelas cerebrum from the Bahamas. A) Holotype at ZMA; single tube. B) Three tubes and a lower left additional bud. C) Close up view of a pseudosculum; note the rough surface aspect between grooves. D) Close up view of the side; note the salmon color and the oscules in between grooves." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286006/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig 10</figureCitation>
|
||
C) membrane, opening into atria with a rather constant diameter throughout its depth. The external colour can be salmon to light reddish brown; internal colour orange to brownish orange; when dry the colour becomes light reddish brown. Pinacoderm sustained by tracts of spicules protruding from main fibres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01AFFD3FF10C9E5DA7CE8D6" blockId="24.[151,1437,1353,2026]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
The external surface is rough and characteristically convoluted throughout the surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C01AFFD3FB24C9E5DA1FE82E" box="[1267,1350,1785,1810]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1348,1370]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1326]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,1327]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Photographs of Agelas cerebrum from the Bahamas. A) Holotype at ZMA; single tube. B) Three tubes and a lower left additional bud. C) Close up view of a pseudosculum; note the rough surface aspect between grooves. D) Close up view of the side; note the salmon color and the oscules in between grooves." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286006/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig 10</figureCitation>
|
||
D); the convolutions are
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FE8EC802DEF5E809" box="[345,428,1822,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="cm" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">2–8 cm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FE22C802DD11E809" box="[501,584,1822,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FD69C801DC4BE809" box="[702,786,1821,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep, longer when connected to each other; isolated ones with a key-hole or kidney aspect; internal wall of the convolutions is lined by a thick bright membrane similar to the internal membrane of the atrium. The surface is even in a ring around pseudoscula. Oscules
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FB2BC879DA25E841" box="[1276,1404,1893,1918]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="cm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, scattered along the atrium internal walls. The central area of the external convolutions have scattered tiny round oscules (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FE83C8B2DEF4E8FA" box="[340,429,1966,1990]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) conspicuous in dry specimens. Consistency in life is strongly spongy but tough, almost incompressible; when dry it becomes harder. Choanosome is dense with channels
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01AFFD3FBF9C8CDDBC0E8D5" box="[1070,1177,2001,2026]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF213EAAC01BFFD2FF40CA58DCCAEAA4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286006/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1326]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01BFFD2FF40CA58DCCAEAA4" blockId="25.[151,1435,1348,1432]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FF40CA58DE7BEA66" bold="true" box="[151,290,1348,1370]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FE18CA58DD24EA66" box="[463,637,1348,1370]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FE18CA58DD24EA66" box="[463,637,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Agelas cerebrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Bahamas. A) Holotype at ZMA; single tube. B) Three tubes and a lower left additional bud. C) Close up view of a pseudosculum; note the rough surface aspect between grooves. D) Close up view of the side; note the salmon color and the oscules in between grooves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01BFFD2FF10CAA3DE83E954" blockId="25.[151,1437,1471,2036]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
Skeleton composed of echinated and heavily cored (5–9 spicules per cross section) primary fibres (80–170 µm in diameter), echinated and not cored secondary fibres (50–90 µm in diameter) and rarely echinated tertiary fibres (30–60 µm in diameter). The acanthostyles are straight with 5–7 spines per whorl; length 72–167 (115±21.9) µm, width 3–10 (7±1.4) µm and 8–20 (13±2.5) whorls per spicule. Detailed lengths, widths and average number of whorls are shown in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DC5B99C01BFFD2FE57C953DE8FE954" box="[384,470,1615,1640]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,764,787]" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule measurements of Caribbean Agelas. n = 25. Values are minimum – maximum (mean ± 1 standard deviation)" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01BFFD1FF10C96FDCF3EEEC" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01BFFD1FF10C96FDE10EFC4" blockId="25.[151,1437,1471,2036]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FF10C96FDE62E9B0" bold="true" box="[199,315,1651,1676]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This species usually grows in deep exposed areas. Dr. P.M. Alcolado (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FB82C968DB8EE9B7" box="[1109,1239,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">pers. comm</emphasis>
|
||
.;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01BFFD2FB3AC96FDACCE9B0" author="Alcolado" box="[1261,1429,1651,1676]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="2002">Alcolado 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) believes that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FEE1C984DEE1E98C" box="[310,440,1688,1712]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FEE1C984DEE1E98C" box="[310,440,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. conifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FE1BC984DD14E993" box="[460,589,1687,1711]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tubulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FE1BC984DD14E993" box="[460,589,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. tubulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FD58C984DC47E993" box="[655,798,1687,1711]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FD58C984DC47E993" box="[655,798,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. cerebrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are variations of the same species (vis.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FADEC984DAD2E98C" box="[1289,1419,1688,1712]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FADEC984DAD2E98C" box="[1289,1419,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. conifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, here we keep these species separate from predominant morphological characteristics which can be ascertained when one compares in the field co-existing individuals. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01BFFD2FC26C9C3DBD2E9C4" box="[1009,1163,1759,1784]" name="Bahamas" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FB4BC9FCDA75E9CB" box="[1180,1324,1759,1783]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FB4BC9FCDA75E9CB" box="[1180,1324,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. cerebrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily identified underwater by its notable salmon colour (different from the other local
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FB56C81FDB94E827" box="[1153,1229,1795,1819]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FB56C81FDB94E827" box="[1153,1229,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Agelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and remarkably convoluted aspect of the external surface. At San Andres Island, some rather thick tubes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FB0CC834DA02E803" box="[1243,1371,1831,1855]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tubulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FB0CC834DA02E803" box="[1243,1371,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. tubulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have portions of the surface with deep crevasses, which resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FC4AC850DB7FE85F" box="[925,1062,1867,1891]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FC4AC850DB7FE85F" box="[925,1062,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. cerebrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FBE3C850DBE9E85F" box="[1076,1200,1867,1891]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tubulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FBE3C850DBE9E85F" box="[1076,1200,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. tubulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by its brownish to orange colour, longer spicules, and by the absence of small round oscules in the interconvolution areas, when these occur. Perhaps these convolutions are simply the result of growth adjustments when body walls thicken, in order to maintain enough irrigation through the aquiferous system (P.M. Alcolado,
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FAB3C8A4DF83E8CF" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">pers. comm</emphasis>
|
||
.). However, the absence of small round oscules in thick, crevassed specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01BFFD2FBA1C8C0DBAAE8CF" box="[1142,1267,2011,2035]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tubulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01BFFD2FBA1C8C0DBAAE8CF" box="[1142,1267,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A. tubulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
argues against this. P.M. Alcolado (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C018FFD1FEA8CF85DD5EEF8C" box="[383,519,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">pers. comm.</emphasis>
|
||
) has found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C018FFD1FD5BCF84DC4CEF8C" box="[652,789,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C018FFD1FD5BCF84DC4CEF8C" box="[652,789,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. cerebrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C018FFD1FCEECF8BDC2DEF8C" box="[825,884,151,176]" name="Cuba" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
as robust, single or laterally fused tubes, or large single or grouped cones fused at the base (with a large oscule on the top), at depths of about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C018FFD1FB16CFA0DA18EFE8" box="[1217,1345,188,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15 to 20 m</quantity>
|
||
; colour, medium brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C018FFD1FF10CE19DCF3EEEC" blockId="26.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
We compared the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E5D080C018FFD1FE47CE18DEABEE21" box="[400,498,260,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C018FFD1FDC1CE18DDC7EE20" box="[534,670,260,284]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C018FFD1FDC1CE18DDC7EE20" box="[534,670,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. cerebrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and our material with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E5D080C018FFD1FC14CE18DB7CEE21" box="[963,1061,260,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C018FFD1FBFBCE18DBFEEE20" box="[1068,1191,260,284]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C018FFD1FBFBCE18DBFEEE20" box="[1068,1191,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. conifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and although spicule sizes slightly overlap (also mentioned by Assman
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C018FFD1FD02CE35DC5EEE7C" box="[725,775,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001), the distinctive shape of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C018FFD1FBACCE34DA5FEE7C" box="[1147,1286,296,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C018FFD1FBACCE34DA5FEE7C" box="[1147,1286,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. cerebrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(barrel/vaselike tubes plus deep grooves and convolutions) separate it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C018FFD1FCBACE50DCB3EE58" box="[877,1002,332,356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C018FFD1FCBACE50DCB3EE58" box="[877,1002,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. conifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(branch with cones wider than taller). Whether these differences are ecological or species specific, remains to be determined. The record of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C018FFD1FAE3CE6CDFB8EE90" author="Assmann" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refString="Assmann, M. (2000) Bromierte Pyrrol-Alkaloide aus karibischen Schwammed der Gattung Agelas: Isolierung, Strukturaufklarung und chemische Okologie. Dr. rer. Nat. dissertation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt, 165 pp." type="book" year="2000">Assmann (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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gives photos of this species but not a description; being an unpublished thesis from which the complete description was made, it is not taxonomically valid as to have priority.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |