180 lines
24 KiB
XML
180 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A0C1C6E2EF979F3A10393228C26B5005">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FCA8372A2E8544B7AA4709158A59EDFE">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6A33EF5B6EDB818B4A244FDB1E64C655">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="694B21D5F3851850544ABFD78C1660C9">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="29F50BFA2AE6225C6BAC2C76E0A85585">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0C234D6EF5CBF2ABC803086DEBF43A87">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="62EA6BE7D4532FFF9863CAA0627B83C0">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FF17C502200DEC3E691BFF463E8EF00B">2022-12-28</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFFD6FFF3E0D052BB8E40FB19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517963" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789541" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7517963" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFFD6FFF3E0D052BB8E40FB19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFFD6FFF3E0D052BB8E40FB19" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFD6FFF3E0D052BB8E1EFE0D" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFD6FFFCE0D052BB8C50FF6D" blockId="23.[151,375,150,177]" box="[151,375,150,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="604781C1FFD6FFFCE0D052BB8C50FF6D" bold="true" box="[151,375,150,177]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFD6FFFCE0D052BB8C50FF6D" ID-CoL="668XN" ID-ENA="2739729" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[151,375,150,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Allobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD6FFFCE0D052BB8C50FF6D" bold="true" box="[151,375,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Allobates femoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="6FCF6625FFD6FFFCE0D054F58C37F8E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517968" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7517968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517968/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[151,250,1752,1776]" targetBox="[151,1436,215,1729]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFD6FFFCE0D054F58C37F8E5" blockId="23.[151,1436,1752,1849]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD6FFFCE0D054F58C34F92C" bold="true" box="[151,275,1752,1776]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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Tadpole of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFD6FFFCE1C954F48F72F92D" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[398,597,1753,1777]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Allobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD6FFFCE1C954F48F72F92D" box="[398,597,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Allobates femoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(LCS s/n) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole and (E) dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet. Pictures taken in captivity.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFD6FFF3E080554A8E1EFE0D" blockId="23.[151,1437,1895,2029]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,1221]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD6FFFCE080554A8CE8F85D" bold="true" box="[199,463,1895,1921]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on nine tadpoles between Stages 34 and 38 (LCS 458, 577, 706). Total length 29.1 ±
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFD6FFFCE13F55A68CF7F879" box="[376,464,1931,1957]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
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(mean ± 1 standard deviation SD; N = 4 tadpoles at Stages 36 and 37). Body oval in dorsal view and globular/depressed in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFD6FFFCE2A755828E7CF815" box="[736,859,1967,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[151,1436,200,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tadpole of Allobates femoralis (LCS s/n) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole and (E) dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet. Pictures taken in captivity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517968/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout rounded in dorsal view and truncate in lateral view. Eyes small, dorsally positioned and dorsolaterally directed. Nostrils small, circular, dorsally positioned closer to snout than to eyes, with opening laterally directed, without a projection on marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFD9FFF3E52852BA8D9EFF09" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[151,1436,200,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tadpole of Allobates femoralis (LCS s/n) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole and (E) dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet. Pictures taken in captivity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517968/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, laterally emarginate; marginal papillae conical, uniseriate, with a wide dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae absent. LTRF 2(2)/3(1); A1 and A2 of the same length; P3 slightly shorter than P1 and P2. Jaw sheaths narrow, finely serrate; the anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath U-shaped. Spiracle single, sinistral, cylindrical, short and wide, posterodorsally directed, opening on the middle third of the body with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall, and longer than the external wall. Vent tube long, dextral, fused to the ventral fin, with dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin shallow, convex and originating at the tail-body junction; ventral fin shallow and parallel to the ventral margin of caudal musculature. Tail tip pointed. Lateral lines visible.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFD9FFF3E08053F789E2FC31" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFD9FFF3E08053F78F77FD59" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E08053F78C07FE28" bold="true" box="[199,288,474,500]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative, body brown or grayish brown, belly transparent, digestive tract visible; caudal musculature creamy colored and tail fins translucent; both caudal musculature and fins covered with melanophores forming many brown or grayish brown blotches. In life, dorsum grayish brown, lateral of the body with chromatophores forming small silvery spots, venter translucent; caudal musculature pale brown with melanophores forming blotches, tail fins translucent (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFD9FFF3E1AF50468F64FD59" box="[488,579,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[151,1436,200,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tadpole of Allobates femoralis (LCS s/n) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole and (E) dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet. Pictures taken in captivity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517968/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFD9FFF3E08050A3884FFD75" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[199,1384,654,681]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E08050A38C18FD74" bold="true" box="[199,319,654,680]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Variation.</emphasis>
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LTRF 2(2)/3(1) from Stage 32 onwards. At Stage 27 LTRF ranges from 1/2 to 2/2 to 2(2)/3(1).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFD9FFF3E080509E8CB3FCC9" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E080509E8C4FFD11" bold="true" box="[199,360,691,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Metamorphs.</emphasis>
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Dorsum gray to black with a light brown dorsolateral line barely reaching the end of the body; belly with irregular dark markings; orange patch on the outside of the thigh and a yellow patch on the base of the anterior arm (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFD9FFF3E17750D68CAFFCC9" box="[304,392,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[151,1436,200,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tadpole of Allobates femoralis (LCS s/n) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole and (E) dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet. Pictures taken in captivity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517968/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFD9FFF3E080513289E2FC31" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E08051328CA0FCE4" bold="true" box="[199,391,798,825]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs are deposited in the forest floor between fallen leaves. Clutches contain from 8 to 17 pigmented eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E11D516E8F38FC81" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." box="[346,543,835,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFD9FFF3E11D516E8CB0FC81" box="[346,407,835,861]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E1D8516E8CFEFC81" box="[415,473,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles at Stage 27 are carried on the back of the males (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E494516E88B2FC81" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." box="[1235,1429,835,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFD9FFF3E494516E8837FC81" box="[1235,1296,835,861]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E55E516E886CFC81" box="[1305,1355,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
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. 2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and rarely females (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E135514A8F61FC5D" author="Ringler, E. & Pasukonis, A. & Firch, W. T. & Huber, L. & Ringler, M." box="[370,582,870,897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1219 - 1225" refId="ref82175" refString="Ringler, E., Pasukonis, A., Firch, W. T., Huber, L., H ˆ dl, W. & Ringler, M. (2015) Flexible compensation of uniparental care: female poison frogs take over when males disappear. Behavioral Ecology, 26, 1219 - 1225. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / beheco / arv 069" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Ringler
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E188514A8F21FC5D" box="[463,518,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
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2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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) to small, temporary, isolated or streamside ponds and puddles in terra-firme forests and forest edge (this study). Larvae are found in all months of the year. Larvae are benthic and camouflaged against the substrate. Larvae consume detritus (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E2FF51828E4EFC15" author="Weygoldt, P." box="[696,873,943,969]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="215 - 226" refId="ref85288" refString="Weygoldt, P. (1980) Zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie von Phyllobates femoralis (Boulenger) im Terrarium (Amphibia: Salientia: Dendrobatidae). Salamandra, 16, 215 - 226." type="journal article" year="1980">Weygoldt 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and anuran eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E40151828848FC15" author="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M." box="[1094,1391,943,969]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="310 - 318" refId="ref80103" refString="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs. Oecologia, 86, 310 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00317595" type="journal article" year="1991">Magnusson & Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In experiments larvae were found to be preyed upon by dragonfly larvae and fish (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E45451FE899EFC31" author="Gascon, C." box="[1043,1209,979,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="971 - 980" refId="ref77302" refString="Gascon, C. (1992 a) Aquatic predators and tadpole prey in central Amazonia: field data and experimental manipulations. Ecology, 73, 971 - 980. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1940173" type="journal article" year="1992">Gascon 1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFD9FFF3E08051DB8E40FB19" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFD9FFF3E08051DB8E40FB19" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E08051DB8C68FBCC" bold="true" box="[199,335,1014,1040]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFD9FFF3E1A351DA8F49FBCD" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[484,622,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Allobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFD9FFF3E1A351DA8F49FBCD" box="[484,622,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. femoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were previously described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E38B51DA89AAFBCD" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[972,1165,1015,1041]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFD9FFF3E49351DA8814FBCD" box="[1236,1331,1015,1041]" name="Ecuador" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, by Hero (1990) from Central Amazonia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFD9FFF3E24356368F6FFBE9" box="[516,584,1051,1077]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E2E156368E4FFBE9" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[678,872,1050,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFD9FFF3E3E856368EC1FBE9" box="[943,998,1051,1077]" name="Peru" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Tadpoles described herein differ from those described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E12856128F17FB85" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[367,560,1087,1113]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
by presenting LTRF 2(2)/3; and from those described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E4FE5612885EFB85" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[1209,1401,1086,1113]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
by presenting dorsal fin originating on the tail and a rounded tail tip (although
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFD9FFF3E3B7564E8940FBA1" box="[1008,1127,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1297,1321]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,192,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-21@36.[151,1437,181,1273]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Tadpole of Ceratophrys cornuta (MNRJ s/n) at Stage 38: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517994/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5E84506AFFD9FFF3E463564E8940FBA1" box="[1060,1127,1123,1149]" degrees="13.2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5555" value="13.2">13.2E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFD9FFF3E4CB564E881DFBA1" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[1164,1338,1122,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows a tadpole with a pointed tail tip). There are no morphological differences between tadpoles herein characterized and those from Central Amazonia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFD9FFF3E1B756868F10FB19" box="[496,567,1195,1221]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, illustrated in Hero (1990).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |