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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v13i4.47395" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d67483c5-9733-4c64-96b7-3146b4e199fa" ID-PMC="PMC6879664" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1993-078X-4-367" ID-Pensoft-UUID="009213FDF23A5543B5D82B35D8BD0706" ID-PubMed="31798796" ID-ZooBank="32E091B44FDF4FCA89373A83AA387DFB" ModsDocID="1993-078X-4-367" checkinTime="1574358771261" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Nokkala, Christina, Kuznetsova, Valentina G., Rinne, Veikko &amp; Nokkala, Seppo" docDate="2019" docId="BC4E57BB1DC350DC8D2F920D7F0AE019" docLanguage="en" docName="CompCytogen 13(4): 367-382" docOrigin="Comparative Cytogenetics 13 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v13i4.47395" docTitle="Cacopsylla borealis S. Nokkala &amp; Ch. Nokkala, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="EB6FC0FC-6BB5-45F4-A4BC-3E88EEAD167A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="009213FDF23A5543B5D82B35D8BD0706" lastPageNumber="367" masterDocId="009213FDF23A5543B5D82B35D8BD0706" masterDocTitle="Description of two new species of the genus Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson, 1970 (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) from northern Fennoscandia recognized by morphology, cytogenetic characters and COI barcode sequence" masterLastPageNumber="382" masterPageNumber="367" pageNumber="367" updateTime="1668127288575" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Description of two new species of the genus Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson, 1970 (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) from northern Fennoscandia recognized by morphology, cytogenetic characters and COI barcode sequence</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nokkala, Christina</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kuznetsova, Valentina G.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rinne, Veikko</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nokkala, Seppo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Comparative Cytogenetics</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>13</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>4</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>367</mods:start>
<mods:end>382</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v13i4.47395</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v13i4.47395</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1993-078X-4-367</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">32E091B44FDF4FCA89373A83AA387DFB</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">009213FDF23A5543B5D82B35D8BD0706</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="160511109" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EB6FC0FC-6BB5-45F4-A4BC-3E88EEAD167A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC4E57BB1DC350DC8D2F920D7F0AE019" lastPageNumber="367" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="367" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<taxonomicName LSID="BC4E57BB-1DC3-50DC-8D2F-920D7F0AE019" authority="S. Nokkala &amp; Ch. Nokkala" class="Insecta" family="Psyllidae" genus="Cacopsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacopsylla borealis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">Cacopsylla borealis S. Nokkala &amp; Ch. Nokkala</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="367">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="367" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Holotype</emphasis>
: Female; Finland, Salla, Tuntsa;
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="north" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="11" value="67.303055">67°18'11&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="18" value="29.271666">29°16'18&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
; 01. Aug. 2019; Seppo &amp; Christina Nokkala leg.; host
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Ledum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ledum palustre" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustre">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Ledum palustre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; http://mus.utu.fi/ZMUT.TYPE798.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Paratypes</emphasis>
: 10 females; Finland, Salla, Tuntsa;
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="north" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="11" value="67.303055">67°18'11&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="18" value="29.271666">29°16'18&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
; 01. Aug. 2019; Seppo &amp; Christina Nokkala leg.; host
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Ledum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ledum palustre" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustre">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Ledum palustre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; http://mus.utu.fi/ZMUT.TYPE799. 5 females; Russia, Baikal;
<geoCoordinate degrees="51" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="51.906944">51°54'25&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="105" direction="east" minutes="04" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="105.07056">105°04'14&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
; July 2007; E. Labina leg.; host
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Ledum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ledum palustre" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustre">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Ledum palustre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; http://mus.utu.fi/ZMUT.TYPE800. 6 females; Russia, Vorkuta;
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="67.5">67°30'00&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="east" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="64.03333">64°02'00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
; 6 Aug. 2013; N. Khabasova leg.; host
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Ledum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ledum palustre" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustre">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Ledum palustre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; http://mus.utu.fi/ZMUT.TYPE801. The holotype and paratypes are deposited at the Zoological Museum, University of Turku, Finland.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="367" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
Adult coloration resembles
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is more brownish with dark markings. Wings are yellowish and transparent with yellowish veins. Males are unknown. Overall length of females is similar to that of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(2.53-3.04 mm, N = 5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="367" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
The distribution of the surface spinules in the c+sc cell of forewing in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. The distribution of surface spinules in the s + cs cell in the forewing a C. lapponica sp. nov. The distribution of spinules is similar to that of C. myrtilli b C. borealis sp. nov. The distribution of spinules is similar to that of C. ledi." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357944" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
) is similar to spinule distribution in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be indentified reliably by differences in their external morphology (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of forewing coloration in C. borealis sp. nov. and C. ledi a C. borealis sp. nov., dark brown apex and basal wing margin in clavus b C. ledi, clavus without dark brown markings." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357947" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Figs 8</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Antennae in C. borealis sp. nov., C. lapponica sp. nov., C. ledi and C. myrtilli." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357949" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">10</figureCitation>
). A conspicuous difference is found in the forewings, where in clavus, apex and basal wing margin are dark brown in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of forewing coloration in C. borealis sp. nov. and C. ledi a C. borealis sp. nov., dark brown apex and basal wing margin in clavus b C. ledi, clavus without dark brown markings." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357947" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Typically, on mesoscutum there are four highly pigmented longitudinal stripes in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that are completely absent in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Comparison of morphological details between C. borealis sp. nov. (a, c, e, g) and C. ledi (b, d, f, h). Mesoscutum (a-b) dorsal plate (proctiger) (c-d) subgenital plate, ventral view (e-f) female terminalia in side view (g-h)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357948" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
Fig. 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="ab">a-b</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357947" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Comparison of forewing coloration in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">a</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., dark brown apex and basal wing margin in clavus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">b</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, clavus without dark brown markings.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
In female terminalia in dorsal view, the circumanal pore ring complex is wider in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Comparison of morphological details between C. borealis sp. nov. (a, c, e, g) and C. ledi (b, d, f, h). Mesoscutum (a-b) dorsal plate (proctiger) (c-d) subgenital plate, ventral view (e-f) female terminalia in side view (g-h)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357948" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
Fig. 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="cd">c-d</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
). The ventral subgenital plate seen from below narrows evenly towards the rounded apex in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
while in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the structure is more slender and narrows strongly at first and then more evenly towards the apex (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Comparison of morphological details between C. borealis sp. nov. (a, c, e, g) and C. ledi (b, d, f, h). Mesoscutum (a-b) dorsal plate (proctiger) (c-d) subgenital plate, ventral view (e-f) female terminalia in side view (g-h)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357948" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
Fig. 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="ef">e-f</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the structure of the female terminalia in side view resembles that found in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. myrtilli" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="myrtilli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. myrtilli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is quite different from that found in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Comparison of morphological details between C. borealis sp. nov. (a, c, e, g) and C. ledi (b, d, f, h). Mesoscutum (a-b) dorsal plate (proctiger) (c-d) subgenital plate, ventral view (e-f) female terminalia in side view (g-h)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357948" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
Fig. 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="gh">g-h</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
). The antennae in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are thicker and shorter than in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Antennae in C. borealis sp. nov., C. lapponica sp. nov., C. ledi and C. myrtilli." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357949" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Antennae are shortest in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. lapponica" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and thickness is similar compared to that of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while the antennae have equal length in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. myrtilli" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="myrtilli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. myrtilli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357948" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Comparison of morphological details between
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">a, c, e, g</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">b, d, f, h</emphasis>
). Mesoscutum (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<normalizedToken originalValue="ab">a-b</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
) dorsal plate (proctiger) (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<normalizedToken originalValue="cd">c-d</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
) subgenital plate, ventral view (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<normalizedToken originalValue="ef">e-f</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
) female terminalia in side view (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<normalizedToken originalValue="gh">g-h</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/357949" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Antennae in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. lapponica" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. myrtilli" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="myrtilli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. myrtilli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="367" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forms dense populations in northern Fennoscandia down to latitude 66° (Table
<tableCitation captionStartId="T1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/94249AC026B7B024082137ECDE10D1D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" tableUuid="94249AC026B7B024082137ECDE10D1D0">1</tableCitation>
.) It is also not uncommon to find mixed populations with
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is easily understood as they are both parthenogenetic and live in those populations strictly reproductively isolated from each other. On the other hand, the wide distribution of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Western Europe to Lake Baikal in the east suggests that
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is of old origin. In some locations, most specimens in mixed populations living on
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. palustre" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="palustre">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">L. palustre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as in Utsjoki, Ailigas (320 m), while in another location, in Utsjoki, Utsjoki Hietala near the sea level, the proportion of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ledi" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="ledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. ledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is close to 20%. However, in several locations, as in Salla, Tuntsa and Salla,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Niemelä">Niemelae</normalizedToken>
, as well as in Kuusamo, Kantojoki and Kuusamo, Sakkojoki all individuals collected were
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. borealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="367" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="367">C. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found to be quite common in northern Finland. However, the hitherto known distribution of the species in Fennoscandia is restricted to north of latitude 63°.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="367" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="367">
The name
<normalizedToken originalValue="“borealis”">&quot;borealis&quot;</normalizedToken>
which means
<normalizedToken originalValue="“north”">&quot;north&quot;</normalizedToken>
or
<normalizedToken originalValue="“northern”">&quot;northern&quot;</normalizedToken>
in Latin was given because of the wide Palearctic distribution of the species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>