plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/FF/87/03FF87C1FF96D201FF79CD65FB95ADB2.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

348 lines
48 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="A155A030979950BFBC1CBB39521A7A7C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.184304" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fe0befe7-de27-4b06-b1ea-0f7f79b6b024" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="184304" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459967439071" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Feitosa, Rodrigo M. &amp; Brandão, Carlos Roberto F." docDate="2008" docId="03FF87C1FF96D201FF79CD65FB95ADB2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01890p049.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1890" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Lachnomyrmex Wheeler 1910" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFC6FFB9FF92D206FFEECF2FFFEBAF20" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical myrmicine ant genus Lachnomyrmex Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698231238674" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="DFE0BEF283CB6843E041354705275563" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B003AD7C5A04DBEAD0EDD46E1BDA393A">
<mods:title id="0615E5BF3B3FA20407DF0652FFDDDA2E">A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical myrmicine ant genus Lachnomyrmex Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="51E1502EEEDA1189A082B55363AF2C43" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5014035669535862D61AA0877135BE39">
<mods:roleTerm id="E1457D5EC5A77B22021ED629DD8411EB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DEF6F1AB12445DE0FEA7FDF7276589F6">Feitosa, Rodrigo M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D8237D42C5B4E81196379D37AD5EFAAA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="783F14C44A67EF77D7534241574EEA81">
<mods:roleTerm id="1CBAC705D45438A2B7A591DC46E5149B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C65C7F999E4885816FA084C5617FCE11">Brandão, Carlos Roberto F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="2524CCEDC01F5D0B5CEAC0278D2D850F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="F6744DB30A42F10306F4D7E629F8AF01" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="4EAE51BEB622494C168C75F9A7A92154">
<mods:title id="B094EA95468CA664AE5BD6461796FE87">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="060E2060A609DEF09782C2A341531797">
<mods:date id="A7263FE66CB6567A22E23F091036E004">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="9D613ED03A330DB774B5620B2710D8EB" type="volume">
<mods:number id="3ABE03603B9F370C2D816A1F0693A603">1890</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="ED09F54E48C2AC1E0898FC597A3DD575" unit="page">
<mods:start id="EF439D817ED99BA6159C9D8FEECBC1D5">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="1C5842D0E29EC8CFA7CFE321EC79DBBF">49</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="AF5F62045E88BFE1F3158CC52EA616D4">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="2F1297BF656575F793F0B518B99B2C27" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.184304</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1B4F13189CAFE406ECF38AE5DE86E248" type="GBIF-Dataset">fe0befe7-de27-4b06-b1ea-0f7f79b6b024</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="34BFEFF0355A4F785953914754E7917D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5FFEE86404F21D15B1A439287011A8F0" type="Zenodo-Dep">184304</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03FF87C1FF96D201FF79CD65FB95ADB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6227579" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119377488" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6227579" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF87C1FF96D201FF79CD65FB95ADB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87C1FF96D201FF79CD65FB95ADB2" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="C34C655CFF96D202FF79CD65FDE7AD44" box="[151,524,586,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF96D202FF79CD65FDE7AD44" blockId="4.[151,524,586,612]" box="[151,524,586,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0A181BBFF96D202FF79CD65FDE7AD44" bold="true" box="[151,524,586,612]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF96D202FF79CD65FDE7AD44" ID-CoL="637NG" authority="Wheeler, 1910" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,524,586,612]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF96D202FF79CD65FDE7AD44" bold="true" box="[151,524,586,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF96D202FF79CD65FEBEAD44" bold="true" box="[151,341,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FEB2CD65FDE7AD44" author="Wheeler" box="[348,524,586,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1910) Three new genera of Myrmicinae ants from tropical America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 28, 259 - 265." type="journal article" year="1910">Wheeler, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C655CFF96D202FF79CDBAFF02AB17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF96D202FF79CDBAFB3CAD8C" blockId="4.[151,1239,661,684]" box="[151,1239,661,684]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4611F9FF96D202FF79CDBAFB3CAD8C" box="[151,1239,661,684]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF96D202FF79CDBAFDFCAD8C" ID-CoL="637NG" authority="Wheeler, 1910: 263" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityPageNumber="263" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,535,661,684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF96D202FF79CDBAFED0AD8C" box="[151,315,661,684]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF710C6FF96D202FEACCDBAFDFCAD8C" author="Wheeler" box="[322,535,661,684]" page="263" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FEACCDBAFE09AD8C" author="Wheeler" box="[322,482,661,684]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1910) Three new genera of Myrmicinae ants from tropical America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 28, 259 - 265." type="journal article" year="1910">Wheeler, 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 263
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. (worker and gyne). Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF96D202FC62CDBAFBDCAD8C" ID-CoL="3RPVC" box="[908,1079,661,684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scrobiculatus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF96D202FC62CDBAFBDCAD8C" box="[908,1079,661,684]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. scrobiculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF96D202FF79CDF2FF02AB17" blockId="4.[151,1437,733,1999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF96D202FF79CDF2FE9AADD7" bold="true" box="[151,369,733,759]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Genus references</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FE6ACDF2FDC9ADD7" author="Emery" box="[388,546,733,759]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Emery, C. (1914) Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae. Rendiconto delle Sessioni della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna, 18, 29 - 42." type="journal article" year="1914">Emery, 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 42 (inclusion in
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF96D202FD12CDF2FC45ADD7" box="[764,942,733,759]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leptothoracini">Leptothoracini</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FC28CDF2FB8FADD7" author="Emery" box="[966,1124,733,759]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Emery, C. (1924, 1922) Hymenoptera, Fam. Formicidae, Subfam. Myrmicinae. In: Wystman, P. (Ed), Genera Insectorum. 174 C, Bruxelles, pp. 207 - 397." type="journal article" year="1924">Emery, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 269 (diagnosis and catalogue);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FF1CCC2AFE6DAC3F" author="Smith" box="[242,390,773,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Smith, M. R. (1944) The genus Lachnomyrmex, with the description of a second species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46, 225 - 228." type="journal article" year="1944">Smith, 1944</bibRefCitation>
: 226 (additions to the original diagnosis and key to species);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FBB8CC2AFB04AC3F" author="Weber" box="[1110,1263,773,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Weber, N. A. (1950) New Trinidad Myrmicinae, with a note on Basiceros Schulz. American Museum Novitates, 1465, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1950">Weber, 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 3 (key to species); Brown, 1950: 249 (additions to the original diagnosis);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FC97CC02FBD7AC67" author="Kusnezov" box="[889,1084,813,839]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Kusnezov, N. (1964) Zoogeografia de las hormigas en Sudamerica. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 19 (1963), 25 - 186." type="journal article" year="1964">Kusnezov, 1964</bibRefCitation>
: 57 (inclusion in
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF96D202FAE3CC02FA7BAC67" ID-CoL="KZZ" box="[1293,1424,813,839]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Myrmicini">Myrmicini</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FF79CC7AFEBBAC4F" author="Gotwald" box="[151,336,853,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Gotwald, W. H. (1969) Comparative morphological studies of the ants, with particular reference to the mouthparts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir, 408, 1 - 150." type="journal article" year="1969">Gotwald, 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 106 (mouthparts);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FDA5CC7AFD1AAC4F" author="Kempf" box="[587,753,853,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1972) Catalogo abreviado das formigas da Regiao Neotropical. Studia Entomologica, 15, 3 - 344." type="journal article" year="1972">Kempf, 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 128 (catalogue);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FC36CC7AFB97AC4F" author="Kugler" box="[984,1148,853,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Kugler, C. (1978) A comparative study of the Myrmicinae sting apparatus. Studia Entomologica, 20, 413 - 548." type="journal article" year="1978">Kugler, 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 467 (sting apparatus);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FF79CC52FE33ACB7" author="Wheeler" box="[151,472,893,919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1989) Notes on ant larvae: Myrmicinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 114, 319 - 327." type="journal article" year="1989">Wheeler &amp; Wheeler, 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 320 (larvae);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FD65CC52FC32ACB7" author="Holldobler" box="[651,985,893,919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Holldobler, B. &amp; Wilson E. O. (1990) The Ants. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler &amp; Wilson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 16 (inclusion in
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF96D202FB5ECC52FAC5ACB7" ID-CoL="L4Y" box="[1200,1326,893,919]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pheidolini">Pheidolini</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FAABCC52FF3DAC9F" author="Bolton" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 222 pp." type="book" year="1994">Bolton, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 106 (inclusion in
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF96D202FE5FCC8AFDA8AC9F" ID-CoL="L8W" box="[433,579,933,959]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stenammini">Stenammini</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FDB9CC8AFCE9AC9F" author="Bolton" box="[599,770,933,959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Bolton, B. (1995 a) A taxonomic and zoogeographical census of the extant ant taxa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History, 29, 1037 - 1056." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="a">Bolton, 1995a</bibRefCitation>
: 1050 (census);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FC2FCC8AFB85AC9F" author="Bolton" box="[961,1134,933,959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Bolton, B. (1995 b) A New General catalogue of the Ants of the Word. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 504 pp." type="book" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Bolton, 1995b</bibRefCitation>
: 220 (catalogue);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FAAFCC8AFE6FACC7" author="Fernandez" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Fernandez, F. &amp; Baena, M. L. (1997) Hormigas de Colombia VII: nuevas especies de los generos Lachnomyrmex Wheeler y Megalomyrmex Forel. Caldasia, 19, 109 - 114." type="journal article" year="1997">Fernández &amp; Baena, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 112 (key to species);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FD78CCE2FCDDACC7" author="Bolton" box="[662,822,973,999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">Bolton, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 203 (taxonomic synopsis); Fernández, 2003a: 325 (diagnosis);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FEC6CCDAFD83AB2F" author="Fernandez" box="[296,616,1013,1039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Fernandez, F. &amp; Ospina, M. (2003) Sinopsis de las hormigas de la region Neotropical. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed), Introduccion a las Hormigas de la Region Neotropical. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humbolt. Bogota, Colombia, pp. 49 - 64." type="book chapter" year="2003">Fernández &amp; Ospina, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 54 (synopsis of Neotropical genera);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF96D202FBC8CCDAFAEBAB2F" author="Bolton" box="[1062,1280,1013,1039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, P. S., Naskrecki, P. (2006) Bolton's Catalogue of Ants of the World: 1758 - 2005. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA." type="book chapter" year="2006">
Bolton
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF96D202FB92CCDAFB55AB2E" box="[1148,1214,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.,</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
(digital catalogue).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C655CFF96D200FF28CB6AFCEDAE72" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF96D202FF28CB6AFBF5AA07" blockId="4.[151,1437,733,1999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF96D202FF28CB6AFE47AB7F" bold="true" box="[198,428,1093,1119]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Generic diagnosis.</emphasis>
Monomorphic myrmicine ants. Body variably rugose except for the primarily smooth scrobe, legs, and gaster. Usually covered by long flexuous hairs. Mandible triangular with two apical and two basal teeth, both pairs equidistant from a single median tooth (dental formula 2–1–2). Clypeus bicarinate and with a broad anteromedian incision. Palpal formula 2, 2. Antennal scrobe present and well developed. Antenna 11-segmented with 2-segmented apical club. Promesonotum variably convex in profile and always fused. Well developed propodeal spines and toothed propodeal lobes present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF96D202FF28CA1AFAD3A887" blockId="4.[151,1437,733,1999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF96D202FF28CA1AFDC1AA6F" bold="true" box="[198,554,1333,1359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Worker generic description.</emphasis>
Size relatively small (TL
<quantity id="4CAE9B32FF96D202FC85CA1AFBF6AA6F" box="[875,1053,1333,1359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="4.54" metricValueMin="2.26" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="4.54" valueMin="2.26">2.26–4.54 mm</quantity>
). Color reddish-brown to black, with appendages slightly lighter. Integument thick, shiny and usually strongly sculptured on head, mesosoma, and waist. Body sculpturation composed mainly of vermiculate, variably spaced, and short to continuous wavy rugae. Cephalic dorsum usually presenting sparse piligerous punctuations among rugae. Dorsal surface of mandibles with sparse piligerous punctuations and short, longitudinal striae normally restricted to basal portion; surface of clypeus opaque, with sparse piligerous punctuations; inner surface of antennal scrobes predominantly smooth and shining; ventral face of head and nuchal area smooth and shining. Rugae on metanotal groove usually parallel. Dorsal face of propodeum with short, transversal striae between bases of propodeal spines; anterior coxae usually presenting short and fine transversal rugulation. Dorsal surface of petiolar peduncle, anterior face of node and surface of gaster usually smooth and shining. Pilosity generally abundant. Dorsum of body frequently covered by dense, whitish to cream-colored, long, flexuous hairs (except for the first gastral segments of some species). Short subdecumbent hairs densely covering antennae and distal portion of legs. Cephalic dorsum with long subdecumbent hairs converging towards head center. Clypeus with a row of hairs, getting gradually longer from lateral to median portion, so that median clypeal hairs surpass mandibles midlength; frontal carinae with three to four extremely long, equidistant hairs projecting laterally, fairly surpassing the lateral margins of head. Extremely short apressed hairs sparsely covering gaster.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF96D203FF28C89AFCD2AD9A" blockId="4.[151,1437,733,1999]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head as long as or longer than broad in full-face view, with posterolateral corners rounded and vertexal margin flat to strongly convex; lateral margins gently converging anteriorly towards mandibles. Mandibles relatively long, subtriangular, and with external margins moderately convex; masticatory margins with five teeth: two apical, two basal, and a single median tooth, equidistant from others; apical tooth distinctly more developed than preceding ones. Intramandibular space absent when mandibles are fully closed against clypeus. Clypeus relatively narrow, medially elevated, feebly emarginate on anterolateral portions, and slightly convex in side view; anterior border with a broad median incision; clypeal central disc bicarinate. Palpal formula 2, 2. Genae with short, deep, longitudinal striae. Frontal lobes laterally rounded to subquadrate, not strongly expanded but covering antennal insertions, prolonged posteriorly as a pair of strongly developed frontal carinae which form the dorsal margins of a pair of deep and conspicuous antennal scrobes; scrobes run back almost to posterolateral corners; ventral margins of scrobes formed by a long longitudinal ridge running above eyes. Frontal area and fronto-clypeal suture obsolete. Antennae 11-segmented; scapes as long as scrobes and moderately incrassate medially; funiculus with conspicuous 2-segmented apical club; apical segment about twice longer than subapical. Compound eyes elliptical, relatively well developed and convex, placed immediately before midline of head; ocelli absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF97D203FF28CDE7FEBDAC8A" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Promesonotum in profile fused and swollen, with dorsal outline convex and variably elevated above the level of dorsal surface of propodeum. Metanotal suture obsolete to deeply impressed. Propodeum strongly sloped, with a pair of well developed, acute spines; propodeal spiracles set close to propodeal declivity, with orifices circular and slightly directed posteriorly. Propodeal lobes subquadrate, armed with a superior, long to short tooth. Legs relatively short and robust; mid and hind tibiae devoid of spurs; tarsal claws simple and strongly curved.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF97D203FF28CC97FEE4AB6A" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Petiole with an elongate anterior peduncle, eventually with a discrete anteroventral denticle; petiolar node normally well developed. Postpetiole usually broader than long in dorsal view, without a well developed node and presenting a subpetiolar process in some species. Gaster globose to slightly elongate, without anterior shoulders.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF97D203FF2BCB77FD76A922" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Sting apparatus (after
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF97D203FE3ECB77FD83AB52" author="Kugler" box="[464,616,1112,1138]" pageId="5" pageNumber="49" refString="Kugler, C. (1978) A comparative study of the Myrmicinae sting apparatus. Studia Entomologica, 20, 413 - 548." type="journal article" year="1978">Kugler 1978</bibRefCitation>
, based on an unidentified
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF97D203FC49CB77FBB0AB51" box="[935,1115,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF97D203FC49CB77FBB0AB51" box="[935,1115,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
close to
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF97D203FB22CB77FA61AB51" box="[1228,1418,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scrobiculatus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF97D203FB22CB77FA61AB51" box="[1228,1418,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. scrobiculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): Spiracular plate lost during preparation. Quadrate plate relatively narrow ventrally and with lateral lobe reduced to a weak ridge. Oblong plate with very narrow posterior arm and with prominent posterior apodeme. Gonostylus uniformly sclerotized and with relatively broad basal half. Triangular plate with long and slender body; long and relatively narrow ventroapical process; dorsoapical process very low. Lancet long, very narrow, weak, distal end tapers slightly towards subacute apex; groove and ventral ridge very closely set, parallel for most of lancet length, subterminal end; symmetrical and feebly acute apical portion. Sting shaft very long, slender, hemocoel highly reduced, slightly forked end in ventral view; very well developed valve chamber and sting bulb, distinct in profile; sting bulb dorsal profile gently convex; sting base vertical in profile, with prominent anterolateral processes, and very weak basal ridge. U-shaped furcula; lateral arms do not curve posteriorly; dorsal arm reduced to a small tubercle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF97D203FF28C920FC71A84A" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF97D203FF28C920FDE4A909" bold="true" box="[198,527,1551,1577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gyne generic description.</emphasis>
Like conspecific workers, with the modifications expected for myrmicine gynes. Body rugulation mostly longitudinal, especially on mesosoma. Three ocelli present, with anterior slightly larger than posterior ones. Scutum convex; notauli and parapsidial lines usually indistinct from surrounding sculpture; tegulae blackish and projected laterally. Transcutal articulation feebly convex; prescutellum with central area indistinct, scutoscutellar sulcus variably impressed; axilae laterally subquadrate; scutellum flat and semicircular; dorsum of propodeum reduced, with spines shorter than in conspecific workers. Forewings with a narrow and poorly colored stigma; longitudinal veins Sc+R, SR, M+Cu, and A present. Cells C and R closed.
<collectingCountry id="F3417647FF97D203FE71C807FE31A862" box="[415,474,1832,1858]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hind</collectingCountry>
wings with venation reduced; veins Sc+R, SR, and M+Cu present; SR and Sc+R extending shortly beyond R cell; three submedian hamuli present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF97D203FF28C858FE7BA8B2" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,400,1911,1938]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF97D203FF28C858FEE6A8B1" bold="true" box="[198,269,1911,1937]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Male.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF97D200FF28C8B0FCEDAE72" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,2020]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF97D203FF28C8B0FE86A899" bold="true" box="[198,365,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mature larva</emphasis>
(After
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF97D203FE28C88FFD11A89A" author="Wheeler" box="[454,762,1952,1978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="49" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1989) Notes on ant larvae: Myrmicinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 114, 319 - 327." type="journal article" year="1989">Wheeler &amp; Wheeler 1989</bibRefCitation>
, based on
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF97D203FC97C88FFC07A899" box="[889,1004,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF97D203FC97C88FFC07A899" box="[889,1004,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. pilosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although called
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF97D203FB57C88FFA9DA899" box="[1209,1398,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scrobiculatus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF97D203FB57C88FFA9DA899" box="[1209,1398,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. scrobiculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by these authors). Head hairs sparse, long, and smooth, with evenly curved shaft. Body hairs sparse and long of four
<typeStatus id="54ED8875FF94D200FF21CFB7FEFAAF92" box="[207,273,152,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">types</typeStatus>
: (1) smooth with frayed tip; (2) flexuous shaft with a small bulbous tip; (3) smooth shaft with uncinate tip; and (4) flexuous shaft with anchor-like tip. Body profile pheidoloid (head ventral, near anterior end, mounted on a short neck which corresponds to the pronotum). Mandible ectatommoid, subtriangular with a medial blade arising from anterior surface and with two medial teeth; apex curved medially, forming a tooth. Abdomen short, stout, straight, and apically rounded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C655CFF94D200FF2BCE70FCDDAA42" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF94D200FF2BCE70FDE6ACA2" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FF2BCE70FEB8AE59" bold="true" box="[197,339,351,377]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Comments.</emphasis>
In the Neotropical region,
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FD79CE4FFCA0AE59" box="[663,843,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FD79CE4FFCA0AE59" box="[663,843,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily distinguished from the other genera by its diagnostic characters. However, within the circumtropical areas the separation may be a little more difficult, mainly from the African genus
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FD86CE9FFD01AEE9" box="[616,746,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphoidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FD86CE9FFD01AEE9" box="[616,746,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cyphoidris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Indo-Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FBF3CE9FFB5EAEE9" box="[1053,1205,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FBF3CE9FFB5EAEE9" box="[1053,1205,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lordomyrma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Comparatively, in
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FF79CEF7FEF1AED1" box="[151,282,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphoidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FF79CEF7FEF1AED1" box="[151,282,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cyphoidris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only one species (
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FE18CEF7FD8AAED1" box="[502,609,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphoidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exalta">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FE18CEF7FD8AAED1" box="[502,609,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C. exalta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bolton) has the body predominantly rugose, the other species present extensive smooth areas over the body. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FD1ACD2FFC9CAD39" box="[756,887,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphoidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FD1ACD2FFC9CAD39" box="[756,887,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cyphoidris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents palpal formula 4,3; mandibles multidenticulate (9–12 teeth); and antennal club 3-segmented. Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FC5FCD07FBA2AD61" box="[945,1097,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FC5FCD07FBA2AD61" box="[945,1097,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lordomyrma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FAD4CD07FF1FAD49" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FAD4CD07FF1FAD49" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the integument only partially rugose; mandibles multidenticulate (7–9 teeth); palpal formula variable among species (3,2–4,3); antennal scrobes relatively short and shallow; and antennae 12-segmented, with 3-segmented apical club.
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FDE5CD8FFCDCAD99" box="[523,823,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FDE5CD8FFD7BAD99" box="[523,656,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphoidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyphoidris</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FD71CD8FFCDCAD99" box="[671,823,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lordomyrma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FC99CD8FFBC0AD99" box="[887,1067,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FC99CD8FFBC0AD99" box="[887,1067,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the presence of a broad anterior incision in the clypeus, the dorsally convex promesonotum, the well developed propodeal spines, and particularities in the sting apparatus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF94D200FDBDCDDFFD07AC2A" author="Kugler" box="[595,748,752,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refString="Kugler, C. (1978) A comparative study of the Myrmicinae sting apparatus. Studia Entomologica, 20, 413 - 548." type="journal article" year="1978">Kugler 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF94D200FD15CDDFFCD1AC2A" author="Kugler" box="[763,826,752,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refString="Kugler, C. (1997) Stings of some species of Lordomyrma and Mayriella (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Insecta Mundi, 11, 193 - 199." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
). The clypeus and sting characters are exclusive in relation to
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FEF4CC37FE41AC12" box="[282,426,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stenammini">Stenammini</taxonomicName>
, and support the notion that the three genera form a monophyletic group within the
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FF79CC6FFEC3AC7A" box="[151,296,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stenammini">Stenammini</taxonomicName>
. However, recent molecular studies consider the tribe, as presently accepted, an artificial group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF94D200FF71CC47FE84ACA2" author="Brady" box="[159,367,872,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="48" refString="Brady, S. G., Schultz, T. R., Fisher, B. L. &amp; Ward, P. S. (2006) Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 13, 18172 - 18177." type="journal article" year="2006">
Brady
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FF01CC47FEC1ACA1" box="[239,298,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF94D200FE95CC47FDEAACA2" author="Ward" box="[379,513,872,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refString="Ward, P. S. (2007) Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Zhang, Z. - Q. &amp; Shear, W. A. (Eds), Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1668, pp. 549 - 563." type="journal article" year="2007">Ward 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF94D200FF28CCBFFDA3AB02" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
In the original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FDD9CCBFFC51AC8A" authority="Wheeler 1910" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1910" box="[567,954,912,938]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FDD9CCBFFD07AC89" box="[567,748,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF94D200FCEECCBFFC5AAC8A" author="Wheeler" box="[768,945,912,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1910) Three new genera of Myrmicinae ants from tropical America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 28, 259 - 265." type="journal article" year="1910">Wheeler 1910</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the author made some mistakes when describing the antennae with 12 segments, anterior margin of clypeus uniformly rounded, and mandibles with only two teeth. These mistakes were later corrected by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF94D200FCC9CCCFFC28ACDA" author="Smith" box="[807,963,992,1018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refString="Smith, M. R. (1944) The genus Lachnomyrmex, with the description of a second species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46, 225 - 228." type="journal article" year="1944">Smith (1944)</bibRefCitation>
and Brown (1950), which made important additions to the genus diagnosis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF94D200FF28CB1FFCDDAA42" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Our studies show that three main characters help to diagnose and separate the 16
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FB64CB1FFAD5AB69" box="[1162,1342,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FB64CB1FFAD5AB69" box="[1162,1342,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species here recognized: the presence in some species of long flexuous hairs on the first gastral segment, the overall sculpture pattern, and the comparative depth of the metanotal suture in relation to the mesosoma dorsal profile. However, when we tried to organize the species into groups within
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FC01CB87FB48ABE1" box="[1007,1187,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FC01CB87FB48ABE1" box="[1007,1187,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we realized that the groups formed using each state of these characters changed as we favored one or another character, which precluded the proposal of internal relations among the species. In the comments sections after each species description, we discuss possible affinities within species, but these should be seen as tentative, as we do not have a strong phylogenetical framework to test our ideas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C655CFF94D201FF28CA40FB95ADB2" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF94D200FF28CA40FF08A9D2" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FF28CA40FE8CAAA9" bold="true" box="[198,359,1391,1417]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FE81CA5FFDC8AAA9" box="[367,547,1392,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FE81CA5FFDC8AAA9" box="[367,547,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the Neotropics, ranging from southern
<collectingCountry id="F3417647FF94D200FB4CCA5FFB15AAAA" box="[1186,1278,1392,1418]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, east into the Caribbean (
<collectingCountry id="F3417647FF94D200FECFCAB7FE60AA92" box="[289,395,1432,1458]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
), and south to northern
<collectingCountry id="F3417647FF94D200FD44CAB7FCC8AA92" box="[682,803,1432,1458]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. Despite a few records of
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FBB1CAB7FAFFAA91" box="[1119,1300,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FBB1CAB7FAFFAA91" box="[1119,1300,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lowland forests of the Amazon Basin and other lowland localities, these ants apparently reach their peak of abundance and diversity in the submontane wet forests (
<quantity id="4CAE9B32FF94D200FD5BCAC7FCAFA922" box="[693,836,1512,1538]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="500.0">500–2000m</quantity>
) of northern South
<collectingCountry id="F3417647FF94D200FBDACAC7FB72A922" box="[1076,1177,1512,1538]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">America</collectingCountry>
and southern Central
<collectingCountry id="F3417647FF94D200FF79C93FFF14A90A" box="[151,255,1552,1578]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">America</collectingCountry>
, where 12 of the 16 known species occur.
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FCE8C93FFC50A909" box="[774,955,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FCE8C93FFC50A909" box="[774,955,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ants are also commonly encountered in scattered submontane localities along the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The preference for submontane forests is shared with species of the related Central American stenammine genus
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FC36C94FFB38A95A" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[984,1235,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FC36C94FFBBAA959" box="[984,1105,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stenamma</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
and may suggest that workers are tolerant to relative low temperature and wet conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF94D200FC1FC9A7FB76A982" author="Longino" box="[1009,1181,1672,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refString="Longino, J. T. (2007) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // www. evergreen. edu / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed: February 2008)." type="book chapter" year="2007">Longino 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Intensive surveys in Central and Southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3417647FF94D200FE3EC99FFDF3A9EA" box="[464,536,1712,1738]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brazil</collectingCountry>
savannas failed to record any
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF94D200FC7CC99FFBADA9E9" box="[914,1094,1712,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FC7CC99FFBADA9E9" box="[914,1094,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
representatives (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF94D200FAFBC99FFF3CA9D2" author="Silva" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refString="Silva, R. R.; Brandao, C. R. F. &amp; Silvestre, R. (2004) Similarity between Cerrado localities in Central and Southeastern Brazil based on the dry season bait visitors ant fauna. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39, 191 - 199." type="journal article" year="2004">
Silva
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FAB3C99FFA7EA9E9" box="[1373,1429,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF94D201FF28C9D0FBB2AE82" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2020]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,658]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF94D200FF28C9D0FE7AA839" bold="true" box="[198,401,1791,1817]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Natural history.</emphasis>
Very little is known about the biology of these cryptic ants. Workers are frequently found in leaf litter and soil samples submitted to Winkler or Berlese extractors, but are never especially abundant within samples. When a dealate gyne is found associated with workers in
<quantity id="4CAE9B32FF94D200FBD9C87DFBB7A84C" box="[1079,1116,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
2 samples of leaf litter, normally it is found singly, which suggests that colonies are relatively small and apparently monogynic; workers and nests are extremely difficult to spot in the field, because the workers are very slow moving and well camouflaged; if there is any leaf-litter nest structure, it is destroyed during sifting, but our impression is that they do not construct any permanent nidal structure. Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF95D201FCA1CFB7FBEFAF91" box="[847,1028,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF95D201FCA1CFB7FBEFAF91" box="[847,1028,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
apparently nest within the leaf litter, inside natural cavities of the superficial soil layers, fallen logs, and rotten wood, as evidenced by the large number of soil-covered individuals collected, from information recorded in specimen label data, and from observations of collectors. Workers forage alone, in the leaf litter and in the low vegetation, occasionally among epiphytes and moss, probably preying on small soft-bodied arthropods and possibly harvesting plant exudates. All attempts to maintain colonies in artificial conditions have failed thus far. No males are known for the entire genus and gynes have been associated to nest series for nine species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE936D7FF95D201FF28CE9FFB95ADB2" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The absence of
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF95D201FE67CE9FFDD6AEE9" box="[393,573,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lachnomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF95D201FE67CE9FFDD6AEE9" box="[393,573,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lachnomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males in ant collections remains a mystery, especially considering that males of the related
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF95D201FE6ACEF7FDEDAED1" box="[388,518,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphoidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF95D201FE6ACEF7FDEDAED1" box="[388,518,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cyphoidris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF95D201FDD1CEF7FD3CAED1" box="[575,727,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lordomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF95D201FDD1CEF7FD3CAED1" box="[575,727,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lordomyrma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known. For the Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C564D54FF95D201FBBDCEF7FB08AED2" box="[1107,1251,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stenammini">Stenammini</taxonomicName>
, the male sex is known only for a few species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF95D201FDEDCD2FFD77AD3A" author="Bolton" box="[515,668,512,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">Bolton 2003</bibRefCitation>
), probably because most of the samples refer to stray individuals and do not come from nest series. We can not rule out the possibility that these ants adopt alternative reproductive strategies, as thelytokous parthenogenesis or employ the “female calling syndrome”, hampering male capture by the usual ant collection techniques (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF95D201FD55CD57FC69ADB2" author="Holldobler" box="[699,898,632,658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" refString="Holldobler, B. (1971) Sex pheromone in the ant Xenomyrmex floridanus. Journal of Insect Physiology, 17, 1497 - 1499." type="journal article" year="1971">Hölldobler 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B26FF95D201FC60CD57FB9AADB2" author="Kaspari" box="[910,1137,632,658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="49" refString="Kaspari, M., Pickering, J., Longino, J. T. &amp; Windsor, D. (2001) The phenology of a Neotropical ant assemblage: evidence for continuous and overlapping reproduction. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 382 - 390." type="journal article" year="2001">
Kaspari
<emphasis id="B922EAC5FF95D201FC1ECD57FBC0ADB1" box="[1008,1067,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink