811 lines
91 KiB
XML
811 lines
91 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="92EEF5BD1E55753F07FB596ED95B5F6D">A tentative species list of the European herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) — an update</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A49E807460E3CDD2D3E8E1510DD477D9">Speybroeck, Jeroen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2448995EC02881725ED22458CAF37CE8">Beukema, Wouter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CDDF94DACDE00A68F809D0E114F093FC">Crochet, Pierre-André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="498C06A18B1AED7C914740D62FB2059C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9394E0FB6B2C8F0B52613A5F55030388">2010</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A97A72FFA3FFF0F6D2FE47FCFFF866" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6212136" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119387362" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6212136" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A97A72FFA3FFF0F6D2FE47FCFFF866" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A97A72FFA3FFF0F6D2FE47FCFFF866" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C31A98EFFFA3FFF2F6D2FE47FC3FFCB2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA3FFF2F6D2FE47FF6CFDB0" blockId="5.[151,233,487,513]" box="[151,233,487,513]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F6D2FE47FF6CFDB0" ID-CoL="PW" ID-ENA="8342" box="[151,233,487,513]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F6D2FE47FF6CFDB0" bold="true" box="[151,233,487,513]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA3FFF2F6D2FD90FC3FFCB2" blockId="5.[151,1437,560,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F6D2FD90FE12FDFB" box="[151,407,560,586]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" refString="Hofman, S., Spolsky, C., Uzzell, T., Cogalniceanu, D., Babik, W. & Szymura, J. (2007) Phylogeography of the firebellied toads Bombina: independent Pleistocene histories inferred from mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2301 - 2316." type="journal article">
|
||
Hofman
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F744FD90FEBBFDF8" box="[257,318,560,585]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F796FD90FD3BFDFB" box="[467,702,560,586]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Zheng, Y., Fu, J. & Li, S. (2009) Toward understanding the distribution of Laurasian frogs: a test of Savage's biogeographical hypothesis using the genus Bombina. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 70 - 83." type="journal article">
|
||
Zheng
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F46DFD90FDE3FDF8" box="[552,614,560,585]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
investigated the phylogeography of fire-bellied toad species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F6E4FDF5FE89FDDF" box="[161,268,597,622]" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F6E4FDF5FE89FDDF" box="[161,268,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bombina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Their mtDNA data showed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F42AFDF5FCD4FDDF" box="[623,849,597,622]" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F42AFDF5FCD4FDDF" box="[623,849,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bombina pachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Italian Yellow-bellied Toad) to be nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F6D2FDDAFEACFD22" box="[151,297,634,659]" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F6D2FDDAFEACFD22" box="[151,297,634,659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B. variegata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Yellow-bellied Toad) lineages, with Carpathian populations occupying the most basal position within the phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F795FD00FDCDFD08" box="[464,584,672,697]" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="variegata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F795FD00FDCDFD08" box="[464,584,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">variegata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247AA0DFFA3FFF2F414FD00FDF2FD0B" box="[593,631,672,698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Pending more detailed studies of genetic variation and level of introgression in contact zones in this complex, we prefer to consider this Italian taxon at subspecies rank as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F6D2FD4AFE6BFCB2" box="[151,494,746,771]" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="variegata" subSpecies="pachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F6D2FD4AFE6BFCB2" box="[151,494,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bombina variegata pachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rather than treating it as a full species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31A98EFFFA3FFF0F680FCB0FCFFF866" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA3FFF2F680FCB0FEA3FCC5" blockId="5.[151,1437,560,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F680FCB0FE64FC9B" box="[197,481,784,810]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" refString="Goncalves, H., Martinez-Solano, I., Pereira, R. J., Carvalho, B., Garcia-Paris, M. & Ferrand, N. (2009) High levels of population subdivision in a morphologically conserved Mediterranean toad (Alytes cisternasii) result from recent, multiple refugia: evidence from mtDNA, microsatellite and nuclear genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 18 (24), 5143 - 5160." type="journal article">
|
||
Gonçalves
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F709FCB0FE0CFC98" box="[332,393,784,809]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
established high levels of genetic divergence within the Iberian Midwife Toad (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F6E7FC95FE07FCFF" box="[162,386,821,846]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Alytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cisternasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F6E7FC95FE07FCFF" box="[162,386,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Alytes cisternasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but considered these to be within the range of typical intraspecific variation in amphibians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA3FFF2F680FC20FEB0FABE" blockId="5.[151,1437,560,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Carretero
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F779FC20FEF2FC28" box="[316,375,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009) disagreed with Zangari
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F4A9FC20FCA2FC28" box="[748,807,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2006) decision to treat the Eastern Iberian Painted Frog as a subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F7DCFC05FC93FC0F" box="[409,790,933,958]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Discoglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galganoi" subSpecies="jeanneae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F7DCFC05FC93FC0F" box="[409,790,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Discoglossus galganoi jeanneae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They found additional support for the species rank of these two taxa in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F72EFC6AFD16FC55" box="[363,659,970,996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Velo-Anton, G., Martinez-Solano, I. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2008) β-fibrinogen intron 7 variation in Discoglossus (Anura: Discoglossidae): implications for the taxonomic assessment of morphologically cryptic species. Amphibia - Reptilia, 29, 523 - 533." type="journal article">
|
||
Velo-Antón
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F7BBFC6AFDBEFC52" box="[510,571,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and stated that, given the lack of more detailed studies allowing assessment of gene flow between both taxa in secondary contact areas, there is no reason to treat them as conspecific. This is in conflict with our fundamental appraisal that splitting a species can only be valid if the split is substantiated by scientific evidence, rather than considering taxa as species because of lack of reason to treat them as conspecific.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA3FFF2F7AEFBC0FD89FBCB" box="[491,524,1120,1146]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
long as this is not the case, we promote conspecificity to be the rule. In fact,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F6D2FB25FE59FB2E" box="[151,476,1157,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Velo-Anton, G., Martinez-Solano, I. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2008) β-fibrinogen intron 7 variation in Discoglossus (Anura: Discoglossidae): implications for the taxonomic assessment of morphologically cryptic species. Amphibia - Reptilia, 29, 523 - 533." type="journal article">
|
||
Velo-Antón
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F768FB25FEE9FB2F" box="[301,364,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
results are in agreement with Zangari
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F5FEFB25FC7FFB2F" box="[955,1018,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2006) work. The fact that both studies found the same low level of nuclear differentiation with independent markers certainly calls for a reassessment of the validity of the specific status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F551FB70FC04FB58" box="[788,897,1232,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Discoglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jeanneae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F551FB70FC04FB58" box="[788,897,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">jeanneae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and reinforces our reluctance to treat is as a valid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA3FFF2F680FABAFAC9F865" blockId="5.[151,1437,560,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The comprehensive work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F469FABAFC95FA85" box="[556,784,1306,1332]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A .. Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
|
||
Frost
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F431FABBFD31FA85" box="[628,692,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on amphibian systematics has provoked contrasting responses, including (among quite some others) a rather strong critique by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F202FAE0FB71FAEB" author="Wiens" box="[1095,1268,1344,1370]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Wiens, J. J. (2007) Review: The Amphibian Tree of Life. Quarterly Review of Biology, 82, 55 - 56." type="journal article" year="2007">Wiens (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which saw a subsequent rebuttal by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F7E0FAC5FDF9FACE" box="[421,636,1381,1407]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A .. Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2008) Is The Amphibian Tree of Life really fatally flawed? Cladistics, 24, 385 - 395." type="journal article">
|
||
Frost
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F7ACFAC5FDA6FACF" box="[489,547,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Indirectly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F540FAC5FC65FACE" box="[773,992,1381,1407]" pageId="5" pageNumber="25" refString="Pauly, G. B., Hillis, D. M.; Cannatella, D. C. (2009) Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 115 - 128." type="journal article">
|
||
Pauly
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F515FAC5FC0FFACF" box="[848,906,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also criticised
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F2D5FAC5FAE0FACE" box="[1168,1381,1381,1407]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A .. Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
|
||
Frost
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F296FAC5FA8BFACF" box="[1235,1294,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and also received a response (Frost
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F465FA2BFDE5FA15" box="[544,608,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009). Overall, Speybroeck and Crochet’s (2007) treatment of the proposed changes seems to have been largely in correspondence to what other authors have concluded. An exception deserves, however, our renewed attention. While
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F53FFA75FA86FA5E" author="Speybroeck" box="[890,1283,1493,1519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refString="Speybroeck, J. & Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna-a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 / 2): 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck and Crochet (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed to attribute the European ‘true toad’ species to 2 genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F552FA5BFCCBF9A5" box="[791,846,1531,1556]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F552FA5BFCCBF9A5" box="[791,846,1531,1556]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F5CDFA5BFC77F9A5" box="[904,1010,1531,1556]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F5CDFA5BFC77F9A5" box="[904,1010,1531,1556]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Epidalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), general consent in this case seems to be towards conserving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F780F980FE79F988" box="[453,508,1568,1593]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F780F980FE79F988" box="[453,508,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the genus for all, at least for the time being (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F268F980FB4DF98B" author="Vences" box="[1069,1224,1568,1594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Vences, M. (2007) The amphibian tree of life: Ideologie, Chaos oder biologische Realitat? Zeitschrift fur Feldherpetologie, 14, 153 - 162." type="journal article" year="2007">Vences 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F291F980FA12F98B" author="Bour" box="[1236,1431,1568,1594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" refString="Bour, R., Cheylan, M., Crochet, P. - A., Geniez, P., Guyetant, R., Haffner, P., Ineich, I., Naulleau, G., Ohler, A. - M. & Lescure, J. (2008) Liste taxinomique actualisee des Amphibiens et Reptiles de France. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France, 126, 37 - 43." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bour
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F353F980FAD4F988" box="[1302,1361,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lescure 2008). These authors argue that cases of natural hybridisation (e.g. a very recent record of hybridisation
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F77DF9CBFE2EF935" box="[312,427,1643,1668]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F77DF9CBFE2EF935" box="[312,427,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
x
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F782F9CBFD97F935" box="[455,530,1643,1668]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F782F9CBFD97F935" box="[455,530,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">viridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F47BF9CAFD45F935" author="Duda" box="[574,704,1642,1668]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Duda, M. (2008) First record of a natural male hybrid of Bufo (Pseudepidalea) viridis LAURENTI, 1768 and Bufo (Bufo) bufo LINNEUS, 1758 from Austria. Herpetozoa, 20 (3 / 4), 184 - 186." type="journal article" year="2008">Duda 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) should encourage rejection of a genus level split, as proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F6F9F930FEE2F91B" author="Dubois" box="[188,359,1680,1706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="21" refString="Dubois, A. (1988) The genus in zoology: a contribution to the theory of evolutionary systematics. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 140, 1 - 123." type="journal article" year="1988">Dubois (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and applied to the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F4E7F930FD5CF918" box="[674,729,1680,1705]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F4E7F930FD5CF918" box="[674,729,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the first time by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F588F930FA8DF91B" author="Dubois" box="[973,1288,1680,1706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Dinesh, K. P. (2007) The status of the nomen Rana (Paa) dhakuriensis Ray, 1997 (Anura, Ranidae), and comments on the Amphibia reported from the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttar Pradesh, India). Alytes, 25 (1 - 2), 75 - 82." type="journal article" year="2007">Dubois and Dinesh (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Concerning European species, Van Bocxlaer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F45EF915FDD3F97F" box="[539,598,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009) provide some support for the generic arrangement proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F6D2F97AFEF4F945" box="[151,369,1754,1780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A .. Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
|
||
Frost
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F69EF97BFE92F945" box="[219,279,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which might very well make attribution of Green Toad (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F25FF97BFB20F945" box="[1050,1189,1755,1780]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F25FF97BFB20F945" box="[1050,1189,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(s.l. - see below)) to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F750F8A0FE4FF8A8" box="[277,458,1792,1817]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F750F8A0FE4FF8A8" box="[277,458,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Natterjack (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F48FF8A0FCFCF8A8" box="[714,889,1792,1817]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F48FF8A0FCFCF8A8" box="[714,889,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufo calamita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F5E8F8A0FB99F8A8" box="[941,1052,1792,1817]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F5E8F8A0FB99F8A8" box="[941,1052,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Epidalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a valid arrangement. Yet, with different relationships turning up from different studies (cf. also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F5E5F885FB02F88E" author="Pramuk" box="[928,1159,1829,1855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="25" refString="Pramuk, J. B., Robertson, T., Sites, J. W. Jr. & Noonan, B. P. (2008) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 72 - 83." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Pramuk
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F240F885FBC7F88F" box="[1029,1090,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and many taxa still in need of investigation, it seems cautious not to draw any taxonomical conclusions just yet. Pending additional research, we therefore place all European species back in the single genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F25EF8D0FBD6F838" box="[1051,1107,1904,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F25EF8D0FBD6F838" box="[1051,1107,1904,1929]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, we note that according to Dubois and Bour (in press), the use of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F535F835FB99F81F" box="[880,1052,1941,1966]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F535F835FB99F81F" box="[880,1052,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be abandoned for that of the junior synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F7C7F81BFD34F865" authority="Rafinesque, 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[386,689,1978,2004]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F7C7F81BFE5FF865" box="[386,474,1979,2004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufotes</emphasis>
|
||
Rafinesque, 1815
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F532F81BFBF5F865" authority="Cope, 1864" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1864" box="[887,1136,1978,2004]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F532F81BFC64F865" box="[887,993,1979,2004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Epidalea</emphasis>
|
||
Cope, 1864
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA0FFF1F680FF38FEE8FDFD" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
We have previously been reluctant to accept
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F4BBFF38FB84FF03" box="[766,1025,152,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Stock, M., Moritz, C., Hickerson, M., Frynta, D., Dujsebayeva, T., Eremchencko, V., Macey, J. R., Papenfuss, T. J. & Wake, D. B. (2006) Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 663 - 689." type="journal article">
|
||
Stöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F50BFF38FC0AFF00" box="[846,911,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F24FFF38FAD5FF03" authority="Green Toad" authorityName="Green Toad" box="[1034,1360,152,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F24FFF38FB25FF00" box="[1034,1184,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
|
||
(Green Toad)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
splits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F6DAFF1DFD93FF66" author="Speybroeck" box="[159,534,189,215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Speybroeck, J. & Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna-a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 / 2): 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck and Crochet 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F46FFF1DFC9EFF66" box="[554,795,189,215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Stock, M., Sicilia, A., Belfiore, N., Buckley, D., Lo Brutto, S., Lo Valvo, M. & Arculeo, M. (2008 a) Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 56." type="journal article">
|
||
Stöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F432FF1DFD30FF67" box="[631,693,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described yet another new species from Sicily,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F326FF1DFE75FF4D" authority="Sicilian Green Toad" authorityName="Sicilian Green Toad" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F326FF1DFF6CFF4A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bufo siculus</emphasis>
|
||
(Sicilian Green Toad)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F419FF42FCF3FF4D" box="[604,886,226,252]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" refString="Rato, C., Zuffi, M. A. L., Corti, C., Fornasiero, S., Gentilli, A., Razzetti, E., Scali, S., Carretero, M. A. & Harris, D. J. (2009) Phylogeography of the European Whip Snake, Hierophis viridiflavus (Colubridae), using mtDNA and nuclear DNA sequences. Amphibia - Reptilia, 30, 283 - 289." type="journal article">
|
||
Carretero
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F496FF42FC88FF4A" box="[723,781,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
adoption of these new species, we still believe that mtDNA lineages alone cannot be used to substantiate new species, and that the level of divergence of the taxa, which are also supported by other characters (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F51DFE8DFC2BFEF7" box="[856,942,301,326]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F51DFE8DFC2BFEF7" box="[856,942,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">siculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is also supported by nuclear and morphological data, albeit without comparing the taxon morphologically with its closest African relatives), is not high enough to be in itself evidence of specific status. To a certain degree at least, this seems to be corroborated by Van Bocxlaer
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F45FFE3DFDDEFE07" box="[538,603,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009): divergence between the Green Toad splits
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F2A7FE3DFAB6FE07" box="[1250,1331,413,438]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F2A7FE3DFAB6FE07" box="[1250,1331,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">viridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F332FE3DFE8FFE6A" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Podarcis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variabilis">
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F6D2FE62FE8FFE6A" box="[151,266,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">variabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ appears to be smaller than between the Common Toad (sub)species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F211FE62FB0CFE6A" box="[1108,1161,450,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F211FE62FB0CFE6A" box="[1108,1161,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">bufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F280FE62FAA8FE6A" box="[1221,1325,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">spinosus</emphasis>
|
||
. We also treat the latter two taxa as conspecific. While we do not claim that the green toads of the Western Palearctic definitely belong to a single species, we maintain that the available information cannot (yet) support any species level split.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA0FFF1F680FDF8FA16FCB6" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F680FDF8FF63FDC3" box="[197,230,600,626]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F71AFDF8FD99FDC3" author="Razzetti" box="[351,540,600,626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" refString="Razzetti, E. (2008) Taxonomic remarks on Bufo lineatus and Bufo siculus. In: Corti, C. (Ed), Herpetologia Sardiniae. 7 ° Congresso Nazionale Societas Herpetologica Italica. Societas Herpetologica Italica / Edizioni Belvedere, Latina, " le scienze ", 8, pp. 420 - 424." type="journal article" year="2008">Razzetti (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the correct name for the green toads of peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F2CCFDF8FB44FDC3" box="[1161,1217,600,626]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F288FDF8FAAEFDC3" box="[1229,1323,600,626]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corsica">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F288FDF8FAAEFDC3" box="[1229,1323,600,626]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corsica</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Sardinia and northeastern Sicily is still controversial. Balletto
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F565FDDDFCDBFD27" box="[800,862,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007), based on specimens from Venice, used
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F6D2FD02FE54FD0D" authority="Ninni, 1879" authorityName="Ninni" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,465,674,700]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F6D2FD02FEBDFD0A" box="[151,312,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bufo lineatus</emphasis>
|
||
Ninni, 1879
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BB75C6FFA0FFF1F7A7FD02FD9DFD0D" box="[482,536,674,700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: surroundings of Venice - Frost, 2009) as the valid nomen for the clade of peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F7C1FD68FE39FD53" box="[388,444,712,738]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F451FD68FD68FD53" author="Stock" box="[532,749,712,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Stock, M., Moritz, C., Hickerson, M., Frynta, D., Dujsebayeva, T., Eremchencko, V., Macey, J. R., Papenfuss, T. J. & Wake, D. B. (2006) Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 663 - 689." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Stöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F425FD68FD18FD50" box="[608,669,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F4BFFD68FCC0FD53" author="Stock" box="[762,837,712,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Stock, M., Sicilia, A., Belfiore, N., Buckley, D., Lo Brutto, S., Lo Valvo, M. & Arculeo, M. (2008 a) Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 56." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F59AFD68FBFAFD50" box="[991,1151,712,737]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F59AFD68FBFAFD50" box="[991,1151,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bufo lineatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F6D2FD4DFEA5FCB7" box="[151,288,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F6D2FD4DFEA5FCB7" box="[151,288,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because they found specimens from Padua and Trieste that belong to the nominotypical lineage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA0FFF1F680FCB2FEB0FA16" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F680FCB2FE2BFC9D" box="[197,430,786,812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Stock, M., Dubey, S., Klutsch, C., Litvinchuk, S. N., Scheidt, U. & Perrin, N. (2008 b) Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogeny of circum-Mediterranean tree frogs from the Hyla arborea group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49 (3), 1019 - 1024." type="journal article">
|
||
Stöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F74AFCB2FECFFC9A" box="[271,330,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the phylogeography of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F5DFFCB2FC56FC9A" box="[922,979,786,811]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F5DFFCB2FC56FC9A" box="[922,979,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(tree frogs) around the Mediterranean. They identified three deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages in populations currently classified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F324FC98FF71FCC7" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F324FC98FF71FCC7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyla arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, each of them being supported by variation in one nuclear intron. In their mitochondrial tree (but not in their nuclear tree), treating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F464FC22FD14FC2A" box="[545,657,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F464FC22FD14FC2A" box="[545,657,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. sarda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F494FC22FC01FC2A" box="[721,900,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F494FC22FC01FC2A" box="[721,900,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as valid species could render
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F34AFC22FA18FC2A" box="[1295,1437,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F34AFC22FA18FC2A" box="[1295,1437,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paraphyletic, because the three mitochondrial lineages identified within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F24BFC08FBEAFC70" box="[1038,1135,936,961]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F24BFC08FBEAFC70" box="[1038,1135,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not necessarily each other's closest relatives. Since the specific status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F4B9FC6DFCFEFC57" box="[764,891,973,998]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F4B9FC6DFCFEFC57" box="[764,891,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well supported by reproductive isolation in contact zones (Verardi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F7F7FC52FE74FBBA" box="[434,497,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009), and since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F489FC52FC95FBBA" box="[716,784,1010,1035]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F489FC52FC95FBBA" box="[716,784,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">sarda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays distinct and well-known morphological and acoustic characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F7D0FBB8FDDBFB83" author="Schneider" box="[405,606,1048,1074]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Schneider, H. (1974) Structure of the mating calls and relationships of the European tree frogs (Hylidae, Anura). Oecologia, 14, 99 - 110." type="journal article" year="1974">Schneider 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F429FBB8FC84FB83" author="Lanza" box="[620,769,1048,1074]" pageId="6" pageNumber="24" refString="Lanza, B. (1983) Ipotesi sulle origini del popolamento erpetologico della Sardegna. Lavori Societa italiana di Biogeografia, 8, 723 - 744." type="journal article" year="1983">Lanza 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F555FBB8FC6BFB83" author="Rosso" box="[784,1006,1048,1074]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" refString="Rosso, A., Rinella, R., Castellano, S. & Giacoma, C. (2001) Variazione geografica della caratteristiche morfometriche di Hyla sarda: descrizione del pattern ed analisi delle cause. In: Barbieri, F., Bernini, F., Fasola, M. (Eds), Atti 3 rd Congresso Nazionale Societas Herpetologica Italica, Pavia (2000). Pianura, Cremona, pp. 265 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Rosso
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F521FBB8FC21FB80" box="[868,932,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F5B9FBB8FBBBFB83" author="Rosso" box="[1020,1086,1048,1074]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" refString="Rosso, A., Castellano, S. & Giacoma, C. (2004) The advertisement call of Hyla intermedia and H. sarda. Italian Journal of Zoology, 71 (S 2), 169 - 173." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F20EFBB8FAE6FB83" author="Castellano" box="[1099,1379,1048,1074]" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" refString="Castellano, S., Cuatto, B., Rinella, R., Rosso, A. & Giacoma, C. (2002) The advertisement call of the European treefrogs (Hyla arborea): a multilevel study of variation. Ethology, 108, 75 - 89." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Castellano
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F292FBB8FA92FB80" box="[1239,1303,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we maintain them as valid species.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F46FFB9DFDC9FBE6" box="[554,588,1085,1111]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a consequence, the mitochondrial data provide strong evidence for recognising the Iberian taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F7BFFBC3FDD5FBCD" box="[506,592,1123,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F7BFFBC3FDD5FBCD" box="[506,592,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">molleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the eastern taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F519FBC3FC48FBCD" box="[860,973,1123,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F519FBC3FC48FBCD" box="[860,973,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(currently only known in Europe from the Black Sea Coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F789FB28FDC5FB13" box="[460,576,1160,1186]" name="Romania" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
and European
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F543FB28FCE1FB13" box="[774,868,1160,1186]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
) as valid species as well. Nevertheless, the distributional limits of these two taxa remain unknown. There is no evidence of reproductive isolation in the continuous range of tree frogs in the Balkans, no known obvious morphological characters to separate them, and no obvious acoustic difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F4DBFB58FD76FAA0" box="[670,755,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F4DBFB58FD76FAA0" box="[670,755,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">molleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F569FB58FC0CFAA0" box="[812,905,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F569FB58FC0CFAA0" box="[812,905,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nor
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F583FB58FBB2FAA0" box="[966,1079,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F583FB58FBB2FAA0" box="[966,1079,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F22AFB58FB49FAA0" box="[1135,1228,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F22AFB58FB49FAA0" box="[1135,1228,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F299FB58FA12FAA3" author="Schneider" box="[1244,1431,1272,1298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Schneider, H. (1974) Structure of the mating calls and relationships of the European tree frogs (Hylidae, Anura). Oecologia, 14, 99 - 110." type="journal article" year="1974">Schneider 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F6D2FABDFF52FA86" author="Schneider" box="[151,215,1309,1335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Schneider, H. (2002) Bioacoustic demonstration of the Tree Frog, Hyla arborea (Amphibia: Anura), in western Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 21, 77 - 85." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Accepting these two new European species would thus rest entirely on mtDNA data from a very small number of specimens (seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F7AEFAE3FDD9FAED" box="[491,604,1347,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F7AEFAE3FDD9FAED" box="[491,604,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and only two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F547FAE3FCD3FAED" box="[770,854,1347,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F547FAE3FCD3FAED" box="[770,854,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">molleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Therefore, while a species level split is likely to be required, we prefer to wait for additional data, as specified, before recognising
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F218FAC8FB34FA30" box="[1117,1201,1384,1409]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F218FAC8FB34FA30" box="[1117,1201,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">molleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F349FAC8FAF9FA30" box="[1292,1404,1384,1409]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F349FAC8FAF9FA30" box="[1292,1404,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as valid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA0FFF1F680FA12FC39F91D" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Detailed study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F7EFFA12FD39FA7D" box="[426,700,1458,1484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" refString="Gvozdik, V., Moravec, J. & Kratochvil, L. (2008) Geographic morphological variation in parapatric Western Palearctic tree frogs, Hyla arborea and Hyla savignyi: are related species similarly affected by climatic conditions? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 95, 539 - 556." type="journal article">
|
||
Gvoždík
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F45BFA13FDDAFA7D" box="[542,607,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
uncovered a complex pattern of geographical variation in morphology among populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F47DFA78FD53FA40" box="[568,726,1496,1521]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F47DFA78FD53FA40" box="[568,726,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyla arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F554FA78FC31FA40" box="[785,948,1496,1521]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F554FA78FC31FA40" box="[785,948,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyla savignyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The similarity among populations is not necessarily greater within species that between species. On the contrary, populations of different species inhabiting neighbouring regions are often more similar than populations of the same species inhabiting distant regions. Groups of populations defined by morphology do not correspond to the mitochondrial lineages defined by Stöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F72EF9CDFE2DF937" box="[363,424,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008) either. In fact,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F4F3F9CDFC3FF936" box="[694,954,1645,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" refString="Gvozdik, V., Moravec, J. & Kratochvil, L. (2008) Geographic morphological variation in parapatric Western Palearctic tree frogs, Hyla arborea and Hyla savignyi: are related species similarly affected by climatic conditions? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 95, 539 - 556." type="journal article">
|
||
Gvoždík
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F560F9CDFCE6F937" box="[805,867,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that morphological variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F6D2F933FF55F91D" box="[151,208,1683,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F6D2F933FF55F91D" box="[151,208,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more linked to climate variation than to evolutionary history.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA0FFF1F680F918FBD1F803" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F680F918FE54F963" box="[197,465,1720,1746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Stock, M., Dubey, S., Klutsch, C., Litvinchuk, S. N., Scheidt, U. & Perrin, N. (2008 b) Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogeny of circum-Mediterranean tree frogs from the Hyla arborea group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49 (3), 1019 - 1024." type="journal article">
|
||
Stöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F756F918FED7F960" box="[275,338,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2008b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
unnamed clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F4FAF918FC34F960" box="[703,945,1720,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F4FAF918FD7EF960" box="[703,763,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F569F918FC34F960" box="[812,945,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F5BBF918FB14F963" box="[1022,1169,1720,1746]" name="Switzerland" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
corresponds with the northern clade of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F72FF97DFD10F946" box="[362,661,1757,1783]" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" refString="Canestrelli, D., Cimmaruta, R. & Nascetti, G. (2007 a) Phylogeography and historical demography of the Italian treefrog, Hyla intermedia, reveals multiple refugia, population expansions and secondary contacts within peninsular Italy. Molecular Ecology, 16, 4808 - 4821." type="journal article">
|
||
Canestrelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F7B4F97DFDA8F947" box="[497,557,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Allozyme divergence between this northern clade and the southcentral clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F713F8A3FE7EF8AD" box="[342,507,1795,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F713F8A3FE7EF8AD" box="[342,507,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247AA0DFFA0FFF1F446F8A2FDA3F8AD" box="[515,550,1794,1820]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is typical of intraspecific level of divergence: Nei’s distance value of 0.07 according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F77DF888FDF4F8F3" box="[312,625,1832,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" refString="Canestrelli, D., Verardi, A. & Nascetti, G. (2007 b) Genetic differentiation and history of populations of the Italian treefrog Hyla intermedia: lack of concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Genetica, 130, 241 - 255." type="journal article">
|
||
Canestrelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F783F888FD81F8F0" box="[454,516,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, to be compared with Nei’s distance of 0.55 between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F342F888FAEDF8F0" box="[1287,1384,1832,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F342F888FAEDF8F0" box="[1287,1384,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F6D2F8EDFD9CF8D6" authority="Verardi et al. 2009" authorityName="Verardi et al." authorityYear="2009" box="[151,537,1869,1895]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F6D2F8EDFE9DF8D7" box="[151,280,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
(Verardi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F7CEF8EDFE42F8D7" box="[395,455,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, in our opinion, the various clades within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA0FFF1F21AF8EDFAA6F8D7" box="[1119,1315,1869,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA0FFF1F21AF8EDFAA6F8D7" box="[1119,1315,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyla intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247AA0DFFA0FFF1F36EF8EDFACBF8D6" box="[1323,1358,1869,1895]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
might well prove to constitute valid subspecies, but are unlikely to represent distinct species. In any case, we strongly advocate detailed analyses of contact zones prior to any formal proposal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA0FFF0F680F81DFC1EFF4D" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
A detailed phylogeographic analysis of the Pool Frog in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA0FFF1F529F81DFC26F866" box="[876,931,1981,2007]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA0FFF1F5F7F81DFA92F866" author="Canestrelli" box="[946,1303,1981,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" refString="Canestrelli, D. & Nascetti, G. (2008) Phylogeography of the pool frog Rana (Pelophylax) lessonae in the Italian peninsula and Sicily: multiple refugia, glacial expansions and nuclear-mitochondrial discordance. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 1923 - 1936." type="journal article" year="2008">Canestrelli and Nascetti 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) supported the subspecific status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F7FEFF38FC8EFF00" box="[443,779,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lessonae" subSpecies="bergeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F7FEFF38FC8EFF00" box="[443,779,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pelophylax lessonae bergeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F5F0FF38FB7DFF03" author="Crochet" box="[949,1272,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refString="Crochet, P. - A. & Dubois, A. (2004) Recent changes in the taxonomy of European amphibians and reptiles. In: Gasc, J. P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica, J. P., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M. E., Sofianidou, T. S., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (Eds), Atlas of the amphibians and reptiles in Europe (second edition). Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp. 495 - 516." type="book chapter" year="2004">Crochet and Dubois (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and followed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F6FAFF1DFDD0FF66" author="Speybroeck" box="[191,597,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Speybroeck, J. & Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna-a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 / 2): 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck and Crochet (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The same study confirmed that Sicilian pool frogs should also be recognised as a distinct subspecies (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F4E5FF42FC08FF4D" author="Santucci" box="[672,909,226,252]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Santucci, F., Nascetti, G. & Bullini, L. (1996) Hybrid zones between two genetically differentiated forms of the pond frog Rana lessonae in southern Italy. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9, 429 - 450." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Santucci
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F549FF42FCC2FF4A" box="[780,839,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA1FFF0F680FEA8FECFFDB3" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F680FEA8FD80FE93" box="[197,517,264,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" refString="Lymberakis, P., Poulakakis, N., Manthalou, G., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Magoulas, A. & Mylonas, M. (2007) Mitochondrial phylogeography of Rana (Pelophylax) populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 115 - 125." type="journal article">
|
||
Lymberakis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F721FEA8FE23FE90" box="[356,422,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
investigated Eastern Mediterranean water frog phylogeny by means of mitochondrial DNA. Their results reinforce the idea that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F570FE8DFAC3FEF6" authority="Greek Marsh Frog" authorityName="Greek Marsh Frog" box="[821,1350,301,327]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurtmuelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F570FE8DFBD7FEF7" box="[821,1106,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pelophylax kurtmuelleri</emphasis>
|
||
(Greek Marsh Frog)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be treated as conspecific with central European populations of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F5FEFEF2FBDEFEDA" box="[955,1115,338,363]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F5FEFEF2FBDEFEDA" box="[955,1115,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (Marsh Frog), as previously established with allozyme data (Beerli 1994). The precise status of these populations should be investigated in a range-wide analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F4D9FE3DFCBCFE07" box="[668,825,413,438]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F4D9FE3DFCBCFE07" box="[668,825,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA1FFF0F5F1FE3DFC50FE06" box="[948,981,413,439]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
long as mating call differences are the only support for specific treatment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F478FE62FCB8FE6D" author="Schneider" box="[573,829,450,476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Schneider, H., Sinsch, U. & Sofianidou, T. S. (1993) The water frogs of Greece. Bioacoustic evidence for a new species. Zeitschrift fur Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 31, 47 - 63." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F4F9FE62FD7DFE6A" box="[700,760,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we suggest to no longer recognise
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F2AEFE62FAF9FE6A" box="[1259,1404,450,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurtmuelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F2AEFE62FAF9FE6A" box="[1259,1404,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">kurtmuelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA1FFF0F680FDADFD39FB83" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Alleged contact zones between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F47EFDADFD3FFD97" box="[571,698,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F47EFDADFD3FFD97" box="[571,698,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F4B1FDADFC00FD97" box="[756,901,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurtmuelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F4B1FDADFC00FD97" box="[756,901,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">kurtmuelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Thrace (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F24BFDADFA88FD96" author="Schneider" box="[1038,1293,525,551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Schneider, H., Sinsch, U. & Sofianidou, T. S. (1993) The water frogs of Greece. Bioacoustic evidence for a new species. Zeitschrift fur Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 31, 47 - 63." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F2C8FDADFB4CFD97" box="[1165,1225,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) seem to be in fact contact zones with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F793FD92FD5AFDFA" box="[470,735,562,587]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F793FD92FD5AFDFA" box="[470,735,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pelophylax bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bedriaga’s Water Frog) rather than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F2DAFD92FAA4FDFA" box="[1183,1313,562,587]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F2DAFD92FAA4FDFA" box="[1183,1313,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as Beerli (1994) identified Thracian water frogs unambiguously as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F512FDF8FBE4FDC0" box="[855,1121,600,625]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F512FDF8FBE4FDC0" box="[855,1121,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pelophylax bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This seems to have been confirmed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F77EFDDDFDEAFD26" box="[315,623,637,663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" refString="Lymberakis, P., Poulakakis, N., Manthalou, G., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Magoulas, A. & Mylonas, M. (2007) Mitochondrial phylogeography of Rana (Pelophylax) populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 115 - 125." type="journal article">
|
||
Lymberakis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F789FDDDFD83FD27" box="[460,518,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
results, which included a sample from Thrace (Dadia) attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F3C3FDDDFE8BFD0A" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F3C3FDDDFE8BFD0A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and closely related to Lesbos and Chios populations. However, their results also attributed a sample from a very nearby location, as well as other Thracian samples, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F5FFFD68FB4FFD50" box="[954,1226,712,737]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F5FFFD68FB4FFD50" box="[954,1226,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pelophylax ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All these results suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F768FD4DFE20FCB7" box="[301,421,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F768FD4DFE20FCB7" box="[301,421,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F422FD4DFD6DFCB7" box="[615,744,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F422FD4DFD6DFCB7" box="[615,744,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” form a contact zone in Thrace, where these two taxa are reproductively isolated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F796FCB2FD75FC9D" author="Schneider" box="[467,752,786,812]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Schneider, H., Sinsch, U. & Sofianidou, T. S. (1993) The water frogs of Greece. Bioacoustic evidence for a new species. Zeitschrift fur Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 31, 47 - 63." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Schneider
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F41BFCB2FD24FC9A" box="[606,673,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This indicates that the two subclades B5 and B6 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F6D2FC98FE32FCE3" box="[151,439,824,850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" refString="Lymberakis, P., Poulakakis, N., Manthalou, G., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Magoulas, A. & Mylonas, M. (2007) Mitochondrial phylogeography of Rana (Pelophylax) populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 115 - 125." type="journal article">
|
||
Lymberakis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F76DFC98FEE7FCE0" box="[296,354,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are valid biological species and thus supports the widely accepted species status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F3C3FC98FE8BFCC7" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F3C3FC98FE8BFCC7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F703FCFDFE64FCC7" box="[326,481,861,886]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F703FCFDFE64FCC7" box="[326,481,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu lato). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F4B3FCFDFB93FCC6" box="[758,1046,861,887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" refString="Lymberakis, P., Poulakakis, N., Manthalou, G., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Magoulas, A. & Mylonas, M. (2007) Mitochondrial phylogeography of Rana (Pelophylax) populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 115 - 125." type="journal article">
|
||
Lymberakis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F5C2FCFDFC44FCC7" box="[903,961,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not include samples from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BB75C6FFA1FFF0F6D2FC22FF4BFC2D" box="[151,206,898,924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F723FC22FE74FC2A" box="[358,497,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F723FC22FE74FC2A" box="[358,497,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(northern Caspian Sea area), so it remains to be determined if European populations of Marsh Frogs are conspecific with sensu stricto
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F5F1FC08FBDBFC70" box="[948,1118,936,961]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F5F1FC08FBDBFC70" box="[948,1118,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or not. If not, the names
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F6D2FC6DFD24FC56" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[151,673,973,999]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ranaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F6D2FC6DFE42FC57" box="[151,455,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pelophylax ranaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Laurenti, 1768)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F4A5FC6DFB2FFC56" authority="Boulenger, 1884" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1884" box="[736,1194,973,999]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fortis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F4A5FC6DFC3FFC57" box="[736,954,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pelophylax fortis</emphasis>
|
||
(Boulenger, 1884)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might apply to the European Marsh Frog (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F7ECFC52FD3BFBBD" author="Dubois" box="[425,702,1010,1036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1995 a) Frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Anura, genus Rana): a catalogue of available and valid scientific names, with comments on name-bearing types, complete synonymies, proposed common names, and maps showing all type localities. Zoologica Poloniae, " 1994 ", 39 (3 - 4), 139 - 204." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="a">Dubois & Ohler 1995a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F487FC52FD57FBBD" author="Dubois" box="[706,722,1010,1036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1995 b) Catalogue of names of frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Anura, genus Rana): a few additions and corrections. Zoologica Poloniae, " 1994 ", 39 (3 - 4), 205 - 208." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The former name relates (at least) to the populations of the Greek island Limnos (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F7D9FBB8FD35FB83" author="Dubois" box="[412,688,1048,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1995 b) Catalogue of names of frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Anura, genus Rana): a few additions and corrections. Zoologica Poloniae, " 1994 ", 39 (3 - 4), 205 - 208." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Dubois & Ohler 1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA1FFF0F680FB9DFCFFF866" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F680FB9DFE68FBE6" box="[197,493,1085,1111]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" refString="Lymberakis, P., Poulakakis, N., Manthalou, G., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Magoulas, A. & Mylonas, M. (2007) Mitochondrial phylogeography of Rana (Pelophylax) populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 115 - 125." type="journal article">
|
||
Lymberakis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F71FFB9DFE13FBE7" box="[346,406,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F401FB9DFBF5FBE6" authority="Karpathos Water Frog" authorityName="Karpathos Water Frog" box="[580,1136,1085,1111]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F401FB9DFCCEFBE7" box="[580,843,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pelophylax cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Karpathos Water Frog)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be nested within their subclade B5, corresponding to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F441FBC3FD1CFBCD" box="[516,665,1123,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F441FBC3FD1CFBCD" box="[516,665,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We note that these authors also attributed Rhodes populations to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F6D2FB28FEB5FB10" box="[151,304,1160,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F6D2FB28FEB5FB10" box="[151,304,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the original description only considered this to be a possibility (Beerli
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F34DFB28FAC3FB10" box="[1288,1350,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994). Indeed, based on biochemical data,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F41FFB0DFC94FB76" author="Plotner" box="[602,785,1197,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="25" refString="Plotner J. (2005) Die westpalaarktischen Wasserfrosche-Von Martyrern der Wissenschaft zur biologischen Sensation. Laurenti Verlag, Bielefeld, 160 pp." type="book" year="2005">Plötner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed Rhodes and Karpathos water frogs together, different from both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F7C9FB73FD82FB5D" box="[396,519,1235,1260]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F7C9FB73FD82FB5D" box="[396,519,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F401FB73FD4DFB5D" box="[580,712,1235,1260]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F401FB73FD4DFB5D" box="[580,712,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ridibundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and attributed populations from “Karpathos and probably Rhodes” to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F763FB58FE25FAA0" box="[294,416,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F763FB58FE25FAA0" box="[294,416,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, to our knowledge, no subsequent papers have provided definite evidence ascertaining the specific status of Rhodes water frogs. The results of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F58DFABDFB68FA86" box="[968,1261,1309,1335]" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" refString="Lymberakis, P., Poulakakis, N., Manthalou, G., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Magoulas, A. & Mylonas, M. (2007) Mitochondrial phylogeography of Rana (Pelophylax) populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 115 - 125." type="journal article">
|
||
Lymberakis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F21EFABDFB12FA87" box="[1115,1175,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
invalidate a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F3C3FABDFE95FAED" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F3C3FABDFE95FAED" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
limited to Karpathos and Rhodes. Apart from the authors’ suggestion that
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F2D3FAE3FAAFFAED" box="[1174,1322,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. c e r i g e n s i s</emphasis>
|
||
could be treated as a junior synonym for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F45CFAC8FD34FA30" box="[537,689,1384,1409]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F45CFAC8FD34FA30" box="[537,689,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, alternative arrangements seem compatible with the available evidence: to restrict the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F7BDFA2DFD0EFA17" box="[504,651,1421,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F7BDFA2DFD0EFA17" box="[504,651,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to (at least some of) the more eastern populations (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA1FFF0F2A0FA2DFAA0FA16" box="[1253,1317,1421,1447]" name="Syria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
and some surrounding areas, also
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA1FFF0F7FCFA12FD90FA7D" box="[441,533,1458,1484]" name="Cyprus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
), whereas populations from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA1FFF0F535FA12FC4DFA7D" box="[880,968,1458,1484]" name="Turkey" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the eastern Aegean islands, including Karpathos and Rhodes could be attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F4E2FA78FC7FFA43" authority="Arikan 1988" authorityName="Arikan" authorityYear="1988" box="[679,1018,1496,1522]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caralitanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F4E2FA78FCCFFA40" box="[679,842,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. caralitanus</emphasis>
|
||
(Arıkan 1988)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F23BFA78FDAEF9A6" authority="Beerli, Hotz, Tunner, Heppich and Uzzell 1994" authorityName="Beerli, Hotz, Tunner, Heppich and Uzzell" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F23BFA78FB70FA40" box="[1150,1269,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F341FA78FDA6F9A6" author="Beerli" pageId="7" pageNumber="20" refString="Beerli, P., Hotz, H., Tunner, H. G., Heppich, S. & Uzzell, T. (1994) Two new water frog species from the Aegean Islands Crete and Karpathos. Notulae Naturae, 470, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1994">Beerli, Hotz, Tunner, Heppich and Uzzell 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be a junior synonym. A second alternative could include splitting of the latter group, with the Karpathos populations being attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F58AF983FBECF98D" box="[975,1129,1571,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F58AF983FBECF98D" box="[975,1129,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and treating the Turkish, eastern Aegean and Rhodes populations as a different species. Under either of these alternative hypotheses, several other species would need to be recognised for Anatolian and Middle Eastern water frog populations. Our second alternative might result in retaining the validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F532F933FB8EF91D" box="[887,1035,1683,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F532F933FB8EF91D" box="[887,1035,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for Karpathos populations only). However, for the time being, we believe material from geographically intermediate populations is required to warrant these alternative arrangements, and therefore preliminarily consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F256F97DFB23F947" box="[1043,1190,1757,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F256F97DFB23F947" box="[1043,1190,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to represent a part of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F6D2F8A3FEAEF8AD" box="[151,299,1795,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F6D2F8A3FEAEF8AD" box="[151,299,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than a separate species. The most recent available results about the contact zones between the western and central Anatolian lineages of water frogs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA1FFF0F501F888FB83F8F3" author="Akin" box="[836,1030,1832,1858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="20" refString="Akin, C., Bilgin, M., Bilgin, C. C. (2010) Discordance between ventral colour and mtDNA haplotype in the water frog Rana (ridibunda) caralitana, 1988 Arikan. Amphibia-Reptilia, 31, 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Akın
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F5CDF888FC46F8F0" box="[904,963,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) support the view that at least part of the genetic diversity within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F471F8EDFD28F8D7" box="[564,685,1869,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F471F8EDFD28F8D7" box="[564,685,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex represents intraspecific variation. We thus suggest to recognise, for the time being, a single species of Middle East water frog, whose name should be either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F6D2F838FE8BF800" box="[151,270,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F6D2F838FE8BF800" box="[151,270,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F771F838FE46F800" box="[308,451,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ranaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F771F838FE46F800" box="[308,451,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ranaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, depending on the identity of the water frogs of Limnos. The nomen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F2A8F838FAE1F800" box="[1261,1380,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerigensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F2A8F838FAE1F800" box="[1261,1380,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">cerigensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thus currently becomes a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA1FFF0F459F81DFD16F867" box="[540,659,1981,2006]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bedriagae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA1FFF0F459F81DFD16F867" box="[540,659,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bedriagae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the species rank.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |