310 lines
40 KiB
XML
310 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9CA944038BD1BC87271F5692992539CC">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="638541FB35D1FB901CD8EC5316B32E42">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D76F52C53476D9E55FF8E98E8978E5BF" type="email">lschiesa@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="14640B495E453F3E3C11E333AF66BCA5">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="26AF7C6DED9612CE3133E7C3686380C6" type="email">denise.rossa-feres@unesp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="C264B4CCB47FF5EAD9446CA08F072258">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C662C3C6D24E53C6C26277FCE8665FBE">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DCA1D5431C2F2400632BB15AFC3805EF" type="email">lschiesa@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="D01887986079DA14E53E20D77B257A2E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EE6BE56FF37B9E7D5A04B71F608A69B6">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFF90FFB9E0D0516F8C6AF8FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518156" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789593" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518156" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFF90FFB9E0D0516F8C6AF8FE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFF90FFB9E0D0516F8C6AF8FE" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF90FFBAE0D0516F8858FAD0" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF90FFBAE0D0516F8CEFFC81" blockId="81.[151,1437,834,2013]" box="[151,456,834,861]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<heading id="604781C1FF90FFBAE0D0516F8CEFFC81" bold="true" box="[151,456,834,861]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE0D0516F8CEFFC81" ID-CoL="57PWC" ID-ENA="1033724" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,456,834,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE0D0516F8CEFFC81" bold="true" box="[151,456,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Trachycephalus typhonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF90FFBAE080514B8858FAD0" blockId="81.[151,1437,834,2013]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE080514B8CEAFC5C" bold="true" box="[199,461,870,896]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on one tadpole at Stage 39 (MZUSP 64364). Total length
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<quantity id="FC489B48FF90FFBAE576514B88BEFC5D" box="[1329,1433,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.76" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="37.6">37.6 mm</quantity>
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. Body elongate oval in dorsal view and triangular in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF90FFBAE33351A78EDBFC78" box="[884,1020,906,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1442,1466]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,532,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-180@82.[151,1436,525,1418]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Tadpole of Trachycephalus typhonius (MZUSP 64364) at Stage 39: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518110/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views. Eyes medium-sized, positioned and directed laterally. Nostrils small, oval, dorsolaterally positioned in an intermediate distance between the eyes and the snout, with opening anterolaterally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF90FFBAE18951DB8F16FBCD" box="[462,561,1014,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1442,1466]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,532,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-180@82.[151,1436,525,1418]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Tadpole of Trachycephalus typhonius (MZUSP 64364) at Stage 39: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518110/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, ventrolaterally emarginate; marginal papillae conical, biseriate, with a dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae present laterally. LTRF 3(1,3)/3(1); Ae1 fragmented and A2 slightly shorter than A1; P1, P2, and P3 similar in the length. Anterior jaw sheath wider than posterior jaw sheath, both finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath U-shaped. Spiracle single, sinistral, lateroventral, conical, short and wide, posterodorsally directed, opening in the medial third of the body, with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube medial, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin high, originating on the posterior third of the body, convex; ventral fin high and convex. Tail tip pointed. Lateral lines visible.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF90FFBAE080573B883EF8D9" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF90FFBAE080573B8C5EFA39" blockId="81.[151,1437,834,2013]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE080573B8C07FAEC" bold="true" box="[199,288,1302,1328]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Colour.</emphasis>
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Tadpoles of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE1F0573A8F65FAEC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[439,578,1302,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE1F0573A8F65FAEC" box="[439,578,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">T. typhonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE232573B8E4FFAEC" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[629,872,1302,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Phrynohyas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosa">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE232573B8E4FFAEC" box="[629,872,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Phrynohyas venulosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE3FE573A8ECBFAED" box="[953,1004,1303,1329]" name="Peru" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Peru</collectingCountry>
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have dorsum pale brown with darker brown spots; venter bluish gray; dorsal edge and midlateral part of the caudal musculature dark brown; two cream stripes present on the tail; fins translucent (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE2C657738E10FAA5" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[641,823,1374,1401]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). In life not observed, but tadpoles of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE4AD57728854FAA4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1258,1395,1374,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE4AD57728854FAA4" box="[1258,1395,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">T. typhonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE0D057AF8CADFA40" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[151,394,1410,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Phrynohyas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosa">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE0D057AF8CADFA40" box="[151,394,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Phrynohyas venulosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE19B57AE8F28FA41" box="[476,527,1411,1437]" name="Peru" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Peru</collectingCountry>
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have body brown dorsally, with a few scattered dark brown flecks; venter dull white; caudal musculature cream with brown stripes, but distal part of the tail bluish gray; iris reddish bronze (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE528578B8C02FA38" author="Duellman, W. E." pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE17757E78C4AFA39" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[304,365,1482,1509]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF90FFBAE08057C38966F9F0" blockId="81.[151,1437,834,2013]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE08057C38C18F9D4" bold="true" box="[199,319,1518,1544]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Variation.</emphasis>
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LTRF varied from 2/3 at Stage 25; 3/4 at Stages 30, 31, and 38; 3/5 at Stages 34, 35, 39, and 40, and 4/5 at Stage 36 (presence and position of gaps not indicated) (Schiesari
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE3FD543E8ED5F9F0" box="[954,1010,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">et al.</emphasis>
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1996).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF90FFBAE080541B883EF8D9" blockId="81.[151,1437,834,2013]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE080541B8CAEF98C" bold="true" box="[199,393,1590,1616]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs were not observed in Central Amazonia. Gravid females of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE4D6541A883AF98C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1169,1309,1590,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE4D6541A883AF98C" box="[1169,1309,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">T. typhonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE52E541A88BBF98D" box="[1385,1436,1591,1617]" name="Peru" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Peru</collectingCountry>
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contain from 1,230 to 1,820 pigmented eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE2DE54778E69F9A9" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[665,846,1626,1653]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). Eggs are deposited as a surface film on the surface of the water in temporary ponds (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE24A54538F98F944" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[525,703,1662,1688]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE28C54538E2FF945" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[715,776,1662,1689]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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). In Central Amazonia
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE44C545289B4F944" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1035,1171,1662,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE44C545289B4F944" box="[1035,1171,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">T. typhonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in várzea floodplains and deforested land. Eggs and tadpoles were found in several small pools formed in disturbed areas in Eastern Amazonia, Pará,
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE11C54EB8CB8F93C" box="[347,415,1734,1760]" name="Brazil" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE1F754EB8FF7F93D" author="Caldwell, J. P. & Araujo, M. C." box="[432,720,1734,1761]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref75239" refString="Caldwell, J. P. & Araujo, M. C. (2005) Amphibian faunas of two eastern Amazonian rainforest sites in Para, Brazil. Occasional papers of the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 16, 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="2005">Caldwell & Araújo 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ponds ranged from very small to
|
||
<quantity id="FC489B48FF90FFBAE42354EB89B7F93D" box="[1124,1168,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
in diameter and lacked vegetation, and tadpoles aggregated in two large, loosely organized schools (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE3B554C7882AF8D9" author="Caldwell, J. P. & Araujo, M. C." box="[1010,1293,1770,1797]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref75239" refString="Caldwell, J. P. & Araujo, M. C. (2005) Amphibian faunas of two eastern Amazonian rainforest sites in Para, Brazil. Occasional papers of the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 16, 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="2005">Caldwell & Araújo 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF90FFB9E08055238C6AF8FE" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF90FFB9E08055238F3CFE29" blockId="81.[151,1437,834,2013]" lastBlockId="82.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE08055238C68F8F4" bold="true" box="[199,335,1806,1832]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE1A255228F48F8F4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[485,623,1806,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE1A255228F48F8F4" box="[485,623,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">T. typhonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE30855228ECBF8F4" author="Kenny, J. S." box="[847,1004,1806,1833]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref79253" refString="Kenny, J. S. (1969) The Amphibia of Trinidad. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands. Hague, 29, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1969">Kenny (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE452552389C9F8F4" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1045,1262,1806,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Phrynohyas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zonata">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE452552389C9F8F4" box="[1045,1262,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Phrynohyas zonata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE572552388BFF8F4" box="[1333,1432,1806,1832]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE0D0551F8C7DF890" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[151,346,1842,1868]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refId="ref76312" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1970) The hylid frogs of Middle America. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, 1, l - 753. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2835" type="book" year="1970">Duellman (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE1C3551F8F50F890" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[388,631,1842,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Phrynohyas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE1C3551F8F50F890" box="[388,631,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Phrynohyas venulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE2F8551F8E3FF890" box="[703,792,1842,1868]" name="Panama" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Panamá</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE314551F8E8CF890" box="[851,939,1842,1868]" name="Mexico" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">México</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE3AC551F8980F890" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[1003,1191,1842,1868]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE4F3551F89C9F891" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[1204,1262,1842,1869]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE578551F88BBF890" box="[1343,1436,1842,1868]" name="Ecuador" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE08F557A8DD9F8AD" box="[200,254,1879,1905]" name="Peru" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, respectively; Schiesari
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE248557A8F66F8AC" box="[527,577,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1996) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE285557B8E93F8AC" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[706,948,1878,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Phrynohyas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE285557B8E93F8AC" box="[706,948,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Phrynohyas venulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from northern Amazonia,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFF90FFBAE4A6557B8863F8AC" box="[1249,1348,1878,1904]" country="Brazil" name="Roraima" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Roraima</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE517557B88BFF8AC" box="[1360,1432,1878,1904]" name="Brazil" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE0D055568CD6F848" author="Rossa-Feres, D. C. & Nomura, F." box="[151,497,1914,1941]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref82785" refString="Rossa-Feres, D. C. & Nomura, F. (2006) Characterization and taxonomic key for tadpoles (Amphibia: Anura) from the northwestern region of S " o Paulo State, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 6, 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032006000100014" type="journal article" year="2006">Rossa-Feres & Nomura (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF90FFBAE25155578E1BF848" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[534,828,1914,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE25155578E1BF848" box="[534,828,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Trachycephalus venulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE45E55578947F848" box="[1049,1120,1914,1940]" name="Brazil" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE42C55578824F848" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[1131,1283,1914,1940]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="443 - 457" refId="ref79955" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of Northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 30, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE50055578D9BF864" name="Colombia" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFBAE15E55B38F25F865" author="Schulze, A. & Jansen, M." box="[281,514,1950,1977]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref83759" refString="Schulze, A., Jansen, M. & K ˆ hler, G. (2015) Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa, 4016 (1), 1 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4016.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schulze
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF90FFBAE13E55B28C96F864" box="[377,433,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from lowland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF90FFBAE2E055B38FDAF864" box="[679,765,1950,1976]" name="Bolivia" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Tadpoles differ from those herein characterized by presenting snout sloped in lateral view, LRTF 4(1,2,4)/6(1,6), and posterior jaw sheath V-shaped (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF90FFB9E4D655EF8DF4FF6D" author="Rossa-Feres, D. C. & Nomura, F." lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref82785" refString="Rossa-Feres, D. C. & Nomura, F. (2006) Characterization and taxonomic key for tadpoles (Amphibia: Anura) from the northwestern region of S " o Paulo State, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 6, 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032006000100014" type="journal article" year="2006">Rossa-Feres & Nomura 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E0A552BA8CB0FF6D" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[226,407,151,177]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref76312" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1970) The hylid frogs of Middle America. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, 1, l - 753. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2835" type="book" year="1970">Duellman 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); snout rounded in lateral view, vent tube dextral, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped, LTRF 3(1,3)/6(1,6), being the inner anterior and the outer posterior rows present only laterally (although
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF93FFB9E553529688BBFF09" box="[1300,1436,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1297,1321]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,192,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-21@36.[151,1437,181,1273]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Tadpole of Ceratophrys cornuta (MNRJ s/n) at Stage 38: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517994/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 13.14C</figureCitation>
|
||
shows a short ventral P6;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E1FF52F28F4FFF25" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[440,616,222,249]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E23352F28FD9FF25" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[628,766,223,249]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="443 - 457" refId="ref79955" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of Northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 30, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); vent tube sinistral (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E3A152F289B0FF25" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[998,1175,223,249]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and LRTF 3(1)/6 with a weak P6 row; vent tube dextral and absence of submarginal papillae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E3E8532E8944FEC1" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[943,1123,258,285]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); uniseriate row of marginal papillae and LRTF 3(1,3)/5(1,2,3) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF93FFB9E263530A8F5FFE9D" box="[548,632,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1963,1987]" captionTargetBox="[166,1413,998,1935]" captionTargetId="figure-366@52.[151,1436,992,1939]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tadpole of Dendropsophus leucophyllatus (MZUSP 64335) at Stage 39: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518034/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E2C3530A8E36FE9D" author="Kenny, J. S." box="[644,785,295,321]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref79253" refString="Kenny, J. S. (1969) The Amphibia of Trinidad. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands. Hague, 29, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1969">Kenny 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); oral disc slightly emarginate posteriorly, marginal papillae irregularly uniseriate to biseriate, posterior jaw-sheath V-shaped (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E3DD53668950FEB9" author="Schulze, A. & Jansen, M." box="[922,1143,330,357]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref83759" refString="Schulze, A., Jansen, M. & K ˆ hler, G. (2015) Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa, 4016 (1), 1 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4016.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schulze
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E3BB53668913FEB9" box="[1020,1076,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E54253668DC5FE55" author="Schulze, A. & Jansen, M." pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref83759" refString="Schulze, A., Jansen, M. & K ˆ hler, G. (2015) Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa, 4016 (1), 1 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4016.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schulze
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E523536688BAFEB9" box="[1380,1437,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the tail as possessing a broad flagellum and commented that LRTF is very variable with regard to tooth rows and gaps, 3-4(1,3,4)[2]/4-6(1,6)[3,5], explaining the difference in these characters in the several descriptions. This variation encompasses the difference in LRTF considered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF93FFB9E387539A8945FE0D" author="Pyburn, W. F." box="[960,1122,439,465]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="184 - 194" refId="ref81889" refString="Pyburn, W. F. (1967) Breeding and larval development of the hylid frog Phrynohyas spilomma in Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Herpetologica, 23, 184 - 194." type="journal article" year="1967">Pyburn (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E553539A88BBFE0D" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1300,1436,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Phrynohyas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E553539A88BBFE0D" box="[1300,1436,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">P. spilomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E09253F68C7AFE29" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[213,349,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E09253F68C7AFE29" box="[213,349,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">T. typhonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E1CB53F68F2CFE29" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[396,523,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Phrynohyas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E1CB53F68F2CFE29" box="[396,523,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">P. venulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6FCF6625FF93FFB9E0D0578F8F03FA02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518110" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518110/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" startId="82.[151,250,1442,1466]" targetBox="[178,1428,532,1408]" targetPageId="82">
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF93FFB9E0D0578F8F03FA02" blockId="82.[151,1436,1442,1502]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E0D0578F8C07FA66" bold="true" box="[151,288,1442,1466]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">FIGURE 51.</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E1DD578F8F82FA66" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[410,677,1442,1466]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E1DD578F8F82FA66" box="[410,677,1442,1466]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Trachycephalus typhonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZUSP 64364) at Stage 39: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF93FFB9E0D054218F81F9B2" blockId="82.[151,1437,1548,1647]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E0D054218C9EF9FA" bold="true" box="[151,441,1548,1574]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E0D054218C93F9FA" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,436,1548,1574]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">LEPTODACTYLIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpoles of the leptodactylid species occurring in Central Amazonia belong to three genera with free-swimming (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E1A3541D8FA6F996" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[484,641,1584,1610]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Leptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E1A3541D8FA6F996" box="[484,641,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Leptodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E2FB541D8E16F996" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[700,817,1584,1610]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Lithodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E2FB541D8E16F996" box="[700,817,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lithodytes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or terrestrial endotrophic tadpoles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E490541D887FF996" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1867" box="[1239,1368,1584,1610]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Adenomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E490541D887FF996" box="[1239,1368,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Adenomera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The morphology of these genera is very distinctive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF93FFB9E0D054B18C6AF8FE" blockId="82.[151,1437,1692,1827]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E0D054B18C51F96B" bold="true" box="[151,374,1692,1719]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E0AD54B18C51F96B" bold="true" box="[234,374,1692,1719]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E0AD54B18C55F96B" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1867" box="[234,370,1692,1719]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Adenomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Adenomera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpoles of genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF93FFB9E20954B18FE8F96A" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1867" box="[590,719,1692,1718]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Adenomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF93FFB9E20954B18FE8F96A" box="[590,719,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Adenomera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in the Central Amazonia share the following combination of morphological characteristics: small size; body oval elongate in dorsal view and globular/depressed in lateral view; spiracle absent; vent tube medial; oral disc anteroventral; marginal papillae uniseriate with dorsal and ventral gaps; LTRF 0/0.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |