205 lines
20 KiB
XML
205 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="F1DBBC78D04AC493B575FB013FADA961" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3740269" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740269" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1586037971521" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bonaccorso, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Coleura afra" docType="treatment" docVersion="18" lastPageNumber="362" masterDocId="FFECFF8AFFCF4C04FFA53577FFF8FFE9" masterDocTitle="Emballonuridae" masterLastPageNumber="373" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="362" updateTime="1698735528461" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="26EA9D4C94CB437313FA436CBF81357E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="590D5AFCF2397435941FA21192A1AF80">
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<mods:title id="9C350BF393E1609447BA8BA978C0C121">Emballonuridae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="91476F75444FACCA43295668DF38969B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="99563A4630CFF732D3A6F967DF2C01F5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="13C1D6E0819D005B09CA4806940643CE">Bonaccorso, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8B69E1BB86E942F804B9D9230191B6D1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="037D7900B80626CC93C50802432C5978">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="1CD2C9D0C73093E9F157D7367156D44A" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="979C8C301C95ECC888A031DE33A75424">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="2682FAFF258033F2E288C5C7FF3E7B92">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B4ECA08D68EEDD8ED80C593891A5D940">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A579A43EC034A9E64DBE91A01081F054">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="37F009F80FAAFD522BA4A4429D5C3736" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="894351674CEE6E33D288168043EE2211">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="32457E2E82CAE401742CA9785CC68314">Mittermeier, Russel A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo id="75AA7A70CC7D53C59378694DFD65C7FD">
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<mods:title id="7640C28733A360718D3362C08B5E3FA5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7AF8ABE48F01A32FD99897B95018B263">
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<mods:start id="BD8EA5C7A92FD8D7BEB72A59C69EFED5">350</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="A0CED11D6107B49473C7573C911502D0">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DBFBB79B300CA28E55F605061A91924B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3740269</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C947686DAE15D1CF85DF6ADAAD47D10A" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810697" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163435174" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810697" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5" lastPageNumber="362" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F82D3745F54BFD86" box="[1928,2739,562,623]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F82D3745F54BFD86" blockId="13.[1928,3123,562,623]" box="[1928,2739,562,623]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<figureCitation id="13472A61FFC24C09F82D3745F837FD86" box="[1928,1999,562,623]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="10.[178,221,4453,4480]" captionTargetBox="[182,3472,151,4663]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="On following pages: 22. New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura furati); 23. Beccari's Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura beccarti); 24. Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura dianae); 25. Seri'sSheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura sertii); 26. Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura semicaudata); 27. Western Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura tiavato); 28. Peters's Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura atrata); 29. African Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura afra); 30. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura seychellensis); 31. Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura kibomalandy); 32. Dark Sheath-tailed Bat (Mosia nigrescens); 33. Chestnut Sac-winged Bat (Cormura brevirostris); 34. Gray Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx plicata); 35. Thomas's Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx io); 36. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx infusca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740273/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">29</figureCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F84A3745F54BFD86" bold="true" box="[2031,2739,562,623]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">African Sheath-tailed Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F55C3745F3CBFD86" box="[2809,3123,562,623]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F55C3745F3CBFD86" blockId="13.[1928,3123,562,623]" box="[2809,3123,562,623]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC24C09F55C3745F3CBFD86" ID-CoL="X229" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[2809,3123,562,623]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Coleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afra">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F55C3745F3CBFD86" bold="true" box="[2809,3123,562,623]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Coleura afra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F82237F6F578FD27" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F82237F6F2F6FD70" blockId="13.[1926,3342,638,718]" box="[1927,3342,638,665]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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French: Emballonure
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F70E3709F6CCFD70" box="[2219,2356,638,665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">d’Afrique I</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F69937F6F64FFD71" bold="true" box="[2364,2487,641,664]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">German:</emphasis>
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Afrika-reischwanzfledermaus
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F4F93709F49FFD70" box="[2908,2919,638,665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">I</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F4CA37F6F413FD7E" bold="true" box="[2927,3051,641,663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Spanish:</emphasis>
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Embalonuro africano
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F82337C1F578FD27" blockId="13.[1926,3342,638,718]" box="[1926,2688,691,718]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F82337C1F72CFD25" bold="true" box="[1926,2260,694,716]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Other common names:</emphasis>
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Mozambique Sheath-tailed Bat
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F518366DF222FCA8" box="[2749,3546,794,833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F518366DF222FCA8" blockId="13.[2747,3547,794,1365]" box="[2749,3546,794,833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F518366DF470FCA8" box="[2749,2952,794,833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Taxonomy</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC24C09F43A366DF22BFCA8" ID-CoL="6F7FG" authority="Peters, 1852" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1852" box="[2975,3539,794,833]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afra">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F43A366DF321FCA8" box="[2975,3289,794,833]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Emballonura afra</emphasis>
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Peters, 1852
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F5183638F3DEFC9F" box="[2749,3110,847,886]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F5183638F3DEFC9F" blockId="13.[2747,3547,794,1365]" box="[2749,3110,847,886]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<materialsCitation id="3B143CB9FFC24C09F5183638F3D9FC9F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2595781790" box="[2749,3105,847,886]" country="Mozambique" location="Tete" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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<location id="8EA3603FFFC24C09F5183638F4EAFC9F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5:8EA3603FFFC24C09F5183638F4EAFC9F" box="[2749,2834,847,886]" country="Mozambique" name="Tete" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Tete</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36B7674FFC24C09F4833638F3D9FC9F" box="[2854,3105,847,886]" name="Mozambique" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F51E36F3F371FABC" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F51E36F3F371FABC" blockId="13.[2747,3547,794,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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A. Monard in 1939 applied the name
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F51B36CEF4ACFC09" box="[2750,2900,953,992]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">kummeri</emphasis>
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to the
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F44836CEF3B2FC09" box="[3053,3146,953,992]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">West</emphasis>
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African population, but it is now considered a synonym of
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F5593153F47DFBA2" box="[2812,2949,1060,1099]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC24C09F5593153F479FBA2" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1852" box="[2812,2945,1060,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Embauonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afra">C. afra</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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K F. Koopman in 1965 and 1975 recognized three “poorly defined” subspecies:
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F43D31F9F453FB5C" box="[2968,2987,1166,1205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">a</emphasis>
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/
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F41C31F9F425FB5C" box="[3001,3037,1166,1205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">ra</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F44A31F9F36EFB5C" box="[3055,3222,1166,1205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">gallarum,</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F35131F9F2A4FB5C" box="[3316,3420,1166,1205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">nilosa</emphasis>
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(latter two named by O. Thomas in 1915). These are not recognized by most chiropteran taxonomists. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F8263017F31DF785" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF03666CFFC24C09F8263017F4FEF9B2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3747954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3747954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3747954/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" targetBox="[1921,2718,791,1353]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F8263017F4FEF9B2" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8263017F789FA6E" bold="true" box="[1923,2161,1376,1415]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Distribution.</emphasis>
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W,
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F71E3017F721FA6E" box="[2235,2265,1376,1415]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">C</emphasis>
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& E Africa, in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and from Ghana to W Nigeria, also from Central African Republic, N DR Congo, Uganda, and W Tanzania E to coastal Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Kenya, with outliers in coastal Angola (Benguela), N Mozambique, and coastal Yemen. It very likely has been overlooked in coastal Angola and Mozambique.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F827331EF31DF785" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F827331EF72AF979" bold="true" box="[1922,2258,1641,1680]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 55-65 mm, tail 10-11 mm, ear 13-1-15-3 mm, hindfoot 8 5-10 ’5 mm, forearm 45-55 mm; weight 10-12 g. The African Sheath-tailed Bat is sexually dimorphic, with females larger than males (average forearm is 49 mm for females and 46 mm for males). Dorsal pelage is brown, with pale base; venter is slightly paler.
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F852324AF7A7F88D" box="[2039,2143,1853,1892]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Wing</emphasis>
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membranes are translucent pale brown; wingspan is c.220 mm. Ears are relatively large, with bases well below
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F5D43205F546F870" box="[2673,2750,1906,1945]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">eyes</emphasis>
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and nearly reaching comers of mouth. Muzzle is pointed, and nostrils project beyond lower lip. Rostral part ofskull comprises about three-quarters of length of skull. Sagittal crest is weak. Upper incisors are
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F22D32ABF235F7EA" box="[3464,3533,2012,2051]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">tiny</emphasis>
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, and lower incisors are tricuspids. Canines are large, with well-developed cingula. P1 is tiny relative to
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F73C3D32F74AF785" box="[2201,2226,2117,2156]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">P</emphasis>
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2. Dental formula is 11/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F8253D0CF7B8F32B" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F8253D0CF23DF74B" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" box="[1920,3525,2171,2210]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8253D0CF7E9F74B" box="[1920,2065,2171,2210]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Habitat</emphasis>
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. Dry woodlands,
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F6F23D0CF66EF74B" box="[2391,2454,2171,2210]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">dry</emphasis>
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forests, and rocky habitats close to lakes or coastal areas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F8DA3DC6F2A8F6E5" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8DA3DC6F721F731" box="[1919,2265,2225,2264]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8DA3DC6F81DF731" bold="true" box="[1919,2021,2225,2264]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Food</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F79B3DC6F721F731" bold="true" box="[2110,2265,2225,2264]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Feeding</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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. The African Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects by fest hawking in open spaces. Moths and beetles comprise 40-70% of the diet through the year.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F8253C6CF6F0F5FC" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8253C6CF7D7F6AB" box="[1920,2095,2331,2370]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Breeding</emphasis>
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. Gestation of the African Sheath-tailed Bat lasts 114-122 days. Mothers carry the single young for an extended period when foraging. Parturition is highly synchronized and occurs twice a year in Kenya during long (March-June) and short (November-December) rainy seasons. Males and females become sexually mature in their first year of life.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F8D83F54F705F46E" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8D83F54F742F5A3" bold="true" box="[1917,2234,2595,2634]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The African Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and emerges from roosting at dusk to forage. It roosts in lit areas of caves and
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F4263F2FF414F596" box="[2947,3052,2648,2687]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">rocky</emphasis>
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outcrops but also in dark abandoned buildings. To hunt for insects, African Sheath-tailed Bats produce LDCQCF echolocation calls, with peak frequency at 33 kHz, short bandwidth (c.2-4 kHz), and long duration (7-7 milliseconds). Fundamental and second harmonics often show in a spectrogram. Echolocation call is well designed for targeting aerial prey at relatively long distances.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F8DB3EE2F7B8F32B" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8DB3EE2F49BF455" bold="true" box="[1918,2915,2965,3004]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
African Sheath-tailed Bats are highly gregarious and can be found in roosting colonies of hundreds and up to 50,000 individuals in one instance in Kenya. Clusters of individuals can
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F3DE3E8AF2CAF3CD" box="[3195,3378,3069,3108]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">represent</emphasis>
|
||
harems attended by a single breeding male that defends his breeding site. Within a cluster, individual spacing is maintained. Adult males
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F4A73910F431F367" box="[2818,3017,3175,3214]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">reportedly</emphasis>
|
||
defend individual feeding territories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F8D839A7F451F220" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F8D839A7F451F220" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8D839A7F69FF31E" bold="true" box="[1917,2407,3280,3319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8D839A7F6A7F31E" box="[1917,2399,3280,3319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F45B39A7F292F31E" box="[3070,3434,3280,3319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">The IUCN Red List.</emphasis>
|
||
The African Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and large overall population. Nevertheless, population trends are unknown, and its distribution is not
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F37E384EF2C8F289" box="[3291,3376,3385,3424]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">fully</emphasis>
|
||
defined in some regions such as Angola, Mozambique, and Yemen. Large breeding roosts are vulnerable to disturbance and should
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F5EF38D5F536F220" box="[2634,2766,3490,3529]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">receive</emphasis>
|
||
protection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC24C09F8D838AAF463F1C5" pageId="13" pageNumber="362" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC24C09F8D838AAF463F1C5" blockId="13.[1915,3546,1376,3628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F8D838AAF7B0F211" bold="true" box="[1917,2120,3549,3576]" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Bibliography</emphasis>
|
||
. ACR (2017), Dunlop (1998), Kingdon (1974),
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F57338AAF498F211" box="[2774,2912,3549,3576]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Koopman</emphasis>
|
||
(1965, 1975), McWilliam (1987a), Monard (1939), Smithers &
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC24C09F73E3B66F70BF1C5" box="[2203,2291,3601,3628]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="362">Lobâo</emphasis>
|
||
Tello (1976), Rosevear (1965), Thomas (1915c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |