165 lines
20 KiB
XML
165 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AC048D66A3610FB84A41B66C939AEC5A">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2F82C5D83931BE6122C7DE06AEE05D7F">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="75931664F0B3D8455A836BF71A25669E">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AD36672E8716F877E473DD15F651723E" type="email">denise.rossa-feres@unesp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="805CF25DBDDBA7364457420DC9503FC2">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D1EC88914C40A1746935253328862C99">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DC0E5C123C1F61FC4CA57A28B4925CC0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C0FEAE4999C751D7B97B038C12FD3824">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFF9BFFB0E0D051FF8C14FE0D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7525571" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789549" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7525571" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFF9BFFB0E0D051FF8C14FE0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFF9BFFB0E0D051FF8C14FE0D" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF9BFFB1E0D051FF8CFAFC31" box="[151,477,978,1005]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF9BFFB1E0D051FF8CFAFC31" blockId="90.[151,1437,978,2013]" box="[151,477,978,1005]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="604781C1FF9BFFB1E0D051FF8CFAFC31" bold="true" box="[151,477,978,1005]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF9BFFB1E0D051FF8CFAFC31" ID-CoL="3TN6X" ID-ENA="47564" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[151,477,978,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pentadactylus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E0D051FF8CFAFC31" bold="true" box="[151,477,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Leptodactylus pentadactylus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF9BFFB1E08051DA8EDDF801" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF9BFFB1E08051DA88BDFA41" blockId="90.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E08051DA8CEAFBCD" bold="true" box="[199,461,1015,1041]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on one tadpole at Stage 36 (INPA-H 10321). Total length
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<quantity id="FC489B48FF9BFFB1E57651DA88BEFBCD" box="[1329,1433,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.34" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="73.4">73.4 mm</quantity>
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. Body ovoid in dorsal view and globular/depressed in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF9BFFB1E3C35636892BFBE9" box="[900,1036,1050,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 58" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox="[161,1431,495,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-161@91.[151,1437,488,1352]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 58. Tadpole of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (MNRJ 7843) at Stage 38: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518130" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518130/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 58A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout rounded in dorsal view and truncate in lateral view. Eyes small, dorsally positioned and dorsolaterally directed. Nostrils small, circular, dorsolaterally positioned in an intermediate distance between the eyes and the snout, with opening anterolaterally direct- ed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF9BFFB1E34056AA8E4CFB7D" box="[775,875,1158,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 58" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox="[161,1431,495,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-161@91.[151,1437,488,1352]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 58. Tadpole of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (MNRJ 7843) at Stage 38: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518130" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518130/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Fig. 58C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, non-emarginate; marginal papillae blunt, uniseriate, with a dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae absent. LTRF 1/2(1); P2 shorter than P1. Jaw sheaths wide, finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, lateroventral, conical, short and wide, posterodorsally directed, opening in the medial third of the body, with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube medial, fused to the ventral fin, with a medial opening. As typical to tadpoles of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF9BFFB1E1E857168F4FFA89" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[431,616,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pentadactylus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E1E857168F4FFA89" box="[431,616,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">L. pentadactylus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, tail long, corresponding to about 68% of total length; caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin shallow, originating at the tail, convex; ventral fin shallow with margin parallel to the ventral margin of caudal musculature. Tail tip rounded.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF9BFFB1E080578B8C38F9D5" blockId="90.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E080578B8C07FA1C" bold="true" box="[199,288,1446,1472]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative dorsum grayish brown; venter cream; caudal musculature cream; fins translucent pale cream. In life body and caudal musculature dark grey or black; venter silver or ark silver; fins translucent (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9BFFB1E51657E68C34F9D5" author="Menin, M. & Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J." pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref80789" refString="Menin, M., Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J. (2010) The tadpole of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Central Amazonia. Zootaxa, 2508 (1), 65 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2508.1.5" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Menin
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E0D057C28DE8F9D5" box="[151,207,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF9BFFB1E080543E8F9FF961" blockId="90.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E080543E8C4FF9F1" bold="true" box="[199,360,1555,1581]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Metamorphs.</emphasis>
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Dorsal region reddish brown with well-defined, narrow transverse bands between the eyes and on the dorsum; each side has one dorsolateral stripe from eye to the middle of the urostyle and a thicker stripe beginning at the mouth, passing through nostrils and eyes, and making a downward curve and ending above the tympanum; mouth traversed by transversal bars through its entire width; venter with light patches on a dark gray background; limbs with transversal thick stripes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF9BFFB1E08054EA8EDDF801" blockId="90.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E08054EA8CA0F93C" bold="true" box="[199,391,1734,1761]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs were not observed. Foam nests are deposited in burrows in clayish soil, within an excavated basin at the bottom of the burrow; the observed burrows had no water and were distant from water bodies (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9BFFB1E0D855228CB5F8F5" author="Hero, J-M. & Galatti, U." box="[159,402,1807,1833]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="226 - 228" refId="ref77876" refString="Hero, J-M. & Galatti, U. (1990) Characteristics distinguishing Leptodactylus pentadactylus and L. knudseni in the Central Amazon Rainforest. Journal of Herpetology, 24, 226 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564240" type="journal article" year="1990">Hero & Galatti 1990</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9BFFB1E1E655228F53F8F5" author="Menin, M. & Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J." box="[417,628,1807,1833]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref80789" refString="Menin, M., Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J. (2010) The tadpole of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Central Amazonia. Zootaxa, 2508 (1), 65 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2508.1.5" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Menin
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E1B455228F09F8F5" box="[499,558,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Eggs were observed in the gut of one tadpole at Stage 29 (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9BFFB1E57355228DDDF891" author="Menin, M. & Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J." pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref80789" refString="Menin, M., Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J. (2010) The tadpole of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Central Amazonia. Zootaxa, 2508 (1), 65 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2508.1.5" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Menin
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E5CF55228D93F891" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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). All tadpoles examined had the abdomen heavily irrigated by wide, well ramified blood vessels visible from dorsal and lateral views. This morphological feature plus completely terrestrial development might argue that tadpole development is sustained by yolk, but the very large size attained by larvae and the observation of eggs in tadpole guts in the few nests found suggest that oral food consumption is obligate. In experiment
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF9BFFB1E49A55B288BBF865" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[1245,1436,1951,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pendadactylus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9BFFB1E49A55B288BBF865" box="[1245,1436,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">L. pendadactylus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was found to be a voracious amphibian egg-eater (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9BFFB1E28C55EE8ECAF801" author="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M." box="[715,1005,1987,2013]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="310 - 318" refId="ref80103" refString="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs. Oecologia, 86, 310 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00317595" type="journal article" year="1991">Magnusson & Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF9AFFB0E08052BB8C14FE0D" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF9AFFB0E08052BB8C14FE0D" blockId="91.[151,1437,150,465]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9AFFB0E08052BB8C68FF6C" bold="true" box="[199,335,150,176]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Comments.</emphasis>
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Tadpoles from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF9AFFB0E24552BB8F78FF6C" box="[514,607,150,176]" name="Ecuador" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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characterized by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9AFFB0E36E52BB8ECDFF6C" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[809,1002,150,176]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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differ from those herein characterized by presenting snout rounded in lateral view, spiracle opening at midline of body, LTRF 2(2)/3, and tail tip pointed. Tadpoles from Central Amazonia were illustrated by Hero (1990) and described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9AFFB0E40B52F3880BFF24" author="Menin, M. & Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J." box="[1100,1324,222,248]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref80789" refString="Menin, M., Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J. (2010) The tadpole of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Central Amazonia. Zootaxa, 2508 (1), 65 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2508.1.5" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Menin
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9AFFB0E4DA52F289F0FF24" box="[1181,1239,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al.</emphasis>
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(2010)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Tadpoles from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF9AFFB0E092532E8C2FFEC1" box="[213,264,259,285]" name="Peru" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Peru</collectingCountry>
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were described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9AFFB0E1A1532F8F8DFEC1" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[486,682,258,285]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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. Tadpoles illustrated by Hero (1990) differ from those herein characterized by presenting dorsal fin parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tail. Tadpoles described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9AFFB0E557530B8DC5FEB8" author="Menin, M. & Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref80789" refString="Menin, M., Lima, A. P. & Rodrigues, D. J. (2010) The tadpole of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Central Amazonia. Zootaxa, 2508 (1), 65 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2508.1.5" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Menin
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF9AFFB0E525530A88BAFE9C" box="[1378,1437,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al.</emphasis>
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(2010)
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</bibRefCitation>
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|
differ from those herein characterized by presenting snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views, and spiracle posteriorly directed. Tadpoles described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9AFFB0E2C153438E6FFE55" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[646,840,366,393]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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differ from those herein characterized by presenting snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views, vent tube dextral, and LRTF 2/3 with all tooth rows of same length (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF9AFFB0E52853BF8C00FE0D" author="Duellman, W. E." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |