466 lines
52 KiB
XML
466 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.595.1.1" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7889421" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1683097898423" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Thulin, Mats" docDate="2023" docId="C92887C4FFC7FFE21FF42A393D3FA6E2" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.595.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 595 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.595.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.6:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Calliandra sensu Bentham 1875" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="3511FFBCFFC6FFE11F7C2D2F3C7FA46E" masterDocTitle="On Calliandra and Afrocalliandra (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae)" masterLastPageNumber="6" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1683136305452" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>On Calliandra and Afrocalliandra (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Thulin, Mats</mods:namePart>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-05-03</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>595</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.595.1.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.595.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7889421</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7893377" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7893377" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C92887C4FFC7FFE21FF42A393D3FA6E2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C92887C4FFC7FFE21FF42A393D3FA6E2" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection box="[136,522,1814,1841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[136,522,1814,1841]" box="[136,522,1814,1841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading bold="true" box="[136,522,1814,1841]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,522,1814,1841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="9CK8N" ID-ENA="1447785" authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[136,260,1814,1841]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,260,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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versus
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[351,522,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Afrocalliandra</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[136,1452,1886,2093]" lastBlockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Within
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[222,345,1886,1912]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[222,345,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the two African species formed a strongly supported clade sister to the rest of the genus in the study by
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<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[245,470,1922,1948]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Souza
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<emphasis box="[323,383,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
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(2013)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. The authors decided to handle this by placing the African species in the new genus
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<emphasis box="[136,301,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Afrocalliandra</emphasis>
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Souza & Queiroz in
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<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[545,835,1958,1984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Souza
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<emphasis box="[621,679,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
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(2013: 1213)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, as
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<taxonomicName authority="(Thulin & Hunde) Souza & Queiroz" authorityName="Souza & Queiroz" baseAuthorityName="Thulin & Hunde" box="[880,1421,1958,1985]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gilbertii">
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<emphasis box="[880,1002,1958,1985]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">A. gilbertii</emphasis>
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(Thulin & Hunde) Souza & Queiroz
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[136,413,1994,2020]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Souza
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<emphasis box="[210,264,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2013: 1213)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<taxonomicName authority="(J. H. Ross) Souza & Queiroz" authorityName="Souza & Queiroz" baseAuthorityName="J. H. Ross" box="[464,898,1994,2021]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="redacta">
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<emphasis box="[464,578,1994,2021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">A. redacta</emphasis>
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(J.H.Ross) Souza & Queiroz
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[930,1210,1994,2020]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Souza
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<emphasis box="[1004,1058,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2013: 1213)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Their main argument was the criterion of morphological diagnosability: “If we had chosen to include the species of the African clade in a more broadly circumscribed
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[467,590,2066,2092]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[467,590,2066,2092]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, this would have rendered
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[907,1030,2066,2092]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[907,1030,2066,2092]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to lack any clear-cut synapomorphy and virtually lacking diagnostic characters with respect to
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<emphasis box="[786,1060,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hernandez" authorityYear="1986" box="[786,893,159,184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Zapoteca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Zapoteca</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Villiers" authorityYear="2002" box="[903,1060,158,184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Viguieranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Viguieranthus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName authority="(Souza et al. 2013: 1211)" authorityName="Kostermans" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="Souza" baseAuthorityPageNumber="1211" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1114,1293,158,184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Thailentadopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1114,1293,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thailentadopsis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” (
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<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Souza
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<emphasis box="[1396,1452,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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2013: 1211
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</bibRefCitation>
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). But what are the facts behind this statement?
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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First, they again pointed to the acalymmate polyads in the African species versus the calymmate polyads in the rest of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[218,341,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[218,341,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. However, they also stated that the polyads in the African species are 7-celled versus 8-celled in the rest of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[256,379,302,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[256,379,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This is made without any discussion and no mention of the fact that the polyads in the African species have previously always been described as 8-celled or normally 8-celled.
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<bibRefCitation author="Robbertse, P. J. & Von Teichman, I." box="[1049,1446,338,365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="11 - 23" refId="ref5002" refString="Robbertse, P. J. & Von Teichman, I. (1979) The morphology of Acacia redacta J. H. Ross. Journal of South African Botany 45 (1): 11 - 23. [https: // archive. org / details / journalofsouthaf 45 unse / page / 10 / mode / 2 up]" type="journal article" year="1979">Robbertse & Von Teichman (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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, who studied numerous polyads of
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<taxonomicName box="[526,644,374,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="redacta">
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<emphasis box="[526,644,374,401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. redacta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName authority="J. H. Ross" authorityName="J. H. Ross" box="[692,971,374,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="redacta">
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<emphasis box="[692,863,374,401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Acacia redacta</emphasis>
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J.H.Ross
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</taxonomicName>
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) found the polyads to be 7–10-celled with 8 cells as the most common state.
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<bibRefCitation author="Guinet, P. & Hernandez, H. M." box="[519,835,410,436]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="5 - 22" refId="ref4297" refString="Guinet, P. & Hernandez, H. M. (1989) Pollen characters in the genera Zapoteca and Calliandra (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) their systematic and phylogenetic relevance. Pollen et Spores 31: 5 - 22." type="journal article" year="1989">Guinet & Hernández (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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even reported occasional tetrads among the polyads of
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<taxonomicName box="[136,258,446,473]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gilbertii">
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<emphasis box="[136,258,446,473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. gilbertii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Uneven or deviating numbers of cells in polyads are not uncommon among mimosoids (
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<bibRefCitation author="Guinet, P. & Grimes, J. W." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="151 - 161" refId="ref4251" refString="Guinet, P. & Grimes, J. W. (1997) A summary of pollen characteristics of some New World members of the Pithecellobium - complex. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 74 (2): 151 - 161." type="journal article" year="1997">Guinet & Grimes 1997</bibRefCitation>
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), and in the case of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[418,541,482,508]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[418,541,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the much smaller central cells (
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<bibRefCitation author="Thulin, M. & Guinet, P. & Hunde, A." box="[904,1107,482,508]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref5339" refString="Thulin, M., Guinet, P. & Hunde, A. (1981) Calliandra (Leguminosae) in continental Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany 1 (1): 27 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1981. tb 01029. x" type="journal article" year="1981">
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Thulin
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<emphasis box="[988,1044,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1981
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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) may also be difficult to see.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Second,
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<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[286,501,518,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
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||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis box="[362,419,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the African species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[884,1007,518,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[884,1007,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
differ from the rest of the genus by the presence of extrafloral nectaries. However, this is mistaken. No extrafloral nectaries were recorded in the African species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thulin, M. & Guinet, P. & Hunde, A." box="[267,502,590,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref5339" refString="Thulin, M., Guinet, P. & Hunde, A. (1981) Calliandra (Leguminosae) in continental Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany 1 (1): 27 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1981. tb 01029. x" type="journal article" year="1981">
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Thulin
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||
<emphasis box="[353,413,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(1981)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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, and according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marazzi, B. & Gonzalez, A. M. & Delgado-Salinas, A. & Luckow, M. A. & Ringelberg, J. J. & Hughes, C. E." box="[724,975,590,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="409 - 458" refId="ref4586" refString="Marazzi, B., Gonzalez, A. M., Delgado-Salinas, A., Luckow, M. A., Ringelberg, J. J. & Hughes, C. E. (2019) Extrafloral nectaries in Leguminosae: phylogenetic distribution, morphological diversity and evolution. Australian Systematic Botany 32 (5 - 6): 409 - 458. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / SB 19012" type="journal article" year="2019">
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Marazzi
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||
<emphasis box="[826,887,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2019)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, extrafloral nectaries are lacking in both
|
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<emphasis box="[136,301,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Afrocalliandra</emphasis>
|
||
and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[355,478,626,652]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[355,478,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as in their immediate sister genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ringelberg, J. J. & Koenen, E. J. & Iganci, J. R. & Queiroz, L. P. de & Murphy, D. J. & Gaudeul, M. & Bruneau, A. & Luckow, M. & Lewis, G. P. & Hughes, C. E." box="[964,1217,626,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="3 - 58" refId="ref4897" refString="Ringelberg, J. J., Koenen, E. J., Iganci, J. R., Queiroz, L. P. de, Murphy, D. J., Gaudeul, M., Bruneau, A., Luckow, M., Lewis, G. P. & Hughes, C. E. (2022) Phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes reveals the need for extensive generic re-delimitation in Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae). PhytoKeys 205: 3 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / phytokeys. 205.85866" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Ringelberg
|
||
<emphasis box="[1096,1153,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Britton & Rose (1928: 96)" authorityName="Britton & Rose" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1928" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acaciella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1231,1337,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Acaciella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Britton, N. L. & Rose, J. N." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 194" refId="ref3974" refString="Britton, N. L. & Rose, J. N. (1928) Mimosaceae. North American Flora 23: 1 - 194. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 90479 # page / 7 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1928">Britton & Rose (1928: 96)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Third, the African species have spines or thorns that are lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[950,1073,698,724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[950,1073,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[1228,1447,698,724]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis box="[1305,1362,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The South African
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[357,477,734,761]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="redacta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[357,477,734,761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. redacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indeed has stipules that are modified into thorns, but such stipules are also found in neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[270,393,770,796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[270,393,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in a species endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[682,744,770,796]" name="Cuba" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as is acknowledged by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[1022,1312,770,796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis box="[1099,1157,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013: 1213)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
themselves.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,354,806,832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="redacta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,354,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra redacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Cuban plant are both confined to arid habitats and the spinescent stipules in these two species have obviously evolved in parallel. In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[672,797,842,869]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gilbertii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,797,842,869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. gilbertii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the second African species, the stipules are herbaceous, whereas the lateral branches become more or less spinescent at the ends, an apparent autapomorphy for this species. However, also in this case there is a neotropical parallel in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ducke (1959: 289)" authorityName="Ducke" authorityPageNumber="289" authorityYear="1959" box="[797,1137,914,941]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[797,916,915,941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ducke, A." box="[923,1137,914,941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="211 - 308" refId="ref4024" refString="Ducke, A. (1959) Estudos Botanicos no Ceara. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 31: 211 - 308. [http: // memoria. bn. br / DocReader / DocReader. aspx? bib = 158119 & pagfis = 11911]" type="journal article" year="1959">Ducke (1959: 289)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species of the caatinga of northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[281,349,950,976]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
with “terete long-shoots tapering at apex into a stout vulnerant thorn” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barneby, R. C." box="[1149,1356,950,977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 223" refId="ref3674" refString="Barneby, R. C. (1998) Silk tree, Guanacaste, monkeyʼs earring: a generic system for the synandrous Mimosaceae of the Americas, part III, Calliandra. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 74 (3): 1 - 223. [http: // mertzdigital. nybg. org / digital / collection / p 9016 coll 16 / id / 6412 / rec / 12]" type="journal article" year="1998">Barneby 1998: 95</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
In summary, neither number of cells in the polyads, nor extrafloral nectaries, nor armature, the three morphological differences used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[361,575,1022,1048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis box="[437,494,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to distinguish
|
||
<emphasis box="[742,907,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Afrocalliandra</emphasis>
|
||
, can be used to separate the two African species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[167,290,1058,1084]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[167,290,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the rest of the genus. The “criterion of morphological diagnosability” for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1187,1347,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Africalliandra</emphasis>
|
||
as stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[170,380,1094,1120]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis box="[244,299,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
therefore is not fulfilled. But what about their statement that a broadly circumscribed
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[1328,1451,1094,1120]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1328,1451,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that includes the African species would lack any clear-cut synapomorphy and virtually lack diagnostic characters?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
First, the 8-celled asymmetrical polyads of such a widely circumscribed
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[1008,1131,1166,1192]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1008,1131,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are markedly different from the 16-celled radially symmetrical polyads of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hernandez" authorityYear="1986" box="[642,746,1203,1228]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Zapoteca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,746,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Zapoteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[759,1034,1202,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Villiers" authorityYear="2002" box="[759,918,1202,1228]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Viguieranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Viguieranthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[928,1034,1203,1229]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sanjappa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sanjappa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kostermans" authorityYear="1977" box="[1092,1271,1202,1228]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Thailentadopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1092,1271,1202,1228]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thailentadopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, it is not only the number of cells that differs, but also that the polyads of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[907,1030,1238,1264]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[907,1030,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1246,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Afrocalliandra</emphasis>
|
||
share a distinctive asymmetrical, tear-shaped outline and the presence of a highly modified tail cell with an acuminate apex. This tail cell has a mucilage coating, a “viscin body” according to the terminology used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greissl, R." box="[999,1162,1310,1336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="570 - 587" refId="ref4173" refString="Greissl, R. (2006) Ontogeny of the Calliandra - massulae (Mimosaceae: Ingeae), and the associated viscin body. Flora 201 (7): 570 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. flora. 2005.11.002" type="journal article" year="2006">Greissl (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. A polyad of a neotropical species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[262,385,1346,1372]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[262,385,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described and illustrated in remarkable detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mohl, H." box="[1022,1170,1346,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 130" refId="ref4703" refString="Mohl, H. (1834) Uber den Bau und die Formen der Pollenk ˆ rner. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Gewachse 1: 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="1834">Mohl (1834)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, an illustration that was reproduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greissl, R." box="[308,474,1382,1408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="570 - 587" refId="ref4173" refString="Greissl, R. (2006) Ontogeny of the Calliandra - massulae (Mimosaceae: Ingeae), and the associated viscin body. Flora 201 (7): 570 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. flora. 2005.11.002" type="journal article" year="2006">Greissl (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. These large 8-celled asymmetrical polyads were described as standing upright in the anthers with the sticky appendage at the end attaching to visitors of the flowers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mohl, H." box="[1039,1168,1418,1444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 130" refId="ref4703" refString="Mohl, H. (1834) Uber den Bau und die Formen der Pollenk ˆ rner. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Gewachse 1: 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="1834">Mohl 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1238,1340,1418,1444]" form="and" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="form">form and</taxonomicName>
|
||
ontogeny of the polyads in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[335,458,1454,1480]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[335,458,1454,1480]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and particularly the viscin body and its function, were further described and discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greissl, R." box="[173,338,1490,1516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="570 - 587" refId="ref4173" refString="Greissl, R. (2006) Ontogeny of the Calliandra - massulae (Mimosaceae: Ingeae), and the associated viscin body. Flora 201 (7): 570 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. flora. 2005.11.002" type="journal article" year="2006">Greissl (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Teppner, H. & Stabentheiner, E." box="[450,818,1490,1517]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="291 - 320" refId="ref5299" refString="Teppner, H. & Stabentheiner, E. (2007) Anther opening, polyad presentation, pollenkitt and pollen adhesive in four Calliandra species (Mimosaceae-Ingeae). Phyton (Horn) 47: 291 - 320." type="journal article" year="2007">Teppner & Stabentheiner (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided details on the unique mode of anther opening and polyad presentation in the genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[562,685,1526,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[562,685,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a wide range of pollinators including members of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, hummingbirds, and bats. The viscin body can attach to surfaces of very different structure and plays a crucial role in the pollination process. Furthermore, after the transportation phase, during the contact between polyad and stigma, the polyad is laid down with its flat side on the stigmatic surface, with the viscin body acting as an articulation to allow the best possible contact between the polyad and the stigmatic exudate. The mucilage or viscin bodies of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[248,371,1706,1732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[248,371,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are also found in the polyads of the two African species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thulin, M. & Guinet, P. & Hunde, A." box="[1103,1311,1706,1732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref5339" refString="Thulin, M., Guinet, P. & Hunde, A. (1981) Calliandra (Leguminosae) in continental Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany 1 (1): 27 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1981. tb 01029. x" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
Thulin
|
||
<emphasis box="[1187,1244,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1981
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 3G), is apparently a feature that is unique among legumes, but analogous features are found among angiosperms in the pollinia of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[166,306,1778,1804]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Orchidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Greissl 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Greissl" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[359,681,1778,1804]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
Apocynaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greissl, R." box="[525,674,1778,1804]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="570 - 587" refId="ref4173" refString="Greissl, R. (2006) Ontogeny of the Calliandra - massulae (Mimosaceae: Ingeae), and the associated viscin body. Flora 201 (7): 570 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. flora. 2005.11.002" type="journal article" year="2006">Greissl 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Second, as pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez, H. M." box="[474,668,1814,1840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="755 - 763" refId="ref4339" refString="Hernandez, H. M. (1986) Zapoteca: a new genus of neotropical Mimosoideae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 73 (4): 755 - 763. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2399204" type="journal article" year="1986">Hernández (1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1989), the stigmas in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[910,1033,1814,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[910,1033,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are expanded, discoid or capitate with a wide area of polyad receptivity, and this also applies to the two African species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thulin, M. & Guinet, P. & Hunde, A." box="[1057,1264,1850,1876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref5339" refString="Thulin, M., Guinet, P. & Hunde, A. (1981) Calliandra (Leguminosae) in continental Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany 1 (1): 27 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1981. tb 01029. x" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
Thulin
|
||
<emphasis box="[1141,1197,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1981
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hernandez" authorityYear="1986" box="[253,357,1887,1912]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Zapoteca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[253,357,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Zapoteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have cup-shaped stigmas with a very narrow area of receptivity that can hold only a single polyad. Narrow cup-shaped stigmas were found in all other mimosoids studied (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez, H. M." box="[980,1174,1922,1948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="755 - 763" refId="ref4339" refString="Hernandez, H. M. (1986) Zapoteca: a new genus of neotropical Mimosoideae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 73 (4): 755 - 763. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2399204" type="journal article" year="1986">Hernández 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas the expanded stigma in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[247,370,1958,1984]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[247,370,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently is a unique synapomorphy for this genus, including the African species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2093]" lastBlockId="3.[136,1452,158,652]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Third,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez, H. M." box="[267,464,1994,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="755 - 763" refId="ref4339" refString="Hernandez, H. M. (1986) Zapoteca: a new genus of neotropical Mimosoideae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 73 (4): 755 - 763. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2399204" type="journal article" year="1986">Hernández (1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1989) pointed out that the cotyledons of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[937,1060,1994,2020]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[937,1060,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are sagittate, petiolate, fleshy, and persistent compared to the elliptic to ovate, sessile, foliaceous, and ephemeral cotyledons in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hernandez" authorityYear="1986" box="[1163,1267,2031,2056]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Zapoteca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1163,1267,2031,2056]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Zapoteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The cotyledons of 31 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[331,454,2066,2092]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[331,454,2066,2092]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of them neotropical, were studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez, H. M." box="[945,1153,2066,2092]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="755 - 763" refId="ref4339" refString="Hernandez, H. M. (1986) Zapoteca: a new genus of neotropical Mimosoideae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 73 (4): 755 - 763. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2399204" type="journal article" year="1986">Hernández (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, the cotyledons of the two African species are also sagittate and petiolate, and closely match those of their neotropical counterparts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Robbertse, P. J. & Von Teichman, I." box="[143,562,194,221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="11 - 23" refId="ref5002" refString="Robbertse, P. J. & Von Teichman, I. (1979) The morphology of Acacia redacta J. H. Ross. Journal of South African Botany 45 (1): 11 - 23. [https: // archive. org / details / journalofsouthaf 45 unse / page / 10 / mode / 2 up]" type="journal article" year="1979">Robbertse & Von Teichman 1979: 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 1B;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thulin, M. & Guinet, P. & Hunde, A." box="[671,916,194,220]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref5339" refString="Thulin, M., Guinet, P. & Hunde, A. (1981) Calliandra (Leguminosae) in continental Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany 1 (1): 27 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1981. tb 01029. x" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
Thulin
|
||
<emphasis box="[753,809,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1981: 30
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 2B). Sagittate and petiolate cotyledons are found also in other mimosoids, such as in the unrelated monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hernandez & Guinet (1990: 609)" authorityName="Hernandez & Guinet" authorityPageNumber="609" authorityYear="1990" box="[882,1423,230,256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandropsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[882,1047,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calliandropsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez, H. M. & Guinet, P." box="[1053,1423,230,256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="609 - 620" refId="ref4423" refString="Hernandez, H. M. & Guinet, P. (1990) Calliandropsis: a new genus of Leguminosae: Mimosoideae from Mexico. Kew Bulletin 45 (4): 609 - 620. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4113866" type="journal article" year="1990">Hernández & Guinet (1990: 609)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[136,224,266,292]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but information on cotyledons is lacking for many genera, which makes comparisons difficult. Nevertheless, it is clear that neotropical and African
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[566,689,302,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[566,689,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share the same
|
||
<typeStatus box="[868,916,303,329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of cotyledons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[136,1452,158,652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Following
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[313,531,338,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis box="[389,447,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LPWG" box="[1006,1154,338,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="44 - 77" refId="ref4548" refString="LPWG (2017) A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. Taxon 66 (1): 44 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 661.3" type="journal article" year="2017">LPWG 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) published a phylogenetic study based on plastid
|
||
<emphasis box="[389,450,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">matK</emphasis>
|
||
sequences focusing on the whole
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[828,932,374,400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family. The two African species together were again resolved as sister to the neotropical members of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[749,872,410,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[749,872,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, just as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Souza, E. R. de & Lewis, G. P. & Forest, F. & Schnadelbach, A. S. & Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de" box="[994,1211,410,436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1200 - 1219" refId="ref5106" refString="Souza, E. R. de, Lewis, G. P., Forest, F., Schnadelbach, A. S., Van den Berg, C. & Queiroz, L. P. de. (2013) Phylogeny of Calliandra (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers. Taxon 62 (6): 1200 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 626.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Souza
|
||
<emphasis box="[1070,1127,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The same result was obtained in the much more detailed study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ferm, J. & Stahl, B. & Rydin, C." box="[657,869,446,473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref4118" refString="Ferm, J., Stahl, B., Wikstr ˆ m, N. & Rydin, C. (2021) Phylogeny of the ingoid clade (Caesapinioideae, Fabaceae), based on nuclear and plastid data. BioRxiv preprint. https: // doi. org / 10.1101 / 2021.11.23.469677" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Ferm
|
||
<emphasis box="[726,784,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, focusing on “the ingoid clade” and based on both nuclear and plastid regions. In this analysis, the grouping with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[848,971,482,508]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[848,971,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1027,1192,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Afrocalliandra</emphasis>
|
||
together was retrieved with strong support, and the African and neotropical clades were both strongly supported as well. Using a DNA sequence dataset that is an order of magnitude larger,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ringelberg, J. J. & Koenen, E. J. & Iganci, J. R. & Queiroz, L. P. de & Murphy, D. J. & Gaudeul, M. & Bruneau, A. & Luckow, M. & Lewis, G. P. & Hughes, C. E." box="[740,1009,554,580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="3 - 58" refId="ref4897" refString="Ringelberg, J. J., Koenen, E. J., Iganci, J. R., Queiroz, L. P. de, Murphy, D. J., Gaudeul, M., Bruneau, A., Luckow, M., Lewis, G. P. & Hughes, C. E. (2022) Phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes reveals the need for extensive generic re-delimitation in Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae). PhytoKeys 205: 3 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / phytokeys. 205.85866" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Ringelberg
|
||
<emphasis box="[871,928,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed the sister group relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Bentham" authorityYear="1875" box="[237,360,590,616]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,360,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,581,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Afrocalliandra</emphasis>
|
||
. There is thus no doubt that these two lineages together form a very robustly supported clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |