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109 lines
14 KiB
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<document id="2D2D1990AC71E7DAA868C395BA545FE1" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5434040" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630432249025" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Lützen, Jørgen & Nielsen, Claus" docDate="2005" docId="03A8E352FFD34C33FC2BFBE6D752BD42" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (3)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Galeommatidae GRAY 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="264" masterDocId="FF919B2AFFD14C30FFABFF8CD539BA33" masterDocTitle="Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand" masterLastPageNumber="308" masterPageNumber="261" pageNumber="263" updateTime="1699268668630" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="0161B6578B92751E02F4A37C3ECA528A">Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4B91683951C58C00AAB01B0A39C9F978">Lützen, Jørgen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D4F5BA7A0DF09AD6CDF4402959FA12F9">Nielsen, Claus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="096914F75A1923AB4838801B2736ACC6">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6B465F40F86DD5C5A307F4176E7D9D02">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F4BD092E583176C95814B3A8B75D9E5E">2005-07-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F908A8ED811628CDBDF74CBAB8802186">144</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="56B89405FC76774AADA56FA34FAA0552">https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x</mods:url>
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<treatment id="03A8E352FFD34C33FC2BFBE6D752BD42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5490188" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5490188" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8E352FFD34C33FC2BFBE6D752BD42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8E352FFD34C33FC2BFBE6D752BD42" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
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<subSubSection id="C31B01CFFFD34C32FC2BFBE6D136BFB6" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBE5244FFD34C32FC2BFBE6D00ABEB1" blockId="2.[896,1331,1130,1154]" box="[896,1331,1130,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
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<heading id="D0F6E528FFD34C32FC2BFBE6D00ABEB1" box="[896,1331,1130,1154]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" reason="5">
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FAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C0129C7FFD34C32FC74FBE6D00ABEB1" ID-CoL="7NHMJ" authority="GRAY, 1840" authorityName="GRAY" authorityYear="1840" box="[991,1331,1130,1154]" class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">GALEOMMATIDAE GRAY, 1840</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBE5244FFD34C32FC8DFB14D136BFB6" blockId="2.[806,1422,1176,1904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">Shell slightly convex or flattened, often gaping ventrally, umbones median or submedian. Hinge edentulous or with one tuberculiform cardinal in each valve, sometimes with a second and smaller cardinal present; a short posterior lateral is often present. Internal ligament opisthodetic, in a small pit or groove. The expanded mantle more or less covers the exterior of the shell.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31B01CFFFD34C33FC94FA02D752BD42" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBE5244FFD34C33FC94FA02D771BB47" blockId="2.[806,1422,1176,1904]" lastBlockId="3.[162,779,196,1905]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
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The shells of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C0129C7FFD34C32FBA7FA02D1F8BF97" authorityName="GRAY" authorityYear="1840" box="[1036,1217,1422,1444]" class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Galeommatidae</taxonomicName>
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are usually thin, brittle and featureless. The hinge is edentulous, irregular or often with one stout cardinal in each valve, sometimes with a second and smaller cardinal present in the left valve. The shell is more or less internalized by the profuse development of the mid-mantle folds, which are wrapped over the shell and, when fully extended, may cover both valves, sometimes permanently. In most species the mid-mantle folds can be withdrawn completely between the valves when the animal is disturbed. Inner folds of the mantle are fused posteroventrally to separate a wide anterior inhalant-pedal gape from a much smaller posterodorsal exhalant aperture, which is often raised on a short siphon. Anteriorly, the free and often frilled edges of the mantle folds normally extend beyond the shell edges as an extensive cowl or hood. It forms a poorly defined inhalant siphon for the anterior-to-posterior water flow through the mantle cavity. When the mantle is fully extended over the shell, the shell is only exposed at a minute oval opening above the umbones or at a slit in the mid-lateral region.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBE5244FFD24C33FF10FEF0D633B989" blockId="3.[162,779,196,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
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The exposed parts of the mantle may be completely naked, but are normally ornamented with sensory tentacles or papillae, whose tips may be pointed or blunt and are sometimes pigmented (whitish, yellow or red). The distinction between papillae and tentacles is based on size and length rather than on histological criteria. Both can be extended by swelling of interior haemocoelic spaces and shortened or withdrawn by contraction of longitudinal muscle fibres (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF902FB5FFD24C33FD05FDFED5E2B896" author="Morton B" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="133 - 150" refId="ref25144" refString="Morton B. 1973. The biology and functional morphology of Galeomma (Paralepida) takii (Bivalvia: Leptonacea). Journal of Zoology, London 169: 133 - 150." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF902FB5FFD24C33FF42FD1CD72BB896" author="O'Foighil D & Gibson A" box="[233,530,656,678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="72 - 80" refId="ref25353" refString="O'Foighil D, Gibson A. 1984. The morphology, reproduction and ecology of Scintillona bellerophon spec. nov. (Galeommatacea). Veliger 27: 72 - 80." type="journal article" year="1984">O’Foighil & Gibson, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF902FB5FFD24C33FD8BFD1CD5E5B8F6" author="Mikkelsen PM & Bieler R" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="175 - 195" refId="ref25022" refString="Mikkelsen PM, Bieler R. 1989. Biology and comparative anatomy of Divariscintilla yoyo and D. troglodytes, two new species of Galeommatidae (Bivalvia) from stomatopod burrows in eastern Florida. Malacologia 31: 175 - 195." type="journal article" year="1989">Mikkelsen & Bieler, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). Two fairly large unpaired tentacles arise dorsal to the anterior hood and to the exhalant aperture in many species and in some are the only tentacles present. They are called anterior and posterior siphonal tentacles. In some species (e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0129C7FFD24C33FD91FCA6D439B96E" authority="Lützen & Nielsen, 2005" authorityName="Lützen & Nielsen" authorityYear="2005" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Isochrysidaceae" genus="Scintilla" kingdom="Chromista" order="Isochrysidales" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="longitentaculata" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9758E56FFD24C33FD91FCA6D439B96E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Scintilla longitentaculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246332DFFD24C33FEA1FCC5D458B96D" box="[266,353,841,862]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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) they can be everted suddenly from the normal retracted position and waved vigorously, probably to divert or dissuade potential predators, and are then known as dymantic tentacles (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF902FB5FFD24C33FDC8FC28D7C7B989" author="Morton B" box="[611,766,932,954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="365 - 369" refId="ref25177" refString="Morton B. 1975. Dymantic display in Galeomma polita Deshayes (Bivalvia: Leptonacea). Journal of Conchology, London 28: 365 - 369." type="journal article" year="1975">Morton, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBE5244FFD24C33FF10FC4FD71BBEFD" blockId="3.[162,779,196,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
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In species of
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<emphasis id="B9758E56FFD24C33FEF0FC4FD4E5B9EB" box="[347,476,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0129C7FFD24C33FEF0FC4FD4E0B9EB" authorityName="TURTON" authorityYear="1825" box="[347,473,963,984]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Galeomma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Galeomma</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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the papillae may have a terminal swelling which autotomizes and, it is believed, releases a noxious substance which may deter would-be predators (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF902FB5FFD24C33FE75FB93D7B9BE06" author="Morton B" box="[478,640,1055,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="133 - 150" refId="ref25144" refString="Morton B. 1973. The biology and functional morphology of Galeomma (Paralepida) takii (Bivalvia: Leptonacea). Journal of Zoology, London 169: 133 - 150." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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). Preserved specimens are often more or less retracted into the shell, with the tentacles protruding only slightly beyond the edges of the gaping shell. Only
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<taxonomicName id="4C0129C7FFD24C33FD1EFBF7D5E6BE9C" authorityName="MCGINTY" authorityYear="1955" class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Aclistothyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galeommatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9758E56FFD24C33FD1EFBF7D5E6BE9C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Aclistothyra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has the mantle edges fused along the dorsal mid-line and is unable to retract.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBE5244FFD24C33FF10FB5BD451BC32" blockId="3.[162,779,196,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
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The muscular foot is adapted for active crawling, as described by several authors (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF902FB5FFD24C33FDE4FB7AD63CBF3F" author="Arakawa KY" box="[591,773,1270,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref23838" refString="Arakawa KY. 1960. Some ecological accounts on Scintilla vitrea (Quoy & Gaimard). Venus 21: 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="1960">Arakawa, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF902FB5FFD24C33FF09FA98D5E2BF19" author="Arakawa KY" box="[162,219,1300,1322]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="143 - 146" refId="ref23862" refString="Arakawa KY. 1961. A note on the animal of Scintilla violescens collected in Genkai Sea. Venus 21: 143 - 146." type="journal article" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
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). A byssus gland is present and a few fine byssal threads attach the bivalves to the underside of stones, crevices, coral galleries and other protected substrates. A number of species are commensal with burrowing crustaceans or echinoderms. Some species are largely solitary, while others are gregarious, gathering in small groups that may sometimes consist of more than one species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBE5244FFD24C33FF10F986D462BC4F" blockId="3.[162,779,196,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">The eggs are incubated in the suprabranchial chamber, which includes both inner and outer demibranchs. Most of the species which have been studied are hermaphroditic.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBE5244FFD24C33FF10F908D752BD42" blockId="3.[162,779,196,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
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The systematics of this family is in need of revision, with emphasis on both shell and soft part characters. Our studies indicate that several species have been named many times, probably as a result of the old habit of studying only cleaned shells. We have followed a conservative line and hope that additional information will emerge from molecular studies of the specimens that we have collected at
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<collectingRegion id="49C59CA6FFD24C33FDBBF8D7D75EBD42" box="[528,615,1883,1905]" country="Thailand" name="Phuket" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Phuket</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |