1007 lines
194 KiB
XML
1007 lines
194 KiB
XML
<document id="12B82D6B4C6E2F6152DB469FFD83560D" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad130" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219918" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1722843860153" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vallejo-Pareja, Maria Camila, Stanley, Edward L., Bloch, Jonathan I. & Blackburn, David C." docDate="2024" docId="03D58798FFD5AB3AFC33898C1AB0F93A" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad130.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 201 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad130" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.6:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="441" masterDocId="FFECFFE0FFD3AB30FFA58B591E12FF8B" masterDocTitle="Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="431" pageNumber="437" updateTime="1723471815648" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="690A67C6F9E20421EFA187F1CD81AB2A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="A2AEF8D2BAF74C63682805D818C814DD">
|
||
<mods:title id="A77755F58164D9D2ECAAB3D1F0091331">Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="C17554604EBD35CF35A086E50BCB4CD9" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8B0D1C3D129BB570FC8DB9CF7B65963D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="531DAF12A2F668F67891FF3C45FDE449">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="0A0BE4430E2D22E9055DA0238996C74C">Vallejo-Pareja, Maria Camila</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="8BDE86AC494F7536B026905D5B7E9058">Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA & Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C4B1CEB228A52CEB639DD7F80C9951F7" type="email">maria.vallejo@ufl.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="BE23CC5FA3A0877ED12E4BEB7B62832B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1D987556A08616B502EB752DCCA229FD">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="FC68F2ACE7A50AA3B6F5B14C3B271924">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="4C567B0868D7634442480C12AE0EFA79">Stanley, Edward L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="2BE67D8AB19E5DADBE330DC86C5E9647">Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A77522584D254AECB0EEBE2D940605B4" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="651C2DD8CAEBE0F7370C6830F18844BF">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="A2CA23F953F20050F0BE3F0074D6E6A2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BF262107099BDB3C9B27E106C72D858D">Bloch, Jonathan I.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="3F113DF5E4A265BB4B3AD9D674FCE501">Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E2EA7E156DE6F788B4D7B02EB61CA456" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E7E634A675D213E8C623C1911DE7CD19">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="031988BFE2AC5D08245B291A63ED7F59">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="FD103E6BC926D322C4963380056A7C1F">Blackburn, David C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="1606340545D7A1C3F02C6E85B6A85486">Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="8421132CF992E7D081CD36337AE99248">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="6E488CE29DBC19370D67BEA9C0AA44B8" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="BF67189AE10DD360F272FD5B0F30FB6D">
|
||
<mods:title id="0F41965AA06A3FD10D448101A9BF5E1A">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="A73264359ABD6A96D97B3BA50C033F64">
|
||
<mods:date id="5A656FB9F1F344595CA47E824A653EA6">2024</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="82728C18269762491DA8EBA13069CAF3" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="F265DE28BEA0F034C2B3ED6B6E519FD0">2023-10-19</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="1BA27F877371B373AC8D58A8469DA26C" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="F126927796236F8E0BA13988F31E5C52">201</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="4F11E042548D77B3783170C768BF2EE7" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="CD8DC437ACB6BA6D0C66B2003834C11A">2</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="EF6F959B278F1F2E5C43A8B10931172A" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="8E21FB0EE7309FA16CA585A894E03A61">431</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="3DC192502FF020D1F7E0FAB113AE5529">446</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="257F1F575710B29CE39AB6DAC9A9ADDF">
|
||
<mods:url id="719C062BECDF85FFC8F2C99FBC11F937">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad130</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="15A32AFE0B7A9D2ED523EFCAA1CA132D">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0EB77464EE9DF297161DB0E1CFD14BCC" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad130</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B70713AC5C2796247BD6606A39EE1B3F" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="04D367C6F0410A6F74438A679F343EFE" type="Zenodo-Dep">13219918</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03D58798FFD5AB3AFC33898C1AB0F93A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13305824" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13305824" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D58798FFD5AB3AFC33898C1AB0F93A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D58798FFD5AB3AFC33898C1AB0F93A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3666505FFD5AB36FC33898C1B77FD64" box="[918,1381,725,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD5AB36FC33898C1B77FD64" blockId="6.[918,1381,725,752]" box="[918,1381,725,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<heading id="D08B81E2FFD5AB36FC33898C1B77FD64" bold="true" box="[918,1381,725,752]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" reason="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD5AB36FC33898C1B77FD64" ID-CoL="632GS" authority="Dumeril and Bibron, 1841" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[918,1381,725,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FC33898C1B77FD64" bold="true" box="[918,1381,725,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FC33898C1A5AFD7B" bold="true" box="[918,1096,725,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
Duméril and Bibron, 1841
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3666505FFD5AB3AFC9C884F1AB0F93A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD5AB36FC9C884F1BA6FBC3" blockId="6.[825,1474,790,1096]" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FC9C884F1D87FCA5" box="[825,917,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Material:</emphasis>
|
||
We refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD5AB36FB88884F1ACBFCA5" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1069,1241,790,814]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FB88884F1ACBFCA5" box="[1069,1241,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
177 fossils from the Brooksville 2 and Live Oak (SB-1A) localities: 124 ilia, 37 humeri, three radioulnae, 12 sacra, and one urostyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD5AB36FAC1880C1BB3FCE6" box="[1380,1441,853,877]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD5AB36FA0B880C1BA9FCE6" box="[1454,1467,853,877]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">3</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, Table S3). Most of the fossils are from Brooksville 2 (174) where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD5AB36FBC488CA1B1FFC20" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1121,1293,915,939]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FBC488CA1B1FFC20" box="[1121,1293,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the dominant anuran taxon. Only three ilia attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD5AB36FB4688EA1B9DFC40" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1251,1423,947,971]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FB4688EA1B9DFC40" box="[1251,1423,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been recovered from Live Oak (SB-1A) where scaphiopodids (spadefoot toads) are the dominant taxon. We note that there are undescribed fossils referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD5AB36FB6B8F481B32FBA2" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[1230,1312,1041,1065]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD5AB36FA968F481B9BFBA2" authorityName="Batsch" authorityYear="1796" box="[1331,1417,1041,1065]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD5AB36FC9C8F691DF0FBC3" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1859" box="[825,994,1072,1096]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinophrynidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhinophrynidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lower abundance at both localities (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD5AB36FAC98F691BB6FBC3" box="[1388,1444,1072,1096]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD5AB36FBED8F371AA6FB0C" blockId="6.[1096,1204,1134,1159]" box="[1096,1204,1134,1159]" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FBED8F371AA6FB0C" box="[1096,1204,1134,1159]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD5AB36FC9C8FCD1B1AF9AF" blockId="6.[825,1475,1172,1572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FC9C8FCD1D64FB27" box="[825,886,1172,1196]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Ilium:</emphasis>
|
||
The fossil ilia have a wide and rounded acetabulum with an acetabular rim pronounced both ventrally and posterodistally and less pronounced from the middle to the dorsal end. When preserved, the dorsal acetabular expansion is posterodorsally narrow and slightly higher than the dorsal crest (UF-VP-501352;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD5AB36FC9C8E681D61FAC2" box="[825,883,1329,1353]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The angle between the dorsal acetabular expansion and the dorsal prominence is large and greater than a right angle. The dorsal crest of the ilium is weakly to moderately developed and is convergent with the dorsal prominence (UF-VP-501352, UF-VP-494606;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD5AB36FC4D8EF71A34FA4D" box="[1000,1062,1454,1478]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal protuberance is well developed, and is significantly laterally extended from the dorsal prominence. The ventral acetabular expansion is short and wide with a small and narrow preacetabular region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD5AB37FC9C8D081F49FE08" blockId="6.[825,1474,1616,1985]" lastBlockId="7.[113,763,144,387]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FC9C8D081D9EF9E3" box="[825,908,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Sacrum:</emphasis>
|
||
The morphology of the sacra, including the centrum, and ventral and dorsal regions, is well preserved (UF-VP-497977; UF-VP-497981;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD5AB36FB988DD61A67F92C" box="[1085,1141,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sacral transverse processes and the left side of the prezygapophyses are fractured in
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7AFD07FFD5AB36FAC88DF61D6AF96D" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
(UF-VP-497981). The sacrum of fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD5AB36FAB38D971BD0F96D" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1302,1474,1742,1766]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD5AB36FAB38D971BD0F96D" box="[1302,1474,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="437">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shaped like an inverted ‘V’ in dorsal view due to the posterior projection of its long, thin, and straight sacral diapophyses that are weakly expanded distally. The centrum is procoelous and bicondylar posteriorly. Dorsally, the neural arch is narrow and less wide that the centrum length. The neural spine is not well developed; it is a small bump with the highest point in the middle of the dorsal arch. There are no crests posterior to the dorsal spine. The prezygapophyses are ovoid, longer than wider, their articular surfaces are oriented dorsomedially, and they are separated from each other by a distance greater than that of the maximum anterior cotyle width. The anterior cotyle is wider than long. The neural canal is also wider than longer, and dorsoventrally compressed. The posterior condyles are ovoid, dorsoventrally compressed, and narrower laterally with a small separation between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FEB68A321F59FE08" box="[275,331,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD4AB37FFD48AFC1C7EFCBE" blockId="7.[113,763,420,821]" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FFD48AFC1EDBFE36" box="[113,201,421,445]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Urostyle:</emphasis>
|
||
The single fossil urostyle (UF-VP-501321;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FD3F8AFC1CC4FE36" box="[666,726,421,445]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is well preserved with the most diagnosable part complete. The distal portion of the shaft is broken, and the dorsal crest is incomplete behind the dorsal spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FE40895A1C33FD90" box="[485,545,515,539]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fossil urostyle lacks transverse processes. Anteriorly the dorsal crest is tall and the dorsal tip is wide and blunt. In lateral view, the spine is slightly oriented anteriorly compared to the base of the crest in the urostyle shaft. The dorsal canal is triangular, with straight lateral walls that are slightly longer than the width of the base of the dorsal canal. Just anterior to the base of the dorsal canal, there is a noticeable protuberance that decreases in height posteriorly. The anterior end is bicondylar, with ovoid cotyles that are wider than high and slightly in contact medially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FD8688451C4EFCBE" box="[547,604,796,821]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD4AB37FFD4880E1CEBFB4C" blockId="7.[113,763,854,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FFD4880E1EC1FCE5" box="[113,211,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FFD4880E1EDFFCE5" box="[113,205,855,878]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Humerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Humerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The fossil humeri are well preserved, with most preserving the distal end and at least one-third of the shaft (UF- VP-501310; UF-VP-501314;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FE0688CD1FCCFC26" box="[419,478,916,941]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The humeri have a distal condyle with a large rounded humeral head that is the largest relative to the shaft among all extant taxa considered in our study. The radial epicondyle is not developed. The ulnar epicondyle has a flattened medial surface and is well developed, extending to, or beyond, the distal end of the humeral head. Posteriorly, the olecranon scar is centred on the shaft and oriented towards the proximal end. The humerus also lacks medial and lateral crests. The diaphysis of the bone is narrow and long, and has a ventral crest that is preserved in only
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7AFD07FFD4AB37FECC8FF61FE4FB4D" box="[361,502,1198,1222]" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
(UF-VP-501312;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FD158FF71CFAFB4C" box="[688,744,1198,1223]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD4AB37FFD48FAA1FF0F9AE" blockId="7.[113,763,1267,1573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FFD48FAA1ECDFA80" box="[113,223,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Radioulna:</emphasis>
|
||
The fossil radioulnae are well preserved except for the distal end that is broken (UF-VP-5013124; UF-VP-501323;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FFD48E6B1EBBFAC1" box="[113,169,1330,1354]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The radioulna is thin and long with the narrower portion of the diaphysis nearer to the olecranon than to the middle of the shaft. Laterally the diaphysis is somewhat angular. Considering the preserved portions of the bone, the widths are similar at the proximal and distal ends. The olecranon is wider in the ulnar section than in the radial section. The ventral portion of the olecranon in contact with the ulnar epicondyle of the humerus is not expanded and is slightly flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FE3C8D541FC3F9AE" box="[409,465,1549,1573]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD4AB37FED28D121FE6F9EE" blockId="7.[113,762,1611,1987]" box="[375,500,1611,1637]" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FED28D121FE6F9EE" box="[375,500,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD4AB37FFD48D2B1A18FE28" blockId="7.[113,762,1611,1987]" lastBlockId="7.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
We refer the fossils from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B8F86CFFD4AB37FED08D281FD2F902" box="[373,448,1649,1673]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FDE98D281CE8F902" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[588,762,1649,1673]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FDE98D281CE8F902" box="[588,762,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on shared morphological characteristics of the skeleton in comparison with other anuran taxa examined. The fossil ilia are assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FEB08D961FD1F96C" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[277,451,1743,1767]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FEB08D961FD1F96C" box="[277,451,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the combination of characteristics shared with the ilia of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FDE98DB61CE8F88C" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[588,762,1775,1799]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FDE98DB61CE8F88C" box="[588,762,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FFD98C571EA4F8AD" box="[124,182,1806,1830]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FE6D8C571C1DF8AD" box="[456,527,1806,1830]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. S4</figureCitation>
|
||
), especially a rounded acetabulum with an acetabular cup border that is more developed ventrally than dorsally. The extension and shape of the ventral acetabular expansion is small and short. Fossil and living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FFD48CD21F0DF828" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[113,287,1931,1955]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FFD48CD21F0DF828" box="[113,287,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in the extension of the dorsal acetabular expansion in comparison to the dorsal crest. In the living species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC8F8BC91DCAFF23" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[810,984,144,168]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FC8F8BC91DCAFF23" box="[810,984,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by its rounded acetabulum with a small or short dorsal acetabular expansion. The dorsal acetabular expansion of these ilia either does not surpass the level of the dorsal crest (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FBE88BB61AC1FE8D" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1101,1235,238,262]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FBE88BB61AC1FE8D" box="[1101,1235,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">E. planirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
UF-Herp-100175) or slightly extends beyond it (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FBDE8A571AE0FEAE" baseAuthorityName="Barbour" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1147,1266,270,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inoptatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FBDE8A571AE0FEAE" box="[1147,1266,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">E. inoptatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
UF-Herp-42264). A dorsal crest is present, but the degree of development varies from slightly (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FBA08A141A77FEEF" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1920" box="[1029,1125,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gryllus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FBA08A141A77FEEF" box="[1029,1125,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">E. gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
UF-Herp-279279) to well developed (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC738A351A77FE08" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[982,1125,363,387]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FC738A351A77FE08" box="[982,1125,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">E. planirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
UF-Herp-100175; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FC168AD31DEBFE28" box="[947,1017,394,419]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. S4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD4AB37FCE08AF31A15FB39" blockId="7.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
The fossil ilia that we refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB2A8AF31B29FE49" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1167,1339,426,450]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB2A8AF31B29FE49" box="[1167,1339,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar in size to those of extant spring peepers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB508A901BBCFE6A" baseAuthorityName="Wied-Neuwied" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1269,1454,457,481]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crucifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB508A901BBCFE6A" box="[1269,1454,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Pseudacris crucifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC8F8AB01D95FD8B" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[810,903,489,512]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FC8F8AB01D95FD8B" box="[810,903,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">P. nigrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the eastern narrowmouth toad (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FA888AB11D8BFDAB" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Gastrophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FA888AB11D8BFDAB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Gastrophryne carolinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FC0989511DF8FDAB" box="[940,1002,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FAAC89511B47FDAB" box="[1289,1365,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the fossil ilia (e.g. UF-VP-501355), the angle between the dorsal acetabular expansion and the dorsal prominence is greater than found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC2D893F1A33FDF5" authorityName="Latreille in Sonnini de Manoncourt & Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[904,1057,614,638]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clamitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FC2D893F1A33FDF5" box="[904,1057,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Rana clamitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UF-Herp-76511), in which this angle is smaller and thus the dorsal acetabular expansion is steeper. The fossil ilia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC6989FD1A6AFD37" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[972,1144,676,700]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FC6989FD1A6AFD37" box="[972,1144,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FAB989FC1B43FD37" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1308,1361,677,700]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FAB989FC1B43FD37" box="[1308,1361,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a short dorsal prominence that does not surpass the level of the dorsal acetabular expansion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FBC689BA1AB3FD70" box="[1123,1185,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FC8F885B1D61FC91" box="[810,883,770,794]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
), a dorsal protuberance that is not dorsal, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FADD885A1BBFFC91" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1400,1453,771,794]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FADD885A1BBFFC91" box="[1400,1453,771,794]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but laterally expanded, and a dorsal crest that is mainly developed beyond the dorsal prominence. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB69881B1B13FCD2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1228,1281,834,857]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB69881B1B13FCD2" box="[1228,1281,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the crest is continuous with the dorsal prominence, increasing in height as it expands from the prominence. The fossil ilia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FAA288D91BA1FC13" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1287,1459,896,920]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FAA288D91BA1FC13" box="[1287,1459,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of toads (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB9288C61ABAFC3C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1079,1192,927,951]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB1588C61B1DFC3D" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1845" box="[1200,1295,927,950]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB1588C61B1DFC3D" box="[1200,1295,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), narrowmouth toads (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FCDA88E71A02FC5D" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[895,1040,958,982]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Microhylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB8E88E71AA2FC5D" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1067,1200,958,982]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Gastrophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB8E88E71AA2FC5D" box="[1067,1200,958,982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Gastrophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Mexican burrowing toads (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC2588871A23FC7D" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1859" box="[896,1073,990,1014]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinophrynidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhinophrynidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FBE988871AC4FC7D" box="[1100,1238,990,1014]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinophrynidae" genus="Rhinophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FBE988871AC4FC7D" box="[1100,1238,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Rhinophrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), spadefoot toads (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC9488A41DCFFB9E" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1865" box="[817,989,1021,1045]" class="Amphibia" family="Scaphiopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Scaphiopodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC4B88A41A4EFB9E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1836" box="[1006,1116,1021,1045]" class="Amphibia" family="Scaphiopodidae" genus="Scaphiopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FC4B88A41A4EFB9E" box="[1006,1116,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Scaphiopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and treefrogs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FABE88A41B61FB9E" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[1307,1395,1021,1045]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FA2688A41BA1FB9E" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1411,1459,1021,1045]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FA2688A41BA1FB9E" box="[1411,1459,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FCFD8F451DACFBBF" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[856,958,1052,1076]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FCFD8F451DACFBBF" box="[856,958,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Pseudacris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in having a well-defined dorsal crest. They further differ from other treefrogs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB298F651AF6FBDF" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[1164,1252,1084,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB578F651B31FBD8" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1266,1315,1084,1107]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB578F651B31FBD8" box="[1266,1315,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in having a large, rounded acetabulum with a short preacetabular zone and a narrow ventral acetabular expansion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FB508F231B22FB19" box="[1269,1328,1146,1170]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FC148FC31DE5FB39" box="[945,1015,1178,1202]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD4AB37FCE08FE01B41F981" blockId="7.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
The fossil sacra from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B8F86CFFD4AB37FB838FE01A63FB5A" box="[1062,1137,1209,1233]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
are morphologically similar to those of living species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB9C8F811AF7FB7B" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1081,1253,1240,1264]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB9C8F811AF7FB7B" box="[1081,1253,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The sacrum of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FCC78FA11A1CFA9B" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[866,1038,1272,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FCC78FA11A1CFA9B" box="[866,1038,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FBFD8FA11AFAFA9B" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1112,1256,1272,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FBFD8FA11AFAFA9B" box="[1112,1256,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">E. planirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
UF-Herp-100175;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FC8F8E4E1D76FAA4" box="[810,868,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FBDD8E4E1AADFAA4" box="[1144,1215,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. S4</figureCitation>
|
||
) has the same inverted V-shape and long narrow sacral diapophyses. Differences between the fossils and extant species are found in the shape of the neural canal, with some species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB058E2F1B1AFA06" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1926" box="[1184,1288,1397,1421]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cundalii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB058E2F1B1AFA06" box="[1184,1288,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">E. cundalii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
UF-Herp-3012) having a greater dorsoventral height and others being flatter (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FA3A8ECC1D85FA40" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FA3A8ECC1D85FA40" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">E. planirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
UF-Herp-100175). In fossil specimens (UF-VP-497981; UF-VP-497977), the neural arch has a similar height as observed in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB958EAA1A85F981" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1926" box="[1072,1175,1522,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cundalii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB958EAA1A85F981" box="[1072,1175,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">E. cundalii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UF-Herp-3012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD4AB38FCE08D481EFAFDF5" blockId="7.[810,1460,144,1985]" lastBlockId="8.[128,778,144,1985]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="439" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">
|
||
The fossil sacrum referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB278D481B3CF9A2" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1154,1326,1553,1577]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB278D481B3CF9A2" box="[1154,1326,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FC8F8D681DBDF9C2" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[810,943,1585,1609]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Gastrophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FC8F8D681DBDF9C2" box="[810,943,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Gastrophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FC678D681DEFF9C2" box="[962,1021,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FAB68D681B49F9C2" box="[1299,1371,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
) in that the latter has expanded sacral transverse processes that give a bowed shape to the sacrum. The anterior centrum of the sacrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FCE38DD61DD9F92C" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[838,971,1679,1703]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Gastrophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FCE38DD61DD9F92C" box="[838,971,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Gastrophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is convex, forming a condyle.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FAA38DC91B29F92C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1286,1339,1680,1703]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FAA38DC91B29F92C" box="[1286,1339,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has an anterior condyle on the sacrum, as well as a neural arch with a well-developed crest (beginning at the dorsal spine and extending towards the sacral diapophyses) that is not enlarged, and which maintains a similar width from the base towards the distal end. The fossil sacrum differs from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FB798C751B29F8C8" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1845" box="[1244,1339,1836,1859]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FB798C751B29F8C8" box="[1244,1339,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD4AB37FAC88C721BA1F8C8" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1863" box="[1389,1459,1835,1859]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD4AB37FAC88C721BA1F8C8" box="[1389,1459,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Incilius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by lacking wide sacral diapophyses, and having both a neural arch that is wider than the centrum and a sharp dorsal crest that does not extend onto the diapophysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FB508CD01B22F82A" box="[1269,1328,1929,1953]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD4AB37FC1C8CF01A17F84A" box="[953,1029,1961,1985]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="438">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The prezygapophyses are oval, wider than long, and separated by a distance shorter than the maximum width of the anterior cotyle.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE478BF61C9CFF4C" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[482,654,175,199]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE478BF61C9CFF4C" box="[482,654,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from hylids in the orientation and shape of the sacral diapophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FF2E8BB71EDAFE8D" box="[139,200,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FE478BB71C3EFE8D" box="[482,556,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FDC38BB71C84FE8D" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[614,662,238,262]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FDC38BB71C84FE8D" box="[614,662,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sacral diapophyses are wide and oriented laterally and not posteriorly. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF3E8A741EDEFECF" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[155,204,301,324]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF3E8A741EDEFECF" box="[155,204,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these are oriented posterolaterally, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FD068A741D1BFECE" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[675,777,301,325]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FD068A741D1BFECE" box="[675,777,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Pseudacris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they are oriented posteriorly and the width of the diapophysis almost doubles from its base to distal end. The neural spine and dorsal crest are well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE778AD21C10FE28" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[466,514,395,419]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE778AD21C10FE28" box="[466,514,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FDA98AD21C2FFE29" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[524,573,395,418]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FDA98AD21C2FFE29" box="[524,573,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FDD68AD21CCBFE28" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[627,729,395,419]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FDD68AD21CCBFE28" box="[627,729,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Pseudacris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and extend on to the diaphysis in the latter two. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FDC98AF31C8FFE4A" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[620,669,426,449]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FDC98AF31C8FFE4A" box="[620,669,426,449]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is a small ridge oriented anteroposteriorly that is posterior to the dorsal crest. The prezygapophyses are wider than long in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FD7C8AB01D1BFD8A" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[729,777,489,513]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FD7C8AB01D1BFD8A" box="[729,777,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF0889511F01FDAB" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[173,275,520,544]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF0889511F01FDAB" box="[173,275,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Pseudacris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FE8189511F4FFDAB" box="[292,349,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FDC989511CA0FDAB" box="[620,690,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
), and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF2489711EA0FDB4" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[129,178,552,575]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF2489711EA0FDB4" box="[129,178,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are longer than wide and with the articular surface dorsally oriented. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF5E891E1F3EFDD5" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[251,300,583,606]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF5E891E1F3EFDD5" box="[251,300,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the posterior condyles are rounded and widely separated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDBAB38FF3989DC1FC5FAA4" blockId="8.[128,778,144,1985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
The urostyle of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE2189DC1C22FD16" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[388,560,645,669]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE2189DC1C22FD16" box="[388,560,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks transverse processes and has a tall dorsal crest that decreases in height posteriorly. As in the fossil from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B8F86CFFDBAB38FE10899D1C12FD57" box="[437,512,708,732]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(UF-VP-501321;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FD1B899D1CEBFD57" box="[702,761,708,732]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), the dorsal canal in living species is triangular, has an anterior prominence, and the dorsal spine is wide and blunt (Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FEA2887B1F59FCB1" box="[263,331,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fossil urostyle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FD90887B1CF3FCB1" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[565,737,802,826]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FD90887B1CF3FCB1" box="[565,737,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from that of hylids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FEDA88181FA2FCD3" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[383,432,833,856]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FEDA88181FA2FCD3" box="[383,432,833,856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE1888181C31FCD2" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[445,547,833,857]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE1888181C31FCD2" box="[445,547,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Pseudacris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FDF988181C9EFCD2" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[604,652,833,857]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FDF988181C9EFCD2" box="[604,652,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that either lack completely or have a small dorsal spine that projects posteriorly, not anteriorly, and has a smaller and narrower dorsal canal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FF6F88C61F14FC3C" box="[202,262,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FD8488C61C79FC3C" box="[545,619,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The urostyle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF3888E71F30FC5D" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[157,290,958,982]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Gastrophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF3888E71F30FC5D" box="[157,290,958,982]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Gastrophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a greatly reduced dorsal crest and has a small, rounded dorsal canal. The urostyle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FDFA88871C86FC7E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[607,660,990,1013]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FDFA88871C86FC7E" box="[607,660,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a similarly oriented and tall dorsal spine, but it is projected posteriorly or nearly aligned with the base of the crest. In addition, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF388F651EC0FBD8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[157,210,1084,1107]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF388F651EC0FBD8" box="[157,210,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the shape of the dorsal canal is also triangular with a wide base, but the lateral walls of the canal are rounded and not straight as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FEAC8F231FA7FB19" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[265,437,1146,1170]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FEAC8F231FA7FB19" box="[265,437,1146,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FE638F231FEDFB19" box="[454,511,1146,1170]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FF258FC31EDAFB39" box="[128,200,1178,1202]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The urostyle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE228FC31FF4FB3A" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1845" box="[391,486,1178,1201]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE228FC31FF4FB3A" box="[391,486,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF258FE01F3EFB5A" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[128,300,1209,1233]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF258FE01F3EFB5A" box="[128,300,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having anterior cotyles that are both rounded and completely in contact medially, as well as a small dorsal canal and a dorsal crest that is oriented posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FD6E8FA11D10FA9B" box="[715,770,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FE248E4E1FD4FAA4" box="[385,454,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDBAB38FF398E6F1F72F84A" blockId="8.[128,778,144,1985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
The humeri of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FEDC8E6F1C35FAC5" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[377,551,1334,1358]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FEDC8E6F1C35FAC5" box="[377,551,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be diagnosed and differentiated from other taxa based on characteristics of the distal end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FF5D8E2C1F25FA06" box="[248,311,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FEE18E2C1F43FA06" box="[324,337,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FDC28E2C1CA6FA06" box="[615,692,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Figs S2</figureCitation>
|
||
, S
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FD6B8E2C1CC8FA06" box="[718,730,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">3</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B7FFFDBAB38FF128ECD1FBBFA27" author="Blackburn DC & Keeffe RM & Vallejo-Pareja MC" box="[183,425,1428,1452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" refId="ref12069" refString="Blackburn DC, Keeffe RM, Vallejo-Pareja MC et al. The earliest record of Caribbean frogs: a fossil coqui from Puerto Rico. Biology Letters 2020; 16: 20190947." type="journal volume" year="2020">
|
||
Blackburn
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE8D8ECC1F4BFA27" box="[296,345,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Variation between extant species is found in the extension of the ventral crest in the diaphysis of the bone. This ventral crest can extend from half to one-third of the shaft length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FEFD8EAB1F86F981" box="[344,404,1522,1546]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FD0A8EAB1CEAF981" box="[687,760,1522,1546]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE928D4B1FF7F9A1" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[311,485,1554,1578]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE928D4B1FF7F9A1" box="[311,485,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from that of small individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE058D6B1FC4F9C2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[416,470,1586,1609]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE058D6B1FC4F9C2" box="[416,470,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the shape of the humeral head is longer than wide in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE7B8D081C06F9E3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[478,532,1617,1640]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE7B8D081C06F9E3" box="[478,532,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the olecranon scar is oriented towards the radial epicondyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FDE28D361C96F903" box="[583,644,1647,1672]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FEB18DD61F77F92C" box="[276,357,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FE238DD61C26F92C" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[390,564,1679,1703]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FE238DD61C26F92C" box="[390,564,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF558DF71F65F94D" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[240,375,1710,1734]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Gastrophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF558DF71F65F94D" box="[240,375,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Gastrophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(another taxon with small body size) because in the latter the shape of the distal condyle is wider than long, the ulnar epicondyle is wide, the olecranon scar is short and does not reach the ulnar epicondyle, and the diaphysis is wider relative to the distal condyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FDEC8C721C96F8CF" box="[585,644,1835,1860]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FEAB8C121F4BF8E8" box="[270,345,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In small hylids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FD8C8C121C49F8E9" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[553,603,1867,1890]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FD8C8C121C49F8E9" box="[553,603,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FDCE8C121CC0F8E8" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[619,722,1867,1891]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FDCE8C121CC0F8E8" box="[619,722,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Pseudacris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FF248C331EA0F809" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[129,178,1898,1922]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FF248C331EA0F809" box="[129,178,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the humeral head is relatively smaller and there are often medial or dorsal crests on the diaphysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FDE08CD01C90F829" box="[581,642,1929,1954]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FEAF8CF01F5DF84A" box="[266,335,1961,1985]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDBAB38FCF08BC91A0BFDB4" blockId="8.[825,1475,143,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
In extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC1A8BD61A7FFF2C" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[959,1133,143,167]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC1A8BD61A7FFF2C" box="[959,1133,143,167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the radioulna is long and thin with similar distal and proximal widths (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FB598BF61B28FF4C" box="[1276,1338,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FC6E8B971A0BFF6D" box="[971,1049,206,230]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S4</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is a feature seen in the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC9C8BB41DF5FE8E" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[825,999,237,261]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC9C8BB41DF5FE8E" box="[825,999,237,261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but different from all other taxa that we considered here that have an expanded distal end or have a proximal end slightly wider than the distal end (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FA8E8A751BA5FECF" box="[1323,1463,300,324]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinophrynidae" genus="Rhinophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FA8E8A751BA5FECF" box="[1323,1463,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Rhinophrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FCE18A121D9AFEEF" box="[836,904,331,356]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FC3E8A151DBAFEEF" box="[923,936,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FB6A8A121B30FEEF" box="[1231,1314,331,356]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Figs S2</figureCitation>
|
||
, S
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FAE48A151B5FFEEF" box="[1345,1357,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Another characteristic that differentiates the radioulnae of fossil and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC258AD31A3CFE29" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[896,1070,394,418]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC258AD31A3CFE29" box="[896,1070,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other taxa is the lack of a widely expanded and flat surface for the articulation with the ulnar epicondyle of the humerus. This expanded surface can vary in shape across other taxa but is evident in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FAB98AB11B6EFE74" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1845" box="[1308,1404,488,511]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FAB98AB11B6EFE74" box="[1308,1404,488,511]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FA298AB11DB2FD94" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FA298AB11BADFD8B" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1420,1471,488,512]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC9C895E1DB2FD94" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[825,928,519,543]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pseudacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudacris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC0A89511DF3FD94" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[943,993,520,543]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC0A89511DF3FD94" box="[943,993,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Acris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC4A89511A37FD94" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1007,1061,520,543]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC4A89511A37FD94" box="[1007,1061,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FBC7895E1AFBFD94" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1122,1257,519,543]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Gastrophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FBC7895E1AFBFD94" box="[1122,1257,519,543]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Gastrophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FAA4895E1B2FFD94" box="[1281,1341,519,543]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1104,1128]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetId="figure-433@5.[114,1458,144,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355).B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219926/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FC67897E1A1AFDB4" box="[962,1032,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[117,1458,144,816]" captionTargetId="figure-532@3.[114,1458,143,819]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219922/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDBAB38FC5289391B16FDF2" blockId="8.[825,1475,607,1860]" box="[1015,1284,607,633]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC5289391B16FDF2" box="[1015,1284,607,633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Estimating body size of fossils</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDBAB38FC9C89DF1AFEFAC4" blockId="8.[825,1475,607,1860]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
We used 3D meshes of individual bones from extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC9C89FC1DF1FD36" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[825,995,677,701]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC9C89FC1DF1FD36" box="[825,995,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(multiple species and several individuals of different ontogenetic stages of two species) to make 10 linear measurements that we then used to estimate the body size of the fossils (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FCE1885A1D68FC91" box="[836,890,770,795]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,176,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,149,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[249,1379,202,1814]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in Eleutherodactylus. A, correlation of Eleutherodactylus bodysize (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation.B, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation.Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line.A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant Eleutherodactylus, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig.S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of Eleutherodactylus showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219928/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FB24885A1AF6FC90" box="[1153,1252,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,193,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-7@4.[270,1332,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected,UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views.Anatomical abbreviations:cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219924/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Figs S3–S</figureCitation>
|
||
7). Based on the equations from our OLS regression analyses, the fossil specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC9C88181DF1FCD2" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[825,995,833,857]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC9C88181DF1FCD2" box="[825,995,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Oligocene of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B8F86CFFDBAB38FB4788181B3EFCD2" box="[1250,1324,833,857]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
range in SUL from
|
||
<quantity id="4C849B6BFFDBAB38FCD588381A16FCF3" box="[880,1028,865,889]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" metricValueMax="2.98" metricValueMin="1.68" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="23.3" valueMax="29.8" valueMin="16.8">16.8–29.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FE0335FFDBAB38FBB088381A4DFCF2" box="[1045,1119,865,889]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Body size estimations of fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida, showing the results from the different OLS regression of 10 different measurements (Figs 1–3; Supporting Information, Fig. S7)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" tableUuid="DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). This is similar in size to the living greenhouse frog
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FC4188D91B12FC13" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[996,1280,896,920]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FC4188D91B12FC13" box="[996,1280,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus planirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(maximum female SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4C849B6BFFDBAB38FCD588C61DD2FC3C" box="[880,960,927,951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
|
||
; size range include immature individuals,
|
||
<quantity id="4C849B6BFFDBAB38FA2488C61D77FC5D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="22.0" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="12.0">12–32 mm</quantity>
|
||
; Schwartz and Henderson 1991,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B7FFFDBAB38FB6488E61B6CFC5C" author="Krysko KL & Enge, KM & Moler PE" box="[1217,1406,959,983]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" refId="ref13328" refString="Krysko KL, Enge, KM, Moler PE. Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2019, xvi, 706." type="journal volume" year="2019">
|
||
Krysko
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FAB788E61B2CFC5C" box="[1298,1342,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our regressions reveal strong significant relationships between each measurement and SUL, with coefficients of determination (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6DAE4BFFDBAB38FA2188A41B85FB9E" box="[1412,1431,1021,1045]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">R</collectionCode>
|
||
<superScript id="7C099BC6FFDBAB38FA3288A51B8DFB81" attach="left" box="[1431,1439,1020,1034]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">2</superScript>
|
||
) of 0.803 or higher (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FE0335FFDBAB38FC458F441A3BFBBE" box="[992,1065,1053,1077]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Body size estimations of fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida, showing the results from the different OLS regression of 10 different measurements (Figs 1–3; Supporting Information, Fig. S7)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" tableUuid="DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). This indicates that these measurements are generally strong predictors of body size in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FABD8F651BD0FBDF" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1304,1474,1084,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FABD8F651BD0FBDF" box="[1304,1474,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Supporting Information, Fig. S7). Our results demonstrate that the best measurement to estimate body size, in both the interspecific and intraspecific datasets, is the pre-acetabular ilium width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFDBAB38FCE18FE01DB5FB5A" box="[836,935,1209,1233]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,176,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,149,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[249,1379,202,1814]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in Eleutherodactylus. A, correlation of Eleutherodactylus bodysize (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation.B, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation.Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line.A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant Eleutherodactylus, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig.S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of Eleutherodactylus showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219928/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), though other measurements have similar
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6DAE4BFFDBAB38FAC58FE31B63FB5A" box="[1376,1393,1210,1233]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">R</collectionCode>
|
||
<superScript id="7C099BC6FFDBAB38FAD48FE11B6BFB4D" attach="left" box="[1393,1401,1208,1222]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">2</superScript>
|
||
values. The measurements with the lowest
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6DAE4BFFDBAB38FB3F8F801AB9FB7B" box="[1178,1195,1241,1264]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">R</collectionCode>
|
||
<superScript id="7C099BC6FFDBAB38FB0E8F8E1AA1FB6E" attach="left" box="[1195,1203,1239,1253]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">2</superScript>
|
||
values are the length of the sacral centrum (0.838) for the interspecific dataset, and the width of the sacral anterior condyle (0.803) for the intraspecific dataset (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FE0335FFDBAB38FCE18E6E1D9CFAC4" box="[836,910,1335,1359]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Body size estimations of fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida, showing the results from the different OLS regression of 10 different measurements (Figs 1–3; Supporting Information, Fig. S7)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" tableUuid="DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, Fig. S7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDBAB38FCF08E0F1AE5F8CF" blockId="8.[825,1475,607,1860]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
We calculated the coefficient of variation (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6DAE4BFFDBAB38FAB58E0F1B2BFAE5" box="[1296,1337,1366,1390]" country="China" name="Municipal Museum of Chungking" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">CV</collectionCode>
|
||
) of all measurements to determine which measurements or groups of individuals had the most variation. As expected from the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6DAE4BFFDBAB38FAE88ECC1B4CFA27" box="[1357,1374,1429,1452]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">R</collectionCode>
|
||
<superScript id="7C099BC6FFDBAB38FAFB8ECA1B74FA2A" attach="left" box="[1374,1382,1427,1441]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">2</superScript>
|
||
values of the regressions, the measurements with the greatest coefficients of variation (Supporting Information, Table S5) are the width of the sacral centrum and width of the sacral anterior cotyle, for the interspecific and the intraspecific datasets, respectively. Based on the CVs, there is more variation in the interspecific dataset than in the intraspecific dataset. In the interspecific comparisons, there is more variation for each measurement among immature individuals as a group in comparison to mature individuals. In contrast, in the intraspecific comparisons, there is more variation among mature individuals. In general,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FA998D961BD0F96D" authorityName="Cochran" authorityYear="1935" box="[1340,1474,1742,1766]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glandulifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FA998D961BD0F96D" box="[1340,1474,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">E. glandulifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits more variation than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDBAB38FBF98DB71AF0F88E" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1116,1250,1773,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FBF98DB71AF0F88E" box="[1116,1250,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">E. planirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and for the latter species only mature individuals were incorporated into the regression and geometric morphometric analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDBAB38FCCC8C3A1B80F8F6" blockId="8.[825,1474,1891,1985]" box="[873,1426,1891,1918]" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDBAB38FCCC8C3A1B80F8F6" box="[873,1426,1891,1918]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics of the humerus</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDBAB3AFC9C8CD31F41F8C6" blockId="8.[825,1474,1891,1985]" lastBlockId="10.[129,778,1000,1995]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="8" pageNumber="439">
|
||
We performed a geometric morphometric analysis on the dataset that included the ontogenetic series of two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD9AB3AFF2488B11F3FFB8B" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[129,301,1000,1024]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFF2488B11F3FFB8B" box="[129,301,1000,1024]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The principal component (PC) analysis shows two groups in morphospace. The first includes only specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD9AB3AFF388F7E1F33FBB5" authorityName="Cochran" authorityYear="1935" box="[157,289,1062,1086]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glandulifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFF388F7E1F33FBB5" box="[157,289,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">E. glandulifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other includes medium and large specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD9AB3AFF4C8F1E1F79FBD5" authorityName="Cochran" authorityYear="1935" box="[233,363,1094,1118]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glandulifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFF4C8F1E1F79FBD5" box="[233,363,1094,1118]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">E. glandulifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD9AB3AFDE98F1E1CC1FBD5" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[588,723,1094,1118]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFDE98F1E1CC1FBD5" box="[588,723,1094,1118]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">E. planirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD9AB3AFD468F1F1EB2FBF6" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,176,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,149,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[249,1379,202,1814]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in Eleutherodactylus. A, correlation of Eleutherodactylus bodysize (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation.B, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation.Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line.A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant Eleutherodactylus, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig.S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of Eleutherodactylus showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219928/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, Fig. S8). The variation represented by the two first PC axes is 47.8% and 10.7% for PC1 and PC2, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD9AB3AFEAC8FFD1F41FB37" box="[265,339,1188,1212]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,176,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,149,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[249,1379,202,1814]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in Eleutherodactylus. A, correlation of Eleutherodactylus bodysize (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation.B, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation.Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line.A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant Eleutherodactylus, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig.S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of Eleutherodactylus showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219928/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). This variation is driven by the distal condyle shape and the extension of the ulnar epicondyle. Juvenile and immature individuals form a group in morphospace and these have an ovoid condyle that lacks a developed ulnar epicondyle. The other group is represented by individuals with a rounded condyle and well-developed ulnar epicondyle, and these are all mature individuals with a completely ossified distal condyle (Supporting Information, Fig. S8). A non-parametric Procrustes’
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6DAE4BFFD9AB3AFF588EC61F44FA3C" box="[253,342,1439,1463]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">ANOVA</collectionCode>
|
||
(Supporting Information, Table S6) indicates that the differences between mature and immature individuals is significant (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFEDA8E871F9FFA7E" box="[383,397,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.001), as are the differences between the two species (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFE288EA41F89F99F" box="[397,411,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.002). When the Procrustes
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6DAE4BFFD9AB3AFF248D451EC8F9BF" box="[129,218,1564,1588]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">ANOVA</collectionCode>
|
||
is performed with only mature individuals, the difference between the two species is not significant (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFDD38D651C96F9D8" box="[630,644,1596,1619]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.304; Supporting Information, Table S6; Fig. S8). When the fossils are included in the analysis, the difference between mature and immature individuals is significant (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFE578DC31C12F93A" box="[498,512,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.001) and the fossils fall in a group with the mature individuals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD9AB3AFDCF8DE11CA0F95B" box="[618,690,1720,1744]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,176,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,149,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[249,1379,202,1814]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in Eleutherodactylus. A, correlation of Eleutherodactylus bodysize (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation.B, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation.Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line.A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant Eleutherodactylus, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig.S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of Eleutherodactylus showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219928/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). When immature specimens are removed from the analysis (Supporting Information, Fig. S8), there are no distinct groups among the mature individuals and the fossils are only weakly separated from the extant taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF036606FFDAAB39FFD48C681B01F87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219928" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219928/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="440" startId="9.[113,176,1841,1865]" targetBox="[169,1404,149,1811]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFDAAB39FFD48C681B01F87A" blockId="9.[113,1459,1841,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDAAB39FFD48C681ED5F8C2" bold="true" box="[113,199,1841,1865]" pageId="9" pageNumber="440">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDAAB39FD458C681D69F8C2" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[736,891,1841,1865]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDAAB39FD458C681D69F8C2" box="[736,891,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="440">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, correlation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDAAB39FBBA8C681AA8F8C2" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[1055,1210,1841,1865]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDAAB39FBBA8C681AA8F8C2" box="[1055,1210,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="440">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation. B, correlation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDAAB39FFD48C301F1EF80A" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[113,268,1897,1921]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDAAB39FFD48C301F1EF80A" box="[113,268,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="440">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation. Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line. A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDAAB39FF448CF81F6EF832" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[225,380,1953,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDAAB39FF448CF81F6EF832" box="[225,380,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="440">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig. S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFDAAB39FDA18CE41C8DF85E" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[516,671,1981,2005]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFDAAB39FDA18CE41C8DF85E" box="[516,671,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="440">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48" ID-Table-UUID="DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF036606FFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" startId="10.[129,184,143,167]" targetBox="[129,1474,216,932]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD9AB3AFF248BD61CA0FF48" blockId="10.[129,1436,142,195]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFF248BD61EDDFF2D" bold="true" box="[129,207,142,167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Body size estimations of fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD9AB3AFE578BD61C83FF2C" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[498,657,143,167]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFE578BD61C83FF2C" box="[498,657,143,167]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Florida, showing the results from the different OLS regression of 10 different measurements (Figs 1–3; Supporting Information, Fig. S7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD9AB3AFF248B801B44FC2F" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<table id="F97CC42EFFD954CFFF248B811BD0FC2F" box="[129,1474,216,932]" gridcols="8" gridrows="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248B811BD0FF7A" box="[129,1474,216,241]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFF248B811EF6FF7A" box="[129,228,216,241]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFF248B801EA4FF7A" bold="true" box="[129,182,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Bone</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA58B811C8EFF7A" box="[256,668,216,241]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFEA58B801F6CFF7A" bold="true" box="[256,382,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Measurment</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8B811D3CFF7A" box="[696,814,216,241]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFD1D8B801D11FF7A" bold="true" box="[696,771,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Dataset</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8B811D92FF7A" box="[842,896,216,241]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFCEF8B801D48FF7A" bold="true" box="[842,858,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">R</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFCFF8B811D73FF6D" bold="true" box="[858,865,216,230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">2</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398B811DE4FF7A" box="[924,1014,216,241]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFC398B801DE4FF7A" bold="true" box="[924,1014,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intersept</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68B811A59FF7A" box="[1043,1099,216,241]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFBB68B801A59FF7A" bold="true" box="[1043,1099,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Slope</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8B811AD3FF7A" box="[1128,1217,216,241]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFBCD8B801ABDFF7A" bold="true" box="[1128,1199,217,241]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P-value</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8B811BD0FF7A" box="[1246,1474,216,241]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFB7B8B801BD0FF7A" bold="true" box="[1246,1474,217,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Fossil SUL range [mm]</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248A501BD0FEAA" box="[129,1474,265,289]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFF248A501EF6FEAA" box="[129,228,265,289]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Ilium</th>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA58A501C8EFEAA" box="[256,668,265,289]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Acetabulum height (ah)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8A501D3CFEAA" box="[696,814,265,289]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8A501D92FEAA" box="[842,896,265,289]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.930</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398A501DE4FEAA" box="[924,1014,265,289]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">2.96</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68A501A59FEAA" box="[1043,1099,265,289]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.94</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8A501AD3FEAA" box="[1128,1217,265,289]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">5.76E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8A501BD0FEAA" box="[1246,1474,265,289]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">17.81–29.83</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248A721BD0FEC8" box="[129,1474,299,323]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8A721D3CFEC8" box="[696,814,299,323]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8A721D92FEC8" box="[842,896,299,323]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.966</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398A721DE4FEC8" box="[924,1014,299,323]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">2.89</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68A721A59FEC8" box="[1043,1099,299,323]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.88</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8A721AD3FEC8" box="[1128,1217,299,323]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="441"><2.2E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8A721BD0FEC8" box="[1246,1474,299,323]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">16.78–27.21</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248A141BD0FEEE" box="[129,1474,333,357]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA58A141C8EFEEE" box="[256,668,333,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Pre-Acetabulum Ilium width (paiw)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8A141D3CFEEE" box="[696,814,333,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8A141D92FEEE" box="[842,896,333,357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.949</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398A141DE4FEEE" box="[924,1014,333,357]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.18</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68A141A59FEEE" box="[1043,1099,333,357]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.96</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8A141AD3FEEE" box="[1128,1217,333,357]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="441"><2.2E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8A141BD0FEEE" box="[1246,1474,333,357]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">18.27–29.64</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248A371BD0FE0C" box="[129,1474,366,391]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8A371D3CFE0C" box="[696,814,366,391]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8A371D92FE0C" box="[842,896,366,391]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.977</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398A371DE4FE0C" box="[924,1014,366,391]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.15</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68A371A59FE0C" box="[1043,1099,366,391]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.90</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8A371AD3FE0C" box="[1128,1217,366,391]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="441"><2.2E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8A371BD0FE0C" box="[1246,1474,366,391]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">18.01–28.26</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248AC91BD0FE22" box="[129,1474,400,425]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFF248AC91EF6FE22" box="[129,228,400,425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Urostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA58AC91C8EFE22" box="[256,668,400,425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Urostyle anterior width (uaw)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8AC91D3CFE22" box="[696,814,400,425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8AC91D92FE22" box="[842,896,400,425]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.913</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398AC91DE4FE22" box="[924,1014,400,425]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.25</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68AC91A59FE22" box="[1043,1099,400,425]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.89</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8AC91AD3FE22" box="[1128,1217,400,425]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">9.40E-15</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8AC91BD0FE22" box="[1246,1474,400,425]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">20.59</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248AEB1BD0FE41" box="[129,1474,434,458]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8AEB1D3CFE41" box="[696,814,434,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8AEB1D92FE41" box="[842,896,434,458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.912</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398AEB1DE4FE41" box="[924,1014,434,458]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.21</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68AEB1A59FE41" box="[1043,1099,434,458]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.94</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8AEB1AD3FE41" box="[1128,1217,434,458]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">8.44E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8AEB1BD0FE41" box="[1246,1474,434,458]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">19.64</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248A8D1BD0FE67" box="[129,1474,468,492]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFF248A8D1EF6FE67" box="[129,228,468,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Sacrum</th>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA58A8D1C8EFE67" box="[256,668,468,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Sacrum posterior condyle width (spcw)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8A8D1D3CFE67" box="[696,814,468,492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8A8D1D92FE67" box="[842,896,468,492]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.919</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398A8D1DE4FE67" box="[924,1014,468,492]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.25</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68A8D1A59FE67" box="[1043,1099,468,492]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.90</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8A8D1AD3FE67" box="[1128,1217,468,492]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">4.05E-15</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8A8D1BD0FE67" box="[1246,1474,468,492]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">20.35 - 22.95</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF248AAF1BD0FD85" box="[129,1474,502,526]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D8AAF1D3CFD85" box="[696,814,502,526]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF8AAF1D92FD85" box="[842,896,502,526]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.919</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC398AAF1DE4FD85" box="[924,1014,502,526]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.19</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB68AAF1A59FD85" box="[1043,1099,502,526]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.96</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD8AAF1AD3FD85" box="[1128,1217,502,526]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">2.78E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B8AAF1BD0FD85" box="[1246,1474,502,526]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">18.9–21.48</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2489411BD0FDBB" box="[129,1474,536,560]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA589411C8EFDBB" box="[256,668,536,560]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Sacrum centrum length (scl)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D89411D3CFDBB" box="[696,814,536,560]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF89411D92FDBB" box="[842,896,536,560]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.839</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3989411DE4FDBB" box="[924,1014,536,560]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.66</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB689411A59FDBB" box="[1043,1099,536,560]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.69</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD89411AD3FDBB" box="[1128,1217,536,560]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">2.18E-11</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B89411BD0FDBB" box="[1246,1474,536,560]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">19.44–22.61</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2489601BD0FDD9" box="[129,1474,569,594]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D89601D3CFDD9" box="[696,814,569,594]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF89601D92FDD9" box="[842,896,569,594]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.908</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3989601DE4FDD9" box="[924,1014,569,594]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.76</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB689601A59FDD9" box="[1043,1099,569,594]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.75</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD89601AD3FDD9" box="[1128,1217,569,594]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">1.65E-15</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B89601BD0FDD9" box="[1246,1474,569,594]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">20.38–24.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2489021BD0FDFF" box="[129,1474,603,628]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA589021C8EFDFF" box="[256,668,603,628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Sacrum anterior cotyle width (sacw)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D89021D3CFDFF" box="[696,814,603,628]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF89021D92FDFF" box="[842,896,603,628]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.943</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3989021DE4FDFF" box="[924,1014,603,628]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.41</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB689021A59FDFF" box="[1043,1099,603,628]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.88</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD89021AD3FDFF" box="[1128,1217,603,628]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="441"><2.2E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B89021BD0FDFF" box="[1246,1474,603,628]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">20.37–22.03</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2489241BD0FD1E" box="[129,1474,637,661]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D89241D3CFD1E" box="[696,814,637,661]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF89241D92FD1E" box="[842,896,637,661]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.803</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3989241DE4FD1E" box="[924,1014,637,661]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.38</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB689241A59FD1E" box="[1043,1099,637,661]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.69</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD89241AD3FD1E" box="[1128,1217,637,661]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">5.10E-11</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B89241BD0FD1E" box="[1246,1474,637,661]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">21.5–22.88</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2489C61BD0FD3C" box="[129,1474,671,695]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFF2489C61EF6FD3C" box="[129,228,671,695]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD9AB3AFF2489F91EC9FD3C" authority="Humerus" authorityName="Humerus" box="[129,219,672,695]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Humerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Humerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA589C61C8EFD3C" box="[256,668,671,695]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Humerus head width (hhw)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D89C61D3CFD3C" box="[696,814,671,695]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF89C61D92FD3C" box="[842,896,671,695]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.943</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3989C61DE4FD3C" box="[924,1014,671,695]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.33</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB689C61A59FD3C" box="[1043,1099,671,695]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.86</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD89C61AD3FD3C" box="[1128,1217,671,695]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441"><2.2E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B89C61BD0FD3C" box="[1246,1474,671,695]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">19.14–23.41</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2489981BD0FD52" box="[129,1474,705,729]" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D89981D3CFD52" box="[696,814,705,729]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF89981D92FD52" box="[842,896,705,729]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.930</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3989981DE4FD52" box="[924,1014,705,729]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.33</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB689981A59FD52" box="[1043,1099,705,729]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.81</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD89981AD3FD52" box="[1128,1217,705,729]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="441"><2.2E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B89981BD0FD52" box="[1246,1474,705,729]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">19.54–23.65</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2489BA1BD0FD70" box="[129,1474,739,763]" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA589BA1C8EFD70" box="[256,668,739,763]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Maximum width of distal humerus (mhhw)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D89BA1D3CFD70" box="[696,814,739,763]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF89BA1D92FD70" box="[842,896,739,763]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.931</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3989BA1DE4FD70" box="[924,1014,739,763]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.04</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB689BA1A59FD70" box="[1043,1099,739,763]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.86</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD89BA1AD3FD70" box="[1128,1217,739,763]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">5.24E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B89BA1BD0FD70" box="[1246,1474,739,763]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">18.65–23.81</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF24885C1BD0FC96" box="[129,1474,773,797]" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D885C1D3CFC96" box="[696,814,773,797]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF885C1D92FC96" box="[842,896,773,797]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.950</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC39885C1DE4FC96" box="[924,1014,773,797]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.10</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB6885C1A59FC96" box="[1043,1099,773,797]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.75</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD885C1AD3FC96" box="[1128,1217,773,797]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="441"><2.2E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B885C1BD0FC96" box="[1246,1474,773,797]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">20.11–24.93</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF24887F1BD0FCB4" box="[129,1474,806,831]" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<th id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFF24887F1EF6FCB4" box="[129,228,806,831]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Radioulna</th>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA5887F1C8EFCB4" box="[256,668,806,831]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Oleocranon width (ow)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D887F1D3CFCB4" box="[696,814,806,831]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF887F1D92FCB4" box="[842,896,806,831]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.932</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC39887F1DE4FCB4" box="[924,1014,806,831]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.22</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB6887F1A59FCB4" box="[1043,1099,806,831]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.86</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD887F1AD3FCB4" box="[1128,1217,806,831]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.93E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B887F1BD0FCB4" box="[1246,1474,806,831]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">19.98–22.19</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2488111BD0FCEB" box="[129,1474,840,864]" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D88111D3CFCEB" box="[696,814,840,864]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF88111D92FCEB" box="[842,896,840,864]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.848</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3988111DE4FCEB" box="[924,1014,840,864]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.25</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB688111A59FCEB" box="[1043,1099,840,864]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.74</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD88111AD3FCEB" box="[1128,1217,840,864]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">1.53E-12</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B88111BD0FCEB" box="[1246,1474,840,864]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">21.22–23.22</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2488331BD0FC09" box="[129,1474,874,898]" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFEA588331C8EFC09" box="[256,668,874,898]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Radioulna proximal width (rpw)</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D88331D3CFC09" box="[696,814,874,898]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Interspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF88331D92FC09" box="[842,896,874,898]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.930</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3988331DE4FC09" box="[924,1014,874,898]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.53</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB688331A59FC09" box="[1043,1099,874,898]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.92</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD88331AD3FC09" box="[1128,1217,874,898]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">5.93E-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B88331BD0FC09" box="[1246,1474,874,898]" gridcol="7" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">21.74–22.71</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354C34CCFFD954CFFF2488D51BD0FC2F" box="[129,1474,908,932]" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFD1D88D51D3CFC2F" box="[696,814,908,932]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Intraspecific</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFCEF88D51D92FC2F" box="[842,896,908,932]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.942</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFC3988D51DE4FC2F" box="[924,1014,908,932]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">3.47</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBB688D51A59FC2F" box="[1043,1099,908,932]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">0.83</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFBCD88D51AD3FC2F" box="[1128,1217,908,932]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="441"><2.2e-16</td>
|
||
<td id="769D5DB0FFD954CFFB7B88D51BD0FC2F" box="[1246,1474,908,932]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">21.44–22.28</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3368EFFD9AB3AFF398C0C1AB0F93A" blockId="10.[129,778,1000,1995]" lastBlockId="10.[825,1474,999,1713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">
|
||
The analysis of the interspecific dataset including 27 extant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D0DFFD9AB3AFF538C2D1FB0F807" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[246,418,1908,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFF538C2D1FB0F807" box="[246,418,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows two distinctive groups in morphospace, corresponding to immature individuals in one group and mature individuals in the other. Most variation is captured along PC1 (35.6%) and PC2 (20.4%) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD9AB3AFA9988B11B9BFC74" box="[1340,1417,999,1024]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,176,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,149,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[249,1379,202,1814]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in Eleutherodactylus. A, correlation of Eleutherodactylus bodysize (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation.B, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation.Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line.A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant Eleutherodactylus, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig.S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of Eleutherodactylus showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219928/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and reflects the shape of the distal condyle, which is not completely ossified in immature individuals. A non-parametric Procrustes’
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6DAE4BFFD9AB3AFC9C8F1F1D80FBD5" box="[825,914,1094,1118]" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">ANOVA</collectionCode>
|
||
(Supporting Information, Table S6) indicates that the difference between the mature and immature specimens is significant (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFC108FDC1DD1FB17" box="[949,963,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.001; Supporting Information, Table S6), whereas the difference between subgenera is not (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFA948FFD1B2DFB30" box="[1329,1343,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.113; Supporting Information, Table S6). The eight fossil specimens incorporated into the analysis share a similar shape and exhibit characteristics of mature individuals, regardless of their small size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A0BFFD9AB3AFCE18E781D98FAB2" box="[836,906,1313,1337]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,176,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[169,1404,149,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[249,1379,202,1814]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in Eleutherodactylus. A, correlation of Eleutherodactylus bodysize (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation.B, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation.Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line.A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant Eleutherodactylus, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig.S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of Eleutherodactylus showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219928/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the PC analyses combining fossil and extant specimens, the variation explained by PC1 and PC2 is somewhat less than in the analysis of extant species alone (PC1, 33.3%; PC2, 18.1%), and the differences between the mature and immature individuals remains significant (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFB248EC61A9DFA3D" box="[1153,1167,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.001). However, when fossils are included in the analysis, the differences between subgenera also are significant (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFBF08E841A71FA7F" box="[1109,1123,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.021), though this may be due to treating the fossils as a distinct additional group. A further analysis of only mature individuals does not reveal any clear groups in morphospace (Supporting Information, Fig. S8). All fossils from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B8F86CFFD9AB3AFC7A8D031A38F9F9" box="[991,1066,1626,1650]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
are clustered together and there is not a significant difference between the subgenera (
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EA9CFFD9AB3AFA8B8D231B2EF91A" box="[1326,1340,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="441">P</emphasis>
|
||
-value 0.054; Supporting Information, Table S6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |